Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| effects of cholera toxin on macrophage production of co-stimulatory cytokines. | cholera toxin (ct), the enterotoxin of vibrio cholerae, is a potent mucosal and systemic immunogen and adjuvant. the precise mechanism of the adjuvanticity of ct is poorly understood. our previous work has showed that ct up-regulates b7.2, but not b7.1 expression on macrophages, and thus increases their co-stimulatory activity. in the current study, the effects of ct on macrophage co-stimulatory cytokine production were investigated. bone marrow macrophages were generated by culturing bone marro ... | 2001 | 11169439 |
| differential biological and adjuvant activities of cholera toxin and escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin hybrids. | two bacterial products that have been demonstrated to function as mucosal adjuvants are cholera toxin (ct), produced by various strains of vibrio cholerae, and the heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) produced by some enterotoxigenic strains of escherichia coli. although lt and ct have many features in common, they are clearly distinct molecules with biochemical and immunologic differences which make them unique. the goal of this study was to determine the basis for these biological differences by const ... | 2001 | 11179323 |
| cell vacuolation caused by vibrio cholerae hemolysin. | non-o1 strains of vibrio cholerae implicated in gastroenteritis and diarrhea generally lack virulence determinants such as cholera toxin that are characteristic of epidemic strains; the factors that contribute to their virulence are not understood. here we report that at least one-third of diarrhea-associated nonepidemic v. cholerae strains from mexico cause vacuolation of cultured vero cells. detailed analyses indicated that this vacuolation was related to that caused by aerolysin, a pore-formi ... | 2001 | 11179335 |
| comparison of vibrio cholerae pathogenicity islands in sixth and seventh pandemic strains. | epidemic vibrio cholerae strains possess a large cluster of essential virulence genes on the chromosome called the vibrio pathogenicity island (vpi). the vpi contains the tcp gene cluster encoding the type iv pilus toxin-coregulated pilus colonization factor which can act as the cholera toxin bacteriophage (ctxphi) receptor. the vpi also contains genes that regulate virulence factor expression. we have fully sequenced and compared the vpi of the seventh-pandemic (el tor biotype) strain n16961 an ... | 2001 | 11179381 |
| the genome of the smartest pathogen decoded: is the cholera war over? | 2001 | 11192451 | |
| evolution of the na-p(i) cotransport systems. | membrane transport systems for p(i) transport are key elements in maintaining homeostasis of p(i) in organisms as diverse as bacteria and human. two na-p(i) cotransporter families with well-described functional properties in vertebrates, namely napi-ii and napi-iii, show conserved structural features with prokaryotic origin. a clear vertical relationship can be established among the mammalian protein family napi-iii, a homologous system in c. elegans, the yeast system pho89, and the bacterial p( ... | 2001 | 11208556 |
| the evolutionary history of chromosomal super-integrons provides an ancestry for multiresistant integrons. | integrons are genetic elements that acquire and exchange exogenous dna, known as gene cassettes, by a site-specific recombination mechanism. characterized gene cassettes consist of a target recombination sequence (attc site) usually associated with a single open reading frame coding for an antibiotic resistance determinant. the affiliation of multiresistant integrons (mris), which contain various combinations of antibiotic resistance gene cassettes, with transferable elements underlies the rapid ... | 2001 | 11209061 |
| antagonism against vibrio cholerae by diffusible substances produced by bacterial components of the human faecal microbiota. | cholera vibrios sometimes survive, probably in low-level silent populations, in the small intestine of chronic carriers or pass through the gastrointestinal tract of a few individuals without causing diarrhoea or colonisation. to understand these situations, the present study used plate cultures (ex-vivo test) to investigate the frequency of appearance of an inhibitory halo against vibrio cholerae produced by faecal specimens from 92 healthy volunteers (40 females, 52 males) aged 4-61 years. the ... | 2001 | 11211223 |
| syntheses of the l-manno and some other analogs of the terminal determinants of the o-ps of vibrio cholerae o:1. | analogs of the methyl alpha-glycosides of the terminal residues of the o-specific polysaccharides (o-ps) of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype inaba and ogawa, have been prepared as probes to study their interaction with anti v. cholerae o:1 antibodies. they differ from the termini of the respective o-pss in anomeric or absolute configuration of perosamine, position of the o-methyl group in d-perosamine, and nature of the n-acyl side chain. | 2001 | 11217964 |
| structural studies of the o-specific polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o8 using solvolysis with triflic acid. | the o-specific polysaccharide (ops) of vibrio cholerae 08 was isolated by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide and studied by two-dimensional nmr spectroscopy, including noesy and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (hmbc) experiments. the ops was found to have a tetrasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: --> 4)-beta-d-glcp nac3nacylan-(1 --> 4)-beta-d-manp nac3nacan-(1 --> 4)-alpha-l-gulp nac3naca-(1 --> 3) -beta-d-quipnac4nac-(1 --> where quinac4nac is 2,4-diac ... | 2001 | 11217966 |
| in vitro susceptibility of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor strains associated with an outbreak of cholera in kerala, southern india. | 2001 | 11222575 | |
| molecular characterisation of rough variants of vibrio cholerae isolated from hospitalised patients with diarrhoea. | seven rough isolates of vibrio cholerae isolated as the sole infecting agent from patients with cholera-like diarrhoea were examined for the presence of the regulatory element toxr and certain virulence-associated genes of the ctx genetic element and v. cholerae pathogenicity island (vpi). multiplex pcr analysis with wb-specific genes of either o1 or o139 origin showed that six of the seven isolates produced an o1 wb-specific amplicon and the remaining isolate produced an o139-specific amplicon. ... | 2001 | 11232774 |
| [biological properties of vibrio cholerae as a part of epidemiologic surveillance of cholera]. | systematic dynamic surveillance of the complex of biological properties of v. cholerae makes it possible to find out specific features of this infective agent, to improve diagnostics and to use the data thus obtained for epidemiological surveillance on cholera. the study of the complex of biological properties of v. cholerae o1, its ecological relationships and interactions give evidence to assert that microbiological aspects as one of the primary tasks in monitoring water ecosystems, as well as ... | 2001 | 11236504 |
