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[comparative immunologic effectiveness of variants of the dtp vaccine].the immunological effectiveness of two batches of adsorbed dpt vaccine, the batch with the normal content of antigens (control) and the batch with the content of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids reduced to 20 lf/ml and 5 bu/ml respectively (test batch), has been studied under the conditions of controlled trial. as a result, the reduction of the antigenic content of adsorbed dpt vaccine has been found to exert no negative influence on the immunological effectiveness of the diphtheria, tetanus, and ...19862879402
[the epidemic process of diphtheria and pertussis with active immunization of a pediatric population].the heterogeneity of humans in their immune response to the components of adsorbed dpt vaccine is shown. improvements in the organizational forms of immunoprophylaxis are necessitated.19862879404
lack of adjuvant effect of the pertussis component on ipv dtp-polio vaccine in children.on day 0, four groups of children (3 to 6 months old) randomly received ipv alone or ipv + pertussis, or ipv + dp, or ipv + dtp. at days 28 and 56, all the children received the same ipv + dtp vaccine. polio neutralizing and diphtheria antibodies were determined at days 0, 28 and 56. no adjuvant and even some inhibitory effect of pertussis was observed at days 28 and 56 on mean polio antibody titers. these results are compared to those observed with diphtheria.19862881819
simultaneous administration of diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis/polio vaccine and hepatitis b vaccine in a simplified immunization programme.in most developing countries hepatitis b virus is endemic and prevention has to be carried out early in life and on a mass scale. in these regions, simultaneous administration of multiple antigens is normal practice. we have therefore, investigated the interaction of hepatitis b vaccine with dtp-polio vaccine. studies include the immune response post one and two injections to diphtheria and tetanus toxoid, pertussis and hepatitis b surface antigen. the vaccines were given simultaneously or not a ...19862881821
antitoxin antibody levels and the outcome of illness during an outbreak of diphtheria among alcoholics.during an outbreak of diphtheria among alcoholics in göteborg, sweden, a study was made of the diphtheria-antitoxin antibodies in serum samples from 8 clinical cases and 36 carriers of toxin-producing corynebacterium diphtheriae. 33/36 carriers were antibody-positive and had antitoxin titres greater than 0.01 iu/ml, a level which is regarded as relative protective, while only 1/8 clinical cases had such a titre. this patient presented a mild illness with no complications. the results of the stud ...19863738434
elisa for toxinogenesis identification in corynebacterium diphtheriae, diagnostic value. 19863767639
detection of homology to the beta bacteriophage integration site in a wide variety of corynebacterium spp.in toxigenic conversion of corynebacterium diphtheriae c7, beta bacteriophage dna integrates into either of two chromosomal attachment sites, attb1 or attb2. these attb sites share a 96-base-pair sequence with the attp sites of beta-related phages. the distribution of attb-related sites in other species of corynebacterium was assessed by hybridization with a dna probe containing both attb sites of the c7 strain and a second dna probe containing the attp site of a beta-related phage. all but one ...19863019994
[toxigenic phages of corynebacterium diphtheriae]. 19863030029
[cloning in escherichia coli of the mutant gene coding the diphtheria toxin].bacteriophage beta 45 of corynebacterium diphtheriae was harvested. the extracted dna of the bacteriophage was digested by the restriction endonuclease bamhi and inserted into the bamhi cleavage site of puc19 vector plasmid. plasmid pnvy5 containing a mutant gene crm45 of diphtheriae toxin in a 3.9 bpn fragment was isolated from the hybrid plasmids obtained. cell free extracts of e. coli strain tg1 (pvny5) contain the nontoxic protein crm45 possessing the specific enzymatic activity of diphtheri ...19853025674
diphtheritic septicaemia and probable endocarditis: a case report and review of the literature.corynebacterium diphtheriae usually produces an infection limited to the respiratory tract and the organisms rarely invade the blood stream. we report the case of a 6-year-old girl who, 2 months after an unsuccessful repair of a ventricular septal defect, developed septicaemia with non-toxigenic c. diphtheriae. the organism appeared resistant to penicillin in vitro and failed to respond to a course of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to which it was susceptible in the laboratory. a cure was finally ...19853878295
transplacental antibodies. part ii: maternal antibodies against the toxins of c. diphtheriae and c. tetani.examinations of 297 sera for diphtheria antitoxin and 160 sera for tetanus antitoxin were carried out in 1981. all sera were obtained from the cord blood of mothers between 15 and 34 years of age. the mothers were divided into four age groups each of which was further subdivided into the primipara and multipara subgroups. the aim was to assess the age-specific variations in response to active immunization against diphtheria and tetanus. the protective level of diphtheria antitoxin (at least 0.01 ...19853921608
[biological, genetic and epidemiological aspects of diphtheria and normal human microflora]. 19853922186
mouse chromosome 1 ity locus regulates microbicidal activity of isolated peritoneal macrophages against a diverse group of intracellular and extracellular bacteria.the genotype of a mouse influences whether or not it will survive infection with the agent of murine typhoid, salmonella typhimurium. the best-characterized murine salmonella response gene is a chromosome 1 locus designated ity. inbred strains of mice that express the itys allele are unable to contain the net growth of salmonella typhimurium within their spleens and livers, and usually die early in the infection. by contrast, mice homozygous or heterozygous for the ityr allele are able to contro ...19853923111
diphtheria toxin promoter function in corynebacterium diphtheriae and escherichia coli.the expression of the diphtheria tox228 gene encoding the nontoxic, serologically related crm228 mutant diphtheria toxin has been analyzed in corynebacterium diphtheriae and escherichia coli. the diphtheria toxin promoter has been used to direct the expression of beta-galactosidase in e.coli, and the efficiency of promotion has been compared to that obtained with the lac promoter. expression in c.diphtheriae is known to be dependent on the absence of iron, and we present for the first time direc ...19853923442
a beta-related corynebacteriophage which lacks a tox allele but can acquire it by recombination with converting phage.corynebacteriophage 782, a phage highly related to the beta family of corynebacteriophages but lacking a tox allele, was isolated from a nontoxinogenic clinical isolate of corynebacterium diphtheriae. phage 782 exhibits beta immunity but has a wider host range than beta, forming plaques on strains of c. ulcerans and c. pseudotuberculosis as well as on c. diphtheriae. phage 782 and beta differed in their dna mass and in their restriction endonuclease digest patterns, but were similar in possessin ...19853924830
corynebacterium diphtheriae in sickle cell leg ulcers in jamaica. 19853925636
molecular epidemiology of bacterial infections.this article presents a review of current experience with the restriction enzyme technique in the epidemiology of bacterial infections. it is concluded that this technique has great potential, and that its practical value has been proved under a number of different epidemiologic conditions.19853930133
the diphtheria toxin structural gene. 19853931985
evolution and epidemiology of mls resistance.within the framework of this symposium, it is not feasible to present an exhaustive description of the present state of knowledge regarding the sensitivity and resistance of bacterial species to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (mls). this paper is limited to a description of the evolution of different types of resistance in the light of decisive factors described in previous papers, in order to deduce, if at all possible, trends in future strategy in therapeutics. only acquired resis ...19853932300
[chemical composition of a preparation of the cell walls of corynebacterium diphtheriae].the chemical characteristics of 6 batches of the preparation, obtained from the cell wall of c. diphtheriae grown in liquid and solid culture media, with respect to their content of nitrogen, hexoses, pentoses, total amino sugars, lipids and to the possible admixture of nucleic acids are presented. from the results of the chemical analysis of these batches their standardization according to the ratio of total amino sugars and pentoses to total nitrogen in c. diphtheriae cell-wall preparation is ...19853933222
the aerobic bacteriology of infected skin lesions in children of the eastern highlands province.of 480 children studied, the relative frequency of skin infections divided into three categories were: score 266 (55%), infected scabies 164 (34%) and tropical ulcers 50 (10%). infected scabies was more prevalent in the less than 2 year age group and tropical ulcers were commonest in the 9-12 year age group and these differences were significant. the majority of lesions occurred on the lower extremities with the trunk the least commonly affected area. no significant differences were found in dif ...19853936303
the protective role of endogenous interferon in viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections. 19853936412
[application of an immunoenzyme test (elisa) for the detection of toxinogenesis in corynebacterium diphtheriae]. 19853938060
new possibilities for the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria. 19853939106
soybean extracts as culture media for the growth and toxin production of corynebacterium diphtheriae. 19853939144
fatal diphtheria in an older woman.a previously healthy 68-year-old woman presented with fever and sore throat. her condition was initially diagnosed as necrotizing streptococcal tonsillitis and was treated with penicillin g, given intravenously. a swab of her throat taken for culture at the time of admission yielded corynebacterium diphtheriae 48 hours later. at that time an electrocardiogram showed new t-wave inversion--evidence of diphtheritic myocarditis. she was immediately given 60 000 units of equine diphtheria antitoxin ( ...19853978486