| are the environmental niches of vibrio cholerae o139 different from those of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor? | vibrio cholerae are known to be normal inhabitants of surface water. however, the environmental niches of the different strains of cholera are not well known, and therefore, populations at risk for cholera outbreaks cannot be clearly identified. | 2001 | 11953220 |
| rapid diagnosis of cholera by coagglutination test. | in this study the coagglutination test for the rapid diagnosis of cholera is evaluated in comparison with the conventional culture method. a total of 553 stool specimens were processed from cases of acute gastro-enteritis. the sensitivity and specificity of coagglutination test was 92.77% and 95.65% respectively. the coagglutination test is found to be simple, reliable and rapid method for the diagnosis of cholera. | 2001 | 11883125 |
| emergence of vibrio cholerae 0139 in manipal-coastal karnataka-south india. | 2001 | 11883141 | |
| viability of the nonculturable vibrio cholerae o1 and o139. | vibrio cholerae is capable of transforming into a viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state, and, in doing so, undergoes alteration in cell morphology. in the study reported here, vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 cells were maintained in laboratory microcosms prepared with 1% instant ocean and incubated at 4 degrees c, i.e., conditions which induce the vbnc state. cells were fixed at different stages during entry into the vbnc state and, when no growth was detectable on solid or in liquid media, the ultr ... | 2001 | 11822667 |
| [ultrastructural changes of epitheliocytes and vessels of the small intestinal microcirculatory system in rabbit pups infected with cholera vibrions]. | 10-12 days old suckling rabbits-pups were infected by cholera vibrions of 01329 serogroup (16063 and m045 strains). ultrastructural changes in small intestinal epitheliocytes and microcirculatory vessels were studied. both strains caused typical cholerogenic syndrome, dystrophic and necrotic changes in epitheliocytes, epitheliocytes and lymphocytes, increase of vessel permeability, rheological disorders. focal cytoplasmic were formed, widening of intercellular spaces were observed, although the ... | 2001 | 11878240 |
| [characterization of vibrio cholerae eltor isolates according to their epidemic potential using new diagnostic cholera bacteriophages eltor ctx+ and ctx- and by the polymerase chain reaction]. | the epidemic potential of 113 v. cholerae eltor strains of different origin was determined with new diagnostic cholera bacteriophages eltor ctx+ and ctx-, as well as the test for hemolytic activity. of these strains 50 were epidemically safe and 51 were epidemically dangerous, while the epidemic potential of 12 other strains could not be detected. determination of genes ctxa, tcpa and toxr in the strains under study by means of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) revealed that epidemically dange ... | 2001 | 11881484 |
| modification of the multiplex pcr for unambiguous differentiation of the el tor & classical biotypes of vibrio cholerae o1. | biotyping of vibrio cholerae o1 using multiplex pcr (ctxa-tcpa) exploits the nucleotide sequence differences of the major subunit protein of the toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp) gene (tcpa) to differentiate between the classical and el tor biotypes. however, the presence of classical biotype specific tcpa amplicon with the el tor strains often complicates the interpretation. the effect of pcr variables on the amplification of biotype specific tcpa in the multiplex pcr has been investigated. | 2001 | 11873401 |
| molecular comparison of toxigenic clinical & non-toxigenic environmental strains of vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa isolated during an outbreak of cholera in south india. | while investigating a cholera outbreak in south india, toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of vibrio cholerae o1 were isolated from patients and from the environment, respectively. this study was performed to compare the genetic relatedness of the patient and environmental strains to determine clonal relationships among these strains and thereby determine the source of the cholera outbreak. | 2001 | 11873402 |
| stimulation of mucosal immune response following oral administration of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli fimbriae (cfa/i) entrapped in liposomes in conjunction with inactivated whole-cell vibrio cholerae vaccine. | in this study, we have searched for an effective mucosal vaccine. an oral enterotoxigenic e. coli vaccine containing colonization factor antigen (cfa/i) associated with inactivated whole-cell v. cholerae vaccine (wcv) has been tested for safety and immunogenicity in animals. five groups of animals were used. the results showed the following: (a) vaccine containing cfa/i antigen entrapped in liposomes and associated with wcv (batch c) had increased titers of specific antibodies to cfa/i antigen i ... | 2001 | 11850896 |
| [strategies of adaptive changes in vibrio cholerae in natural water reservoirs]. | the currently available data on different variations in cholera vibrio habiting in water reservoirs are summarized. the pattern of variations of the main signs of vibrions is discussed in the context of "typical-atypical-inactive-resting (uncultivable) forms". emphasis is placed on the reversible pattern and adaptive essence of variation whose basis is clonal and selective processes in the heterogeneous bacterial population. possible populational mechanisms responsible for the development of epi ... | 2001 | 11837201 |
| [ultrastructure of renal cortex in suckling rabbits with experimental cholera]. | development of experimental cholera in suckling rabbits is associated with appearance of alterations in glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption of renal cortex. ultrastructural changes of nephrons appear in the adhesion period and progress 24 hours later. in this case, particular vulnerability of the kidneys is associated with insufficient development of principal stages both in the cavity and membrane digestion in the gut, therefore, the kidney plays a role of one of the components of th ... | 2001 | 11810923 |
| comparative analysis of fur regulons in gamma-proteobacteria. | iron is an essential element for the survival and pathogenesis of bacteria. the strict control of iron homeostasis is mediated by the fur repressor, which is highly conserved among various bacterial species. here we apply the comparative genomics approach to analyze candidate fur-binding sites in the genomes of escherichia coli (k12 and o157:h7), salmonella typhi, yersinia pestis and vibrio cholerae. we describe a number of new loci encoding siderophore biosynthesis and transport proteins. a new ... | 2001 | 11812853 |