effect of saccharin on growth and acid production of glucose-grown pathogenic and oral bacteria.growth and acid production of glucose-grown gram-positive and gram-negative rods as well as cocci from the human oral cavity were studied in the presence of 0.02 to 20.00 mg/ml sodium saccharin. all gram-positive rods, i.e. actinomyces viscosus, lactobacillus acidophilus, bacillus subtilis and corynebacterium diphtheriae, and gram-positive cocci, i.e. streptococcus spp, staphylococcus aureus and micrococcus luteus, were significantly inhibited by saccharin, especially at the higher concentration ...19854033457
highly toxinogenic but avirulent park-williams 8 strain of corynebacterium diphtheriae does not produce siderophore.the highly toxinogenic park-williams 8 strain of corynebacterium diphtheriae grows slowly in vitro and is avirulent. c. diphtheriae park-williams 8 is defective in iron uptake and does not produce the corynebacterial siderophore corynebactin. addition of partially purified corynebactin stimulated iron uptake and growth of iron-deprived c. diphtheriae park-williams 8 cells.19853155709
detection and physical map of a omega tox+-related defective prophage in corynebacterium diphtheriae belfanti 1030(-)tox-.a library of chromosomal dna from corynebacterium diphtheriae belfanti 1030(-)tox- was cloned in the lambda phage vector embl4 and screened for sequences homologous to corynephage omega tox+ and the attb1-attb2 region of the c7(-)tox- chromosome. two portions of the 1030(-)tox- chromosome, 35 and 30.5 kilobases long which contain, respectively, the entire region homologous to corynephage omega tox+ and the attb1-attb2 sites, were mapped with the restriction endonucleases bamhi and ecori. chromos ...19852983113
dna relationships among some tox-bearing corynebacteriophages.the dna genomes of a number of tox-bearing, temperate corynebacteriophages isolated from strains of corynebacterium diphtheriae and corynebacterium ulcerans were compared. with one exception, these phages displayed similarities in their restriction enzyme digest profiles and extensive homology with prototypic beta converting phage. the exception, phage delta, had a unique restriction profile and exhibited homology with beta over a limited portion of its genome. dnas of phages from each host cont ...19852993167
diphtheria toxin. effect of substituting aspartic acid for glutamic acid 148 on adp-ribosyltransferase activity.photoaffinity labeling experiments with diphtheria toxin fragment a have implicated glutamic acid 148 as a constituent of the nad binding site. to evaluate the role of this residue in adp-ribosylation of elongation factor 2, we replaced it with aspartic acid by in vitro mutagenesis of a toxin gene fragment cloned in escherichia coli. fragment a containing aspartic acid at position 148 had less than 0.6% the adp-ribosylation activity of wild-type fragment a. the mutation produced no change in sen ...19852863266
vaccines and immunization schedules.a simplified schedule, applicable in developing countries, has been tested for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (dtp) and polio immunization. it comprised two injections, six months apart starting at the age of 3 to 8 months. dtp and inactivated polio (ipv) vaccines of special composition and live measles vaccine given at the age of 9 to 14 months induced a good antibody response. special attention is being given to pertussis immunity. although low agglutination titers may sometimes be found, d ...19852866613
[adhesion in corynebacterium diphtheriae].the study of 8 c. diphtheriae strains of different origin revealed that these strains were capable of inducing the agglutination of trypsinized sheep red blood cells (srbc). toxigenic strains gravis isolated from diphtheria patients were more active in their adhesion to srbc than toxigenic strains gravis isolated from carriers. the latter were, in their turn, more active than nontoxigenic strains mitis. no fimbriae were detected on the cell surface by electron microscopy.19852868590
characterization of the diphtheria tox transcript in corynebacterium diphtheriae and escherichia coli.transcription of the tox gene in lysogenic corynebacterium diphtheriae strains c7(beta tox+), c7 (gamma tox) and the hypertoxigenic pw8 (omega tox+) was analyzed and compared with transcription of the c. diphtheriae tox gene in the recombinant strain escherichia coli (pdt201). in all cases s1 nuclease mapping localized the 5' terminus of the tox mrna to a site 8 or 9 base pairs (bp) downstream of a region similar to the -10 consensus sequence of e. coli promoters. in c. diphtheriae the tox trans ...19852411714
[blood tellurite media using aminopeptide with an expired period of usefulness for indication of corynebacterium diphtheriae]. 19852414559
prevalence of diphtheria carriers in a population with disappearing clinical diphtheria.ten years ago the incidence of diphtheria was relatively high in greece and a survey of school children had revealed a carrier prevalence of non-toxigenic corynebacterium diphtheriae of 3,4%. a similar survey undertaken now has revealed that the disease seems to be disappearing. among 895 school children (6-13 years-old) in seven primary schools of different socioeconomic levels, only seven were carriers of non-toxigenic c. diphtheriae strains, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.8%. toxigenic st ...19846519811