| [molecular genetic features of vibrio cholerae classica strains, that caused the asiatic cholera epidemic in russian in 1942]. | molecular genetic features of vibrio cholerae classical strains which caused an epidemic of asian cholera in russia in 1942 have been studied for the first time. these strains had a high level of choleric toxin production and toxin-coregulated adhesion piles, the main virulence factors; all the strains were auxotrophs and needed purine and/or amino acids for growth in minimal medium. moreover, having hapa structural gene in the chromosome (according to polymerase chain reaction), they did not pr ... | 2001 | 11816113 |
| response and tolerance of toxigenic vibro cholerae o1 to cold temperatures. | survival and tolerance at cold temperatures, the differentially expressed cellular proteins, and cholera toxin (ctx) production were evaluated in vibrio cholerae o1. rapid loss of culturability and change to distinct coccoid morphology occurred when cultures of v cholerae 01 were exposed to 5 degrees c directly from 35 degrees c. also, cultures of v. cholerae first exposed to 15 degrees c for 2 h and then maintained at 5 degrees c failed to exhibit an adaptive response, instead a rapid loss of v ... | 2001 | 11816983 |
| cholera in indonesia in 1993-1999. | cholera-specific surveillance in indonesia was initiated to identify the introduction of the newly recognized vibrio cholerae non-o1, o139 serotype. findings from seven years (1993-1999) of surveillance efforts also yielded regional profiles of the importance of cholera in both epidemic and sporadic diarrheal disease occurrence throughout the archipelago. a two-fold surveillance strategy was pursued involving 1) outbreak investigations, and 2) hospital-based case recognition. rectal swabs were t ... | 2001 | 11791976 |
| epidemic of vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 in berhampur, orissa. | during the months of may-june 2000, 194 patients with watery diarrhoea were admitted to the infectious diseases ward of the m.k.c.g. medical college, berhampur. ninety four rectal swabs were collected and processed according to the standard procedures. vibrio cholerae strains were isolated from 20 samples. of these 20 isolates, two were found to be v. cholerae o1 eitor ogawa strain and 18 were confirmed to be v. cholerae serotype o139. all v. cholerae o139 isolates were of a single phage type (p ... | 2001 | 11762200 |
| [experiment observations of the germicidal effects of disinfectants on vibro cholerae of el tor biotype in different water bodies]. | to study the germicidal effect of disinfectant on vibro cholerae of el tor biotype in different water bodies and to set a guidelines for disinfection in the epidemic foci of cholera. | 2001 | 11769638 |
| [study on regulation of long-chain fatty acid metabolism with the use of computer analysis of complete bacterial genomes]. | one of the main trends in the prokaryote genomics is the comparative analysis of metabolic pathways. this method can be used for the analysis of experimentally studied systems of co-regulated genes, as well as genes with unknown regulatory signals. in this study we apply the comparative analysis of regulatory signals to the genes of the enzymes for fatty acid metabolism from escherichia coli, haemophilus influenzae, vibrio cholerae, yersinia pestis. transcription of these genes is regulated by t ... | 2001 | 11771124 |
| discovery and distribution of super-integrons among pseudomonads. | until recently, integrons (systems for acquisition and expression of new genetic materials) have been associated generally with antibiotic resistance gene cassettes. the discovery of 'super-integrons' in vibrionaceae suggests a greater impact of this gene acquisition mechanism on bacterial genome evolution than initially believed. super-integrons may contain more than 100 gene cassettes and may encode other determinants, including biochemical functions or virulence factors. here, we report the g ... | 2001 | 11722728 |
| haem utilization in vibrio cholerae involves multiple tonb-dependent haem receptors. | vibrio cholerae has multiple iron transport systems, one of which involves haem uptake through the outer membrane receptor huta. a huta mutant had only a slight defect in growth using haemin as the iron source, and we show here that v. cholerae encodes two additional tonb-dependent haem receptors, hutr and hasr. hutr has significant homology to huta as well as to other outer membrane haem receptors. membrane fractionation confirmed that hutr is present in the outer membrane. the hutr gene was co ... | 2001 | 11722746 |
| growth and recovery of selected gram-negative bacteria in reconditioned wastewater. | previous reports indicate that escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp., and vibrio cholerae can grow in nutrient-limited, reconditioned wastewater over the temperature range of 4 to 46 degrees c when the biological oxygen demand of this water is <2, while its coliform growth response (cgr) is >2. in the current study, we investigated the growth response of vibrio parahaemolyticus, shigella spp., vibrio vulnificus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa in water samples with a cgr of >2 over the temperatur ... | 2001 | 11726156 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 outbreak isolates in mozambique and south africa in 1998 are multiple-drug resistant, contain the sxt element and the aada2 gene located on class 1 integrons. | the characteristics of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor, serotype ogawa isolates from outbreaks of cholera in 1998 amongst migrant workers in the south african provinces of gauteng and mpumalanga, on the border of mozambique, are reported. the isolates seem to have originated from the same clone since they are of two closely related bgli ribotypes. these ribotypes had a high similarity to ribotypes of v. cholerae o1 recently found in three south-east asian countries. isolates were resistant to ... | 2001 | 11733467 |
| towards a reliable objective function for multiple sequence alignments. | multiple sequence alignment is a fundamental tool in a number of different domains in modern molecular biology, including functional and evolutionary studies of a protein family. multiple alignments also play an essential role in the new integrated systems for genome annotation and analysis. thus, the development of new multiple alignment scores and statistics is essential, in the spirit of the work dedicated to the evaluation of pairwise sequence alignments for database searching techniques. we ... | 2001 | 11734009 |
| a human volunteer challenge model using frozen bacteria of the new epidemic serotype, v. cholerae o139 in thai volunteers. | a total of 35 volunteers were recruited for an irb-approved inpatient dose-escalation challenge. the goal was to identify a dose that produced an observed cholera attack rate > or =80% and an illness of sufficient severity during the defined study period such that the model would be useful for determining vaccine protection. volunteers were challenged in groups of 5 with v. cholerae o139 that had been reconstituted immediately before use. only 2 out of 5 volunteers who received the lowest dose ( ... | 2001 | 11738758 |
| three cases of bacteremia caused by vibrio cholerae o1 in blantyre, malawi. | we report three fatal cases of bacteremia (two adults, one neonate) caused by vibrio cholerae o1 (ogawa), which occurred in the context of a community outbreak of cholera diarrhea in blantyre, malawi. only four cases of invasive disease caused by v. cholerae o1 have previously been reported. we describe the clinical features associated with these rare cases and discuss their significance. | 2001 | 11747744 |
| seasonal abundance and distribution of vibrio cholerae in coastal waters quantified by a 16s-23s intergenic spacer probe. | vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera and is indigenous to brackish waters. to advance our understanding of the ecology of this bacterium, we have developed a molecular probing method for detection of v. cholerae in coastal waters. water samples from 7 locations in the newport bay watershed, california were sampled monthly for a whole year. v. cholerae concentrations were determined by membrane filtration-colony hybridization using an oligonucleotide prob ... | 2001 | 12024237 |
| activity of ocimum sanctum (the traditional indian medicinal plant) against the enteric pathogens. | aqueous & alcoholic extracts of o. sanctum were prepared. two concentrations of these extracts (30 mg & 60 mg) were tried against the enteric pathogens & candida albicans by agar diffusion method. wide zones of inhibition were observed at 60 mg concentration of extract. aqeous extract showed wider zone of inhibition when compared to alcoholic extract. aqueous extract showed wider zones of inhibition for klebisella, e. coil, proteus & staphylococcus aureus. alcoholic extract showed wider zone for ... | 2001 | 12026506 |
| [soybean bacteriological culture media and prospects for their use in clinical bacteriology]. | agar bacteriological nutrient media are suggested, based on soybean extract subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis and lyophilized native. the growth of test strains, number of grown colonies and their size were virtually the same as after inoculation of these strains in control nutrient media. soybean salt medium with yolk suspension was tried with good results as elective medium for isolation of staphylococci from clinical material. commercial manufacture of these media mainly from native soybean e ... | 2001 | 12014082 |
| recent developments in cholera. | cholera continues to be an important public health problem among many poorer communities in africa, asia and south america, despite the bacteriology and epidemiology of the disease having been described over a century ago. molecular techniques have enabled current researchers to gain new insights into pathogenicity, into the relationships between environmental and clinical strains, and into new strategies for vaccine development. the description of non-culturable 'dormant' strains in the environ ... | 2001 | 11964875 |
| global aspects of antimicrobial-resistant enteric bacteria. | antibiotics have been considered to be safe and effective 'magic bullets', with no disadvantages to their widespread use. this has been proven to be a complacent attitude, with ever-increasing prevalences of resistance now evident. the present review covers aspects of the development, mechanisms and genetics of antimicrobial resistance in enteric commensals and pathogens. | 2001 | 11964879 |
| examination for intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria in the wastewater and treated wastewater from the city of chiang mai, thailand. | an attempt to use treated wastewater for agriculture in the chiang mai area was made, but the re-use process had to be performed under a condition that limited the risks liable to leave pathogens present in the water. the objective of our study was to examine the intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria in the wastewater and treated wastewater from the chiang mai university campus as well as the treated wastewater from the chiang mai municipality. the raw wastewater (rw), primary treatment effl ... | 2001 | 12041597 |
| parasitic and bacterial contamination in collards using effluent from treated domestic wastewater in chiang mai, thailand. | thailand often has inadequate water supply for agriculture during the dry season. the reuse of treated wastewater treatment plants could solve this problem. treatment of domestic wastewater of chiang mai municipality by the aerated lagoon system (al) releases more than 25,000 m3 of treated water everyday. the reuse of wastewater in agriculture is an efficient use of water, especially in tropical countries or in drought zones. the objective of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of using ... | 2001 | 12041598 |
| [vibrio cholerae in madagascar: study of a multiresistant strain]. | madagascar was cholera free until march 1999. the first case was reported in mahajanga, a north west coast harbor. ten months later and despite a massive use of tetracycline as prophylactic drug, cholera had reached every region of the island. all suspected cholera samples were analysed at the pasteur institute of madagascar where susceptibility to tetracycline was systematically performed. on february 2000, a multidrug resistant strain of v. cholerae was isolated. we studied this strain by perf ... | 2001 | 12471739 |
| [construction of plasmid gene bank of v. cholerae o139 and detection of o-antigen genes]. | because o-antigen biosynthesis genes are a tandem gene cluster. gnomic fragments of 4-20 kilobases (kb) were obtained by digesting genomic dna of v. cholerae o139 with restriction endonuclease ecori, then plasmid gene bank was constructed. recombinant colony, e. coli dh5 alpha (pmg320), expressing o-antigen of v. cholerae o139 was detected from the bank by immunological agglutinative reaction. the futher analysis showed o-antigen expressed by recombinant colony had both immunogenicity and reacto ... | 2001 | 12549191 |
| epidemiology of cholera--a five year study. | a total of 286 strains of vibro cholerae were isolated and tested over a period of five years. the strains were identified by standard methods and confirmed by slide agglutination tests with polyvalent, ogawa and inaba antisera. the non-agglutinating strains were tested with o-139 antisera. the maximum number of cases were found in the age group of 0-10 years. the number of females affected was more than the males. v. cholerae o-139 was isolated in the year 1998 and then again in 2000. v. choler ... | 2001 | 12561506 |
| [vibrio cholerae vpi phi/ctx phi/tcp: interactions of phage-phage-bacterium]. | 2001 | 12552921 | |
| cholera epidemic in and around loni a rural area in western maharashtra. | 2000 | 12583433 | |