carriage of corynebacterium diphtheriae in children of the eastern highlands province.the incidence of corynebacterium diphtheriae in infected skin sores and the nasopharynx of 99 children from the asaro valley in the eastern highlands is reported. c. diphtheriae was isolated from 88% of skin sores and 26% of nasopharyngeal swabs. the most common biotype seen was c. diphtheriae var mitis. toxigenic strains were uncommon, occurring in 5% of skin lesions and 15% of nasopharyngeal swabs. all isolates were sensitive to penicillin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol.19846595900
the bacteriology of skin sores in goroka children.the bacteriology of infected skin lesions was studied in paediatric outpatients. thirty-nine untreated lesions were studied: 37 (95%) grew beta haemolytic streptococci (46% group a, 3% group b, 23% group c, 26% group g), 21 (54%) grew staphylococcus aureus and 13 (33%) grew corynebacterium haemolyticum. no attempt was made to selectively isolate corynebacterium diphtheriae in this study. vincent's organisms were seen in 13 (37%) of 35 gram stains from untreated lesions, including eight (73%) of ...19846598552
an experience of diphtheria in westminster. 19846424155
[pathogenesis and specific prophylaxis of diphtheria]. 19846424362
[direct igg-mediated reactivity of human neutrophils to corynebacterium diphtheriae peptidoglycan].the direct and igg-mediated reactivity to c. diphtheriae peptidoglycan in the system of neutrophilic phagocytosis was studied. peptidoglycan treated with igg (2-20 mg/ml) isolated from commercial immunoglobulin stimulated the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium by human neutrophils. direct (igg-independent) reactions were much less intensive. the problem of normal igg opsonizing c. diphtheriae peptidoglycan is discussed.19846424364
corynebacterium diphtheriae endocarditis: sustained potential of a classical pathogen.this communication concerns a case of endocarditis caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae. the patient was a 35-year-old male drug addict who was brought to the hospital with fever, chills, and abdominal pain. two days after admission, blood cultures were found to be growing gram-positive rods suggestive of diphtheroids. repeated blood cultures grew the same organism, which was identified as a nontoxigenic strain of c. diphtheriae. the patient subsequently was identified as having acquired immune ...19846426293
corynebacterium ulcerans and corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis responses to dna probes derived from corynephage beta and corynebacterium diphtheriae.strains of corynebacterium ulcerans and corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (corynebacterium ovis) were examined for the production of diphtheria toxin. a majority of c. ulcerans strains (25 of 37) and 1 c. pseudotuberculosis strain (1 of 14) gave a positive elek test for diphtheria toxin, and for all strains but 1, production of diphtheria toxin was inhibited at the same level of fe2+ as was the corynebacterium diphtheriae control. all elek-positive cultures as well as two elek-negative isolates ...19846086530
[template device for determining the toxigenicity of corynebacterium diphtheriae in experiments in vitro]. 19846206301
molecular cloning of bacterial antigens and virulence determinants. 19846208843
[recent advances in the molecular mechanism of action of bacterial toxins, in particular of diphtheria, cholera, coli, botulinum and shigella toxins as well as tetanospasmin and the toxins of staphylococcus aureus].great progress was achieved in the clarification of the molecular structure and the mechanism of action of the toxins of pathogenic forms of bacteria. proportions of toxins of corynebacterium diphtheriae and of pseudomonas aeruginosa transfer from the nad and adp-ribose protein to an amino acid of the elongation factor 2. thus the protein synthesis is much inhibited. the cholera toxin and the l-toxin from escherichia coli have a similar structure. they transfer an adp-ribose portion from nad to ...19846375175
the gene for type a streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) is located in bacteriophage t12.the infection of streptococcus pyogenes t25(3) with the temperate bacteriophage t12 results in the conversion of the nontoxigenic strain to type a streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) production. although previous research has established that integration of the bacteriophage genome into the host chromosome is not essential for exotoxin production, the location of the gene on the bacteriophage or bacterial chromosome had not been determined. in the present investigation, recombinant dna t ...19846389348
physical map of the chromosomal region of corynebacterium diphtheriae containing corynephage attachment sites attb1 and attb2.the chromosome of corynebacterium diphtheriae c7 was recently shown to contain two equivalent attachment sites (attb1 and attb2) for lysogenization by corynephages (r. rappuoli, j.l. michel, and j.r. murphy, j. bacteriol. 153:1202-1210, 1983). portions of bacterial chromosome containing each attb site, as well as a 3.5-kilobase (kb) ecori fragment containing both attb1 and attb2 sites, were cloned in the puc8 plasmid vector. restriction endonuclease mapping and southern blot hybridization analys ...19846325395
measurement of microbial alpha-amylases with p-nitrophenyl glycosides as the substrate complex.the detection of alpha-amylase is commonly used in clinical microbiology laboratories to aid in differentiating streptococcus bovis from other streptococci. it is also useful in identifying eikenella corrodens and the gravis subspecies of corynebacterium diphtheriae and in separating species of the genera bacteroides, clostridium, actinomyces, and bacillus. currently, the most frequently used procedure utilizes starch as the substrate and iodine as the indicator. starch is incorporated into a ag ...19846418764