| [pcr amplification and cloning of virulence expression regulatory gene toxr of vibrio cholerae]. | in order to construct a genomic bivalent oral vaccine of leishmania donovani and vibrio cholerae, we amplified a 1.3 kb dna fragment from 7 strains of vibrio cholerae with primers p1 and p2. restriction endonuclease analysis of pcr amplified products from 9 strains of vibrio cholerae was performed by digestion with ecor i. the results revealed an ecor i site in the central part of toxr gene. the entire toxr gene of vibrio cholerae non-ct strain 7743 was amplified by pcr with primers p1 and p2, d ... | 2000 | 12501605 |
| role of the neuroendocrine system in pathogenesis of gastroenteritis. | the concept of neuroendocrine modulation of infectious gastroenteritis adds another dimension to the pathophysiology of diarrhoeal diseases. furthermore it opens up new avenues for therapeutic intervention. until now, most interest has been directed at enterotoxin-producing bacteria, notably vibrio cholerae and the enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. however, more recently neuroendocrine recruitment has been implicated by other pathogens. the roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide, 5-hydroxytrypta ... | 2000 | 11964824 |
| severe cholera outbreak following floods in a northern district of west bengal. | an explosive epidemic of cholera in the district of malda in the state of west bengal, was induced by devastating floods resulting from overflowing of the two main rivers of the district, at the end of july 1998, affecting 15 blocks and 2 municipalities. diarrhoeal outbreak occurred around the middle of august after receding of the flood waters. within two weeks of its onset, the outbreak spread throughout the district. an investigation was conducted to understand the epidemiological characteris ... | 2000 | 12452126 |
| viable but nonculturable bacteria: a survival strategy. | when bacteria are introduced into a new environment, environmental changes with which they are confronted may include temperature, nutrient concentration, salinity, osmotic pressure, and ph. bacterial cells dynamically adapt to these shifts in their environment, employing a variety of genetic mechanisms. bacteria, with the ability to utilize constitutive and inducible enzyme synthesis, can accommodate to growth-limiting nutrients and adjust or reroute metabolic pathways to avoid metabolic and/or ... | 2000 | 11810550 |
| [a new look at the mechanism of cholera endemicity caused by vibrio cholerae biotype eltor]. | cholera caused by vibrio cholerae biotype eltor (evc) is an endemic disease, subsiding in winter and reappearing in spring and summer. investigating the state of evc during the intermittent time is of crucial importance in controlling this disease. | 2000 | 11775883 |
| cloning of the ctxb gene of vibrio cholerae and its expression in e.coli. | the ctxb gene encoding cholerae toxin subunit b was amplified from vibrio cholerae genomic dna by pcr. the result of sequencing indicated that ctxb gene encodes 124 amino acid residues. the sequence of ctxb gene was almost the same as that of reported except for the codon of thr 62. the expression plasmid pgex-ctxb was constructed by inserting ctxb gene into plasmid pgex-4t-2, containing gst gene, immediately downstream of the t7 promoter. the expressed plasmid was introduced into e.coli bl21(de ... | 2000 | 12098792 |
| seasonal, nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa infections in the eastern region of saudi arabia. | surveillance for vibrio cholerae in the eastern region of saudi arabia has been ongoing since 1985 to detect and prevent local proliferation of imported cholera. in 1996 and 1997 the authors performed additional microbiologic and epidemiologic assessment of v. cholerae surveillance to better characterize a recurrent summertime pattern of v. cholerae infections in the eastern region of saudi arabia. | 2000 | 11231182 |
| new insights on the emergence of cholera in latin america during 1991: the peruvian experience. | after a century of absence, in late january 1991, vibrio cholerae invaded the western hemisphere by way of peru. although a number of theories have been proposed, it is still not understood how that invasion took place. we reviewed the clinical records of persons attending hospital emergency departments in the major coastal cities of peru from september through january of 1989/1990 and 1990/1991. we identified seven adults suffering from severe, watery diarrhea compatible with a clinical diagnos ... | 2000 | 11220769 |
| [the use if francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide in the dot solid phase enzyme immunoassay]. | to determine antitularemia antibodies in the sera of humans and animale, the possibility of using dot immunoassay with the use of f. tularensis lipopolysaccharide (lps) as antigen-containing preparation was ascertained. experiments demonstrated that this method made it possible to determine specific antitularemia antibodies in the sera of sick and immunized humans and animals. investigetions carried out with the use of heterologous antisera to f. novicida, f. novicida-like and f. philomiragia, a ... | 2000 | 11220974 |
| [bactericidal properties of the vibrio cholerae non o1 bacteriolysin]. | the influence of the preparation of hemocytolysin, obtained from v. cholerae non o1 (strain p-11702), on the growth of v. cholerae cells was studied. the study revealed that hemocytolysin is capable of inducing partial or complete bacterial lysis on the place of its application, depending on the protein load of the substance and the inoculation dose of microbes. two electrophoretic fractions with molecular weights of 14 and 14.5 kd induced the cytolysis of sheep, rabbit, guinea-pig red blood cel ... | 2000 | 11220977 |
| [genetic markers of epidemic strains of vibrio cholerae]. | in this review new data on the key pathogenicity genes of v. cholerae are presented. as shown on the basis of the analysis of the latest information on the structure of the genomes of different v. cholerae strains, structural genes ctxab coding cholera toxin may not serve as the only marker of epidemically dangerous strains. more complete and reliable information for the evaluation of the epidemic potential of v. cholerae isolated from the environment may be obtained by the simultaneous detectio ... | 2000 | 11220978 |
| [vibrio cholerae o139 bacteriophages]. | cholera bacteriophages have been isolated from 27 lysogenic cultures of v. cholerae o139. as shown the pages under study belong to two morphological groups a1 and f1 and serological types ii and xii. the use of prophage typing and the sensitivity test to specific phage made it possible to differentiate v. cholerae strains, serogroup o139. | 2000 | 11210629 |
| [synthesis of protective antigens during submerged cultivation of vibrio cholerae]. | the effectiveness of dot immunoanalysis for evaluating the dynamics of the synthesis of o-antigen, cholera toxin, neuraminidase, adhesin cfa1 in the process of the reactor cultivation of v. cholerae used for the production of oral chemical cholera vaccine is shown. the established regularities of the synthesis of the protective antigens of v. cholerae in the process of scaled-up cultivation are discussed. | 2000 | 11210646 |
| [bactericidal properties of hemo-cytolysin from vibrio cholerae non o1 p-11702 strain in a panel of indicator cultures for detection of vibriocins]. | the influence of the preparation of hemo-cytolysin, obtained from v. cholerae non o1 strain p-11702 and inducing lysis of both red blood cells and v. cholerae cultures using a panel of indicator cultures for the detection of vibriocins, was studied. the set of indicator cultures contained 2 shigella flexneri strains, 1 s. dysenteriae strain, 3 s. sonnei strains, 3 escherichia coli strains and 2 v. cholerae strains, one of them being atypical. hemo-cytolysin exhibited lytic activity with respect ... | 2000 | 11210647 |
| [factors contributing to preservation of vibrio cholerae in water reservoirs]. | the summarized data of literature concerning the survival of v. cholerae in the environment and the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on this process are presented. these data make it possible to regard cholera as sapronosis and to form an idea of the role of factors contributing to the survival of v. cholerae in the environment and to its spread among human population. | 2000 | 11210656 |
| regulation of intercellular tight junctions by zonula occludens toxin and its eukaryotic analogue zonulin. | the intestinal epithelium represents the largest interface between the external environment and the internal host milieu and constitutes the major barrier through which molecules can either be absorbed or secreted. there is now substantial evidence that tight junctions (tj) play a major role in regulating epithelial permeability by influencing paracellular flow of fluid and solutes. tj are one of the hallmarks of absorptive and secretory epithelia. evidence now exists that tj are dynamic rather ... | 2000 | 11193578 |
| distinct effects of vibrio cholerae haemagglutinin/protease on the structure and localization of the tight junction-associated proteins occludin and zo-1. | vibrio cholerae produces a little-studied cytotoxin, haemagglutinin/protease (ha/p), in addition to several better-characterized enterotoxins, i.e. cholera toxin (ct), zonula occludens toxin (zot) and accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace). we have found recently that ha/p perturbs the barrier function of mardin-darby canine kidney epithelial cell line i (mdck-i) by affecting the intercellular tight junctions (tjs) and the f-actin cytoskeleton. in the present study we have assessed more specificall ... | 2000 | 11207559 |
| cross-talk between enteric pathogens and the intestine. | enteric pathogens finely regulate the expression of virulence genes in reply to stimuli generated by the intestinal environment. this minireview focuses on recently discovered strategies developed by enteric bacteria to cause intestinal secretion through the elaboration of factors that share structure and function with specific host counterparts. such bacterial antigens appear to interfere largely with the epithelial cell signalling that physiologically regulates the numerous and, as yet not ful ... | 2000 | 11207565 |
| serum antibody response induced in mice after oral administration of three different antigens of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in enteric coated microparticles. | gastric digestion of these antigens plays an important role, decreasing the ability to deliver antigens to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. to overcome this obstacle, microencapsulated antigens from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) were evaluated for oral immunization of mice. | 2000 | 11179951 |
| [cloning of the zot gene of vibrio cholerae and its expression in escherichia coli]. | the zot gene encoding zonula occludens toxin was amplified from classic vibrio cholerae genomic dna by pcr. the result of sequencing indicated that zot gene encodes 399 amino acid residues. the sequence of zot gene was a little bit different from that of reported including 14 nucleotides and four amino acid residues. the expression plasmid pet-zot was constructed by inserting zot gene into plasmid pet-28a(+) containing the t7 promoter. the expression plasmid was induced into e. coli bl21 (de3) a ... | 2000 | 11191759 |
| the complete genome sequence of vibrio cholerae: a tale of two chromosomes and of two lifestyles. | vibrio cholerae o1 has figured prominently in the history of infectious diseases as a cause of periodic global epidemics, an affliction of refugees in areas of social strife and as the disease first subjected to modern epidemiological analysis during the classic investigations of john snow in mid-19th century london [1]. thus, publication of the entire genome sequence of v. cholerae o1 (biotype el tor) in nature [2] by a consortium of investigators from the institute for genomic research, the un ... | 2000 | 11178241 |
| evidence for symmetric chromosomal inversions around the replication origin in bacteria. | whole-genome comparisons can provide great insight into many aspects of biology. until recently, however, comparisons were mainly possible only between distantly related species. complete genome sequences are now becoming available from multiple sets of closely related strains or species. | 2000 | 11178265 |
| clinical manifestations and characterization of extra-intestinal vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 infections in denmark. | 2000 | 11168070 | |
| cholera in its present day scenario. | cholera existed in many parts of the world since olden days. gangetic delta is considered as the home of the disease. since 1970 there has been a significant development of the disease with its ecologic and epidemiologic aspects. vibrio cholerae non-01 strain in taxonomically separated from v cholerae 01 strain. though 01 strain causes epidemic outbreaks, still non-01 has been implicated to cause cholera like illness. while humans are long considered to be the only reservoir of v cholerae 01 str ... | 2000 | 11143856 |
| outbreak of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae 01 intermediately resistant to norfloxacin at malda, west bengal. | during the end of september 1997, an unusual outbreak of severe dehydrating watery diarrhoea cases and deaths were reported from malda town. vibrio cholerae 01 el tor, the causative agent responsible for this episode was isolated from 56.5% of cases sampled. three of the five drinking water samples were also positive for v cholerae 01. majority of cases were adults. isolated strains were uniformly resistant to furazolidone and intermediately to norfloxacin. indiscriminate use of antibiotic shoul ... | 2000 | 11143861 |