elemental composition of bacterial metachromatic inclusions determined by electron microprobe x-ray analysis.electron microscopy and microprobe x-ray analysis were used to study metachromatic inclusions of spirillum itersonii , corynebacterium diphtheriae, and micrococcus luteus. in situ metachromatic inclusions were electron dense and contained phosphorus and divalent cations. metachromatic inclusions isolated by anion-exchange column chromatography and by isoosmolar metrizamide density gradient centrifugation were similar in composition to in situ inclusions.19846427179
the amino-acid sequence of two non-toxic mutants of diphtheria toxin: crm45 and crm197.the amino-acid sequences of two diphtheria toxin-related, non-toxic proteins, crm45 and crm197 , were deduced from the complete sequence of their genes: tox 45 and tox 197. crm45 lacks the last 149 c-terminal amino-acid residues, but is otherwise identical to diphtheria toxin: a single c----t transition introduces an "ochre" (taa) termination signal in tox 45, after the codon for threonine-386. a single g----a transition was also found in tox 197, leading to the substitution of glycine-52, prese ...19846427753
[dna homology study of corynebacterium diphtheriae v. gravis groups i, ii and iii, corynebacterium ulcerans and corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (ovis)].the homology of genomes within krylova 's groups i, ii and iii of c. diphtheriae, including toxigenic c. diphtheriae and their nontoxigenic precursors within the same group, was confirmed by the method of dna/dna molecular hybridization; the homology of dna within the groups was 89-103%, the thermostability of heteroduplexes being high (on the level of homoduplexes ). the heterogeneity of genomes within these 3 groups of cultivar gravis was confirmed, which made it possible to consider c. diphth ...19846428091
genetic and biochemical evidence for a siderophore-dependent iron transport system in corynebacterium diphtheriae.during growth under conditions of iron deprivation, corynebacterium diphtheriae secreted a siderophore into the culture medium. this extracellular siderophore was necessary for rates of iron uptake at ph 8.0 by c. diphtheriae c7 and related strains. we isolated a mutant of c. diphtheriae c7(beta), strain hc6, which did not make the corynebacterial siderophore. strain hc6 grew very poorly, even under high-iron conditions, and had a severe defect in iron transport. both growth and iron uptake by s ...19846429042
[use of paper indicator systems for the rapid identification of corynebacterium diphtheriae, neisseria meningitidis and the genus staphylococcus].the possibility of using paper indicator discs with glucose, saccharose, lactose and urea, manufactured at the gorky research institute of epidemiology and microbiology, has been studied and the methods for the preparation of indicator discs with fructose, maltose, starch and sodium phenolphthalein-phosphate for the biochemical identification of c. diphtheriae, n. meningitidis and staphylococci have been proposed. the study of 395 c. diphtheriae strains, 98 n. meningitidis strains and 328 staphy ...19846429985
detection of toxin production by corynebacterium diphtheriae: results of a trial organised as part of the united kingdom national external microbiological quality assessment scheme.four strains of corynebacterium diphtheriae were sent to uk participants in the uk national external microbiological quality assessment scheme, who were asked to examine the strains for toxin production by in vitro methods. laboratories achieved 162/176 (92%) and 160/175 (91%) correct results with two rapid toxin producers and 145/175 (82%) with a slow toxin producer. with a non-toxigenic strain 26/175 (15%) laboratories reported toxin production. of the 173 laboratories reporting on all four st ...19846430970
splenic abscess caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae. 19846432397
the diphtheria bacillus and its toxin: a model system. 19846439779
conversion by corynephages and its role in the natural history of diphtheria.the conversion of non-toxinogenic corynebacterium diphtheriae to toxinogeny has been reviewed. the biology of converting phage and the relationship of converting phages to nonconverting phages are summarized. the significance of these findings to the natural history and evolution of diphtheria is assessed.19846439780
diphtheria in north america.the incidence of diphtheria has declined in north america during the last fifty years until it is now an uncommon disease. this general pattern is similar to that seen in other developed countries with well-organized immunization programmes, but certain noteworthy characteristics have been observed in recent years: foci of infection lingered in two population groups of low socio-economic status, in both of which the skin has been an important reservoir. in central areas of certain cities, endemi ...19846439781
[current evaluation of diphtheria].between 1973-1983 there were 103 scattered cases of diphtheria in the frg. the mortality rate was 22%. the question remains open, whether there are juts sporadic cases or the beginning of a new epidemic. during the past 200 years diphtheria occurred in waves with a peak every 30 years. diagnostically we should be on the alert, and start special treatment already with the clinical diagnosis. for a start hyperimmunoglobulin should neutralize still circulating equine toxins which are no longer caug ...19846441117