| spectrum of gut immunologic reactions: selective induction of distinct responses to vibrio cholerae wo7 and its toxin. | past studies with vibrio cholerae have shown that cholera toxin (ct) is mainly responsible for inducing t helper type 2 (th2) responses with systemic igg1, ige and mucosal secretory iga (siga) antibodies. in this study, v. cholerae wo7, which produces novel toxin unrelated to ct, was given orally to mice in order to determine whether the strain v. cholerae wo7 differs from v. cholerae 569b, which produces ct, in the nature of responses generated at the gut and splenic level. the analysis of immu ... | 2000 | 11145274 |
| current status of cholera and rise of novel mucosal vaccine. | three serious cholera epidemics have threatened the world during the last 10 years. as a countermeasure against such cholera epidemics, three vaccines, cvd 103-hgr, wc/rbs, and vietnamese wc, showed good performance. cvd 103-hgr is a recombinant attenuated live vaccine for travelers, and its highly safety and protective efficacy have been demonstrated in volunteers in advanced countries. wc/rbs, which consists of heat- and formalin-killed bacteria and cholera toxin b subunit, protects the vaccin ... | 2000 | 11135702 |
| protection from cholera by adding lime juice to food - results from community and laboratory studies in guinea-bissau, west africa. | epidemiological studies have shown that food plays an important role in the transmission of vibrio cholerae, and different foods have been incriminated in many epidemic outbreaks of cholera. storing contaminated meals at ambient temperatures allows growth of v. cholerae. some ingredients such as lime juice may inhibit the survival of v. cholerae in foods. during an epidemic caused by v. cholerae o1 in guinea-bissau in 1996, a case control study was conducted in the capital bissau, the main affec ... | 2000 | 10929141 |
| passive protection of serum from volunteers inoculated with attenuated strain 638 of vibrio cholerae o1 in animal models. | as part of the studies to obtain an oral vaccine against cholera disease, the protective effect of serum from volunteers inoculated in a controlled trial with a candidate live attenuated vaccine of vibrio cholerae o1, el tor ogawa (638; ctxφ mutant, hap::cela), was tested. it was confirmed that the serum, as well as the purified igg and iga from the volunteers had a protective effect in both of the animal models used, although the purified antibodies needed the presence of complement to be p ... | 2000 | 10930693 |
| cloning and functional studies of a luxo regulator luxt from vibrio harveyi. | luxo is the central regulator integrating the quorum sensing signals controlling autoinduction of luminescence in vibrio harveyi. we have previously purified to homogeneity a new lux regulator, luxt, that binds to the luxo promoter. based on the sequence of the tryptic peptides of luxt, degenerate oligonucleotides were designed for pcr of the genomic dna. a 273 bp pcr dna fragment containing sequences encoding the tryptic peptides was extended by inverse pcr to obtain the complete gene (luxt) en ... | 2000 | 11121579 |
| molecular epidemiological study of vibrio cholerae isolates from infected patients in teheran, iran. | a total of 110 clinical isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor serotype ogawa isolated in a recent outbreak from different districts of teheran, iran, was subjected to 99 carbon source utilisation tests, ribotyping and toxinogenotyping. pcr showed that the genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxa), toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp), accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace) and zonula occludens toxin (zot) were present in 100%, 100%, 97.3% and 99.1% of the isolates, respectively. restriction fragment le ... | 2000 | 11129720 |
| transcriptional regulation of transport and utilization systems for hexuronides, hexuronates and hexonates in gamma purple bacteria. | the comparative approach is a powerful tool for the analysis of gene regulation in bacterial genomes. it can be applied to the analysis of regulons that have been studied experimentally as well as that of regulons for which no known regulatory sites are available. it is assumed that the set of co-regulated genes and the regulatory signal itself are conserved in related genomes. here, we use genomic comparisons to study the regulation of transport and utilization systems for sugar acids in gamma ... | 2000 | 11115104 |
| change in receptor-binding specificity of recent human influenza a viruses (h3n2): a single amino acid change in hemagglutinin altered its recognition of sialyloligosaccharides. | human h3n2 influenza a viruses were known to preferentially bind to sialic acid (sa) in alpha2,6gal linkage on red blood cells (rbc). however, h3n2 viruses isolated in mdck cells after 1992 did not agglutinate chicken rbc (crbc). experiments with point-mutated hemagglutinin (ha) of a/aichi/51/92, one of these viruses, revealed that an amino acid change from glu to asp at position 190 (e190d) was responsible for the loss of ability to bind to crbc. a/aichi/51/92 did not agglutinate crbc treated w ... | 2000 | 11118381 |
| vibrio cholerae cytolysin: assembly and membrane insertion of the oligomeric pore are tightly linked and are not detectably restricted by membrane fluidity. | hemolytic strains of vibrio cholerae secrete a cytolysin that, upon binding as a monomer, forms pentameric pores in animal cell membranes. pore formation is inhibited at low temperature and in the absence of cholesterol. we here posed the following questions: firstly, can oligomerization be observed in the absence of pore formation? secondly, is membrane fluidity responsible for the effect of temperature or of cholesterol upon pore formation? the first issue was approached by chemical cross-link ... | 2000 | 11118538 |
| featured organism: pathogen special: vibrio cholerae, pseudomonas aeruginosa and xylella fastidiosa. | one could almost say that it is the latest fashion to sequence a bacterial genome. however, this would belittle the efforts of those working on these important organisms, whose data will greatly help those working on the prevention of disease in the fields of medicine and agriculture. in this feature we present a guided tour of the latest additions to the 'sequenced microbes' club. vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, which is still a threat in countries with poor sanitation and un ... | 2000 | 11119308 |
| unexpected effects of pathogens on epithelial na+ channels. | 2000 | 10981518 | |
| comparison of global transcription responses allows identification of vibrio cholerae genes differentially expressed following infection. | comparison of global transcription profiles of vibrio cholerae grown in vitro and in vivo revealed that 20% of the genome was repressed and about 5% was induced under in vivo conditions. hybridization with the cloned genes revealed that the virulence genes ctx, toxr, toxt and tcpa were induced under in vivo conditions. dissection of two in vivo induced cosmids identified another set of three genes homologous to che y1 involved in motility and chemotaxis, pnuc encoding the major component of the ... | 2000 | 10981695 |
| expanding multiple antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of vibrio cholerae isolated from 1992-7 in calcutta, india. | antimicrobial susceptibilities of vibrio cholerae strains isolated from cholera patients admitted to the infectious diseases hospital, calcutta, india for 6 years were analysed to determine the changing trends; 840 v. cholerae strains isolated in 1992-1997 were included in this study. among v. cholerae serogoup o1 and o139, ampicillin resistance increased from 1992 (35 and 70%, respectively) to 1997 (both serogroups 100%). resistance to furazolidone and streptomycin was constantly high among v. ... | 2000 | 10982062 |
| web-based visualization tools for bacterial genome alignments. | with the increase in the flow of sequence data, both in contigs and whole genomes, visual aids for comparison and analysis studies are becoming imperative. we describe three web-based tools for visualizing alignments of bacterial genomes. the first, called enteric, produces a graphical, hypertext view of pairwise alignments between a reference genome and sequences from each of several related organisms, covering 20 kb around a user-specified position. insertions, deletions and rearrangements rel ... | 2000 | 10982867 |
| regulation of vibrio cholerae genes required for acid tolerance by a member of the "toxr-like" family of transcriptional regulators. | the ability of the intestinal pathogen vibrio cholerae to undergo an adaptive stress response, known as the acid tolerance response (atr), was previously shown to enhance virulence. an essential component of the atr is cada-mediated lysine decarboxylation. cada is encoded by the acid- and infection-induced gene cada. herein, cada is shown to be the second gene in an operon with cadb, encoding a lysine/cadaverine antiporter. cadc, which is 5' of cadb, encodes an acid-responsive, positive transcri ... | 2000 | 10986235 |
| molecular analyses of a putative ctxphi precursor and evidence for independent acquisition of distinct ctx(phi)s by toxigenic vibrio cholerae. | the genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxa and ctxb) are encoded in the genome of ctxphi, a filamentous phage that infects vibrio cholerae. to study the evolutionary history of ctxphi, we examined genome diversity in ctx(phi)s derived from a variety of epidemic and nonepidemic vibrio sp. natural isolates. among these were three v. cholerae strains that contained ctx prophage sequences but not the ctxa and ctxb genes. these prophages each gave rise to a plasmid form whose genomic organization was ver ... | 2000 | 10986258 |
| cholera vaccines. | cholera causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. for travelers, the risk of developing cholera per month of stay in a developing country is approximately 0.001%-0.01%, and cholera may present as traveler's diarrhea. in the united states, only a poorly tolerated, marginally effective, parenterally administered, phenol-inactivated vaccine is available. outside the united states, 2 additional vaccines are commercially available: an oral killed whole cell-cholera toxin recombinant b sub ... | 2000 | 10987721 |
| genomics happens. | cholera has been the scourge of humankind for centuries. although most of the time vibrio cholerae, the microbe that causes this disease, is a free-living organism inhabiting aquatic environments, it can invade human hosts causing severe diarrhea and often death. as dirita explains in his perspective, sequencing of the entire v. cholerae genome is revealing new facets of the pathogenesis of this dangerous microbe. | 2000 | 10991736 |
| purification and characterization of a cytotonic protein expressed in vitro by the live cholera vaccine candidate cvd 103-hgr. | cholera vaccines developed by the deletion of ctx genes from vibrio cholerae induce a residual reactogenicity in up to 10% of vaccinees. a novel cytotonic agent named secreted cho cell elongating protein (s-cep) was purified from culture supernatants of cvd 103-hgr (levine et al., lancet ii:467-470, 1988). five fractionation steps yielded electrophoretically pure s-cep with an m(r) of 79,000. a partially purified preparation caused fluid accumulation in the sealed infant mouse model. the amino t ... | 2000 | 10992523 |
| enterotoxin-specific immunoglobulin e responses in humans after infection or vaccination with diarrhea-causing enteropathogens. | cholera toxin (ct)-specific antibody responses of the immunoglobulin e (ige) isotype in the sera of adult patients suffering from infection with either vibrio cholerae o1, v. cholerae o139, or enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) were analyzed and compared with those in the sera of volunteers immunized with a bivalent b subunit o1/o139 whole-cell cholera vaccine. a significant ige response to ct was observed in 90% of the patients with v. cholerae o1 infection (18 of 20; p = <0.001) and 95% o ... | 2000 | 10992527 |
| cholera toxin and related enterotoxins: a cell biological and immunological perspective. | cholera toxin (ctx) from vibrio cholerae and the closely related escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (etx) are the primary virulence factors responsible for causing cholera and traveller's diarrhea, respectively. studies on the mode of action of these toxins on gut epithelial cells have revealed important insights into the mechanisms of toxin uptake and trafficking in eukaryotic cells. however, of perhaps even greater fascination have been the discoveries that ctx and etx exhibit remarkable ... | 2000 | 10994530 |
| translocases: a bacterial tunnel for drugs and proteins. | unrelated translocases extrude proteins or antimicrobial agents across both membranes of the cell envelope in gram-negative bacteria. the tolc protein links the translocases to the external environment. the recently determined crystal structure of tolc shows how this universal tunnel operates. | 2000 | 10996810 |
| [bacteriological particularities of vibrio cholerae serotype ogawa, biotype el tor isolated in burundi]. | 2000 | 11100450 | |
| pathogenicity islands and phage conversion: evolutionary aspects of bacterial pathogenesis. | horizontal gene transfer plays a key role in the generation of novel bacterial pathogens. besides plasmids and bacteriophages, large genomic regions termed pathogenicity islands (pais) can be transferred horizontally. all three mechanisms for dna exchange or transfer may be important for the evolution of bacterial pathogens. | 2000 | 11100826 |
| novel targets for the pharmacotherapy of diarrhoea: a view for the millennium. | acute diarrhoea continues to carry a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. intestinal infection is the major cause of acute diarrhoea although the prevalence of individual pathogens varies according to geographic location. in many countries in the industrialized world, reports of intestinal infections continue to increase; these are largely related to waterborne and foodborne outbreaks. acute diarrhoea may be due to increased intestinal secretion, commonly as a result of infection with enterot ... | 2000 | 11100992 |