[comparison of the physicochemical structure of dna in corynebacterium related to c. diphtheriae v. mitis, intermedius and gravis].the hybridization of dna of 19 c. diphtheriae v. mitis strains with dna of 3h-labeled c. diphtheriae v. mitis strain c7(beta) tox+ resulted in revealing four homology levels: i (102-98%), ii (78-68%), iii (61-50%) and iv (42-25%). homology levels i and ii differed from one another on the level of species. in the hybridization of dna of the same strains with dna of 3h-labeled c. diphtheriae v. gravis (group ii) strain 165(1) tox+ three homology levels were revealed; levels i and ii differed from ...19846441401
[evaluation of the reactogenic and immunogenic properties of meningococcal vaccines].the results of the study of the reactogenic and immunogenic properties of meningococcal polysaccharide a + c vaccine in the controlled epidemiological trial, with regard to variations depending on the initial immunological characteristics of vaccinees in terms of the levels of antibodies to the polysaccharides contained in the vaccine, are presented. the study was made on school children: 303 of them were immunized with the meningococcal vaccine under test, and 229 (controls) with adsorbed dipht ...19846441402
special feature: corynebacterium diphtheriae. 198420475892
synthesis of proteins by membrane-associated polysomes and free polysomes. 19836419018
corynebacterium diphtheriae endocarditis. 19836419207
antibiotic resistance of corynebacterium diphtheriae in west africa. 19836420475
antibody responses elicited by a polyvalent vaccine containing synthetic diphtheric, streptococcal and hepatitis peptides coupled to the same carrier.three synthetic peptides copying fragments of the diphtheria toxin, the m protein of the streptococcus type 24 and the hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbs) have been conjugated together to the tetanus toxoid. this polyvalent vaccine has been administered to mice. high antibody titers were obtained against the three antigens. no cross-reactivity could be observed between them as demonstrated by the ability of each peptide to inhibit only the antibodies against the natural m protein and the syn ...19836421289
rapid microbiochemical identification of corynebacterium diphtheriae and other medically important corynebacteria.a rapid biochemical method based on the fermentation of carbohydrates, the hydrolysis of urea, and the reduction of nitrate was used to identify corynebacterium diphtheriae, c. ulcerans, c. pseudodiphtheriticum, c. haemolyticum, c. pseudotuberculosis, c. pyogenes, c. ovis, the centers for disease control jk group, and rhodococcus (corynebacterium) equi. with this procedure identification was confirmed for 133 stock cultures and clinical isolates of corynebacteria. most were identified within 1 h ...19836355166
hydrogen peroxide-mediated antagonism against serratia marcescens by streptococcus mitis.the alpha-hemolytic streptococcus mitis strain no. 17-1, isolated from the oral cavity of an healthy female adult, antagonized the growth of all 24 test strains of serratia marcescens examined; furthermore, this strain inhibited the growth of various strains of staphylococcus aureus, s. epidermidis, streptococcus pyogenes, s. agalactiae, s. pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, listeria monocytogenes, and corynebacterium diphtheriae. however, strans of escherichia coli, enterobacter cloacae, klebs ...19836372321
antibacterial activity of palmitoyltuberactinamine n and di-beta-lysylcapreomycin iia.palmitoyltuberactinamine n (pal-tua n) and di-beta-lysylcapreomycin iia (di-beta-lys-cpm iia), which are synthetic derivatives of the antituberculous agent tuberactinomycin (tum) and capreomycin (cpm) respectively, were tested for anti-bacterial activity. pal-tua n inhibited not only tuberactinomycin-resistant mycobacterium smegmatis but also escherichia coli, corynebacterium diphtheriae, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, although it has lost activity against mycobacterium tuberculo ...19836198315
immunisation of adults during an outbreak of diphtheria.in an outbreak of infection due to corynebacterium diphtheriae in a hospital for mentally subnormal adults sera from 211 members of staff were screened for diphtheria antitoxin titres. of these, 79 (37%) required immunisation, and a low dose preparation (1 lfu of diphtheria and 10 lfu tetanus toxoids) was offered. of the 64 subjects who accepted a single immunisation and were subsequently retested, seroconversion to diphtheria toxoid occurred in 45 (70%), the rate being highest in younger adults ...19836402176
integration of corynebacteriophages beta tox+, omega tox+, and gamma tox- into two attachment sites on the corynebacterium diphtheriae chromosome.the bacterial attachment sites of independently isolated corynebacterium diphtheriae strains c7s and (belfanti)1030 lysogenic for corynebacteriophages beta tox+, omega tox+, and gamma tox- were determined by southern blot analysis. both corynebacterial strains contained two distinct bacterial attachment sites (attb1 and attb2). we found that infection by any of the three closely related corynebacteriophages may give rise to single, double, and triple lysogens. in the case of toxigenic c. diphthe ...19836402488
regulation of toxinogenesis in corynebacterium diphtheriae: mutations in the bacterial genome that alter the effects of iron on toxin production.mutants of corynebacterium diphtheriae c7(beta) that are resistant to the inhibitory effects of iron on toxinogenesis were identified by their ability to form colonies surrounded by toxin-antitoxin halos on agar medium containing both antitoxin and a high concentration of iron. chromosomal mutations were essential for the altered phenotypes of four independently isolated mutant strains. during growth in deferrated liquid medium containing various amounts of added iron, these mutants differed fro ...19836403502
toxin gene cloning. 19836403871
cloned fragment a of diphtheria toxin is expressed and secreted into the periplasmic space of escherichia coli k12.an 831-base pair segment of the corynebacteriophage beta tox-45 genome encoding fragment a of diphtheria toxin was cloned into plasmid puc8 in escherichia coli k12. strains containing recombinant plasmids expressed the adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase activity characteristic of fragment a; this activity could be inhibited by polyvalent antiserum to fragment a as well as by the appropriate monoclonal antibodies to diphtheria toxin. the transferase activity was secreted into the periplasm ...19836403984
[improvement of the preliminary classification of corynebacterium diphtheriae v. gravis].in this study the previously published preliminary scheme for the subdivision of toxigenic and nontoxigenic corynebacterium diphtheriae, classified with cultivar gravis, is made more precise. 3 groups remain in this scheme: i, ii and iii; each of them contains toxigenic c. diphtheriae (subgroup a) and nontoxigenic precursors of c. diphtheriae (subgroup b). for the first time nontoxigenic analogs of c. diphtheriae, phagovar opqstg, have been introduced into group i and newly discovered toxigenic ...19836404081
which bacterial species should be isolated from throat cultures? 19836404623
the role of adherence in determining the site of infection by corynebacterium diphtheriae.twenty-nine strains of corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated from throats and 29 strains from skin lesions, the latter mainly from communities of low socio-economic status in tropics and cold climates, have been examined for the property of adherence to human buccal epithelial cells. all throat strains showed adherence. in contrast, strains from skin lesions were predominantly poor adherers. these results indicate that strains of c. diptheriae from throats must now be added to the important group ...19836408164
initial characterization of the ferric iron transport system of corynebacterium diphtheriae.transport of ferric iron into corynebacterium diphtheriae c7(beta) was shown to occur by a high-affinity, active transport system. optimal rates were at ph 6.8 and 40 degrees c. strong inhibition of uptake by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone was consistent with the electrochemical proton gradient as the major energy source for iron transport, and inhibition by hg2+ indicated that sulfhydryl groups were also important. evidence was obtained for stimulation of iron uptake at ph 8.0 by a di ...19836411692
diphtheria: the logistics of mass swabbing.although diphtheria is a rare disease it is necessary to swab contacts of all cases in order to identify carriers. the selection of individuals who should be swabbed and the organisation of mass swabbing so that there is the minimum of delay between collection, culture and reporting are described. with this organisation it is possible for a laboratory to culture at least 1000 swabs in any one day.19836411823
prevalence of diphtheria carriers among pre-school children.the carrier rate of corynebacterium diphtheriae in 453 pre-school children in ulloor panchayat, trivandrum, kerala state, india was assessed from november 1976-july 1977. throat and nasal swabs were cultured by standard techniques, and suspect colonies tested for virulence in rabbits. 16 or 3.5% of the children harbored diphtheria; 7 of these were 4-5 years old. only 1 of the c. diphtheriae strains was found to be virulent. several of the isolates were nonvirulent mitis strains, while no int ...19836413401
immunodiffusion analyses of some diphtheroid organisms isolated from patients with leprosy.eight strains of diphtheroid bacteria isolated from patients with leprosy were analyzed by immunodiffusion, using precipitation systems representing various species of corynebacterium, mycobacterium, nocardia, rhodococcus, and related organisms. the analyses showed that six of the eight strains shared several antigens with representatives of these four genera. the largest number of shared precipitinogens was revealed when the corynebacterial precipitation systems were used, thus indicating that ...19836413437
[circulation of the causative agent of diphtheria in immune collectives].prolonged observations on the spread of toxigenic c. diphtheriae carriership, made during a school year in 12 groups of immune children (3809 children), showed that the penetration of diphtherial infection could give rise to the outbreak of bacterial carriership, its level being as high as 20.9-35.1% of the total number of children in the group. the spread of bacterial carriership occurred during the first months after the penetration of the infection, achieving its peak, then followed the subsi ...19836415973
[bacteriocinogeny of staphylococci]. 19836415977
isolation and characterization of corynebacterium diphtheriae nontandem double lysogens hyperproducing crm197.phage beta 197tox-, which codes for crm197, a nontoxic protein immunochemically indistinguishable from diphtheria toxin, was uv induced from a culture of the c7(beta 197)tox- strain. a total of 191 c7(beta 197)tox- lysogens were isolated and selected according to the halo produced on tye agar containing antidiphtheria toxin serum and were further characterized by southern blots of their chromosomal dna. most of the isolates turned out to be monolysogens, but some tandem and nontandem double lyso ...19836416165
growth of the surface of corynebacterium diphtheriae.surface structure and growth of the surface of corynebacterium diphtheriae mitis strain were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the immunofluorescence technique. the surface of the cell revealed by the scanning electron microscope showed a few elevated circular zones which encompassed the cell. the cell diameter increased at this zone and this gave the club-shaped appearance to this species. the cell surface labeled with specific antibodies against the whole bacterial cell and tagg ...19836417458
restriction endonuclease map of corynebacteriophage omega ctox+ isolated from the park-williams no. 8 strain of corynebacterium diphtheriae.the toxigenic corynebacteriophage omega tox+ was isolated from the hypertoxigenic park-williams no. 8 (pw8) strain of corynebacterium diphtheriae and compared with the toxigenic corynebacteriophage beta tox+. the physical size and host range of both phages were found to be identical. an endonuclease restriction map of omega tox+ was constructed, and the locations of the cohesive ends (cos), phage attachment site (attp), and the diphtheria tox operon were identified. the genome of omega tox+ was ...19836300416
detection and expression of dna homologous to the tox gene in nontoxinogenic isolates of corynebacterium diphtheriae.three probes have been described which can be used to detect the presence of dna sequences homologous to the tox gene of corynebacterium diphtheriae. probes "a" and "b" detected sequences coding for a and b fragments of diphtheria toxin, respectively. the third "a-b" probe contained both the a and b coding sequences. the b probe was completely unambiguous in detecting only toxin-related sequences, and the a probe was only slightly less so. the efficacy of the probes was tested on a series of tox ...19836311753
molecular cloning and expression of gene fragments from corynebacteriophage beta encoding enzymatically active peptides of diphtheria toxin.two restriction fragments from corynebacteriophage beta vir tox+ that encode peptides similar to diphtheria toxin fragment a and the chain termination fragment, crm45, have been cloned into escherichia coli in plasmid pbr322. clones containing the recombinant plasmids produced gene products that were active in catalyzing the adp ribosylation of elongation factor 2 and were reactive with diphtheria toxin antiserum. toxin-related peptides were found primarily in the periplasmic compartment and wer ...19836313613
the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for diphtheria toxin in the corynephage omega (tox+) genome.a segment of corynephage omega (tox+) dna, containing the gene for diphtheria toxin (tox) was fragmented with restriction enzymes and the fragments cloned into m13 vectors for nucleotide sequence determination. a long open reading frame was shown to encode the tox gene by comparing the predicted amino acid sequence with that of peptides derived from the mature toxin molecule. analysis of the nucleotide sequence shows rna polymerase and ribosome binding signals preceding a gtg codon in the open r ...19836314249
[determination of in vivo and in vitro toxin activity. i. a new method of determining in vitro activity].the potency of 5 toxins of different microbial species has been studied by common in vivo methods and by the in vitro method based on measuring the relative test-microbe growth inhibiting units 50. the possibility of using this method for the determination of toxicity in vitro with a view of studying the potency of diphtheria and gas-gangrene exotoxins, as well as that of pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin, is substantiated.19836314713
nucleotide sequence of the structural gene for diphtheria toxin carried by corynebacteriophage beta.a 1,942-base-pair dna segment encoding the structural gene for diphtheria toxin was sequenced, and the primary structure of the toxin was deduced. restriction enzyme fragments corresponding to nontoxic or hypotoxic peptides of the toxin were isolated from corynebacteriophage beta and cloned into escherichia coli on plasmid pbr322, and the sequence was determined. the mature toxin molecule deduced from the sequence has 535 amino acid residues and a molecular weight of 58,342. the deduced sequence ...19836316330
relationship between png2, an emr plasmid in corynebacterium diphtheriae, and plasmids in aerobic skin coryneforms.erythromycin-resistant (emr) coryneforms from cutaneous lesions and erythromycin-susceptible (ems) coryneforms from normal skin sites were screened for plasmids. approximately one-third of the 40 isolates carried one or more plasmids ranging in mass from 2.5 to 36 megadaltons, all exhibiting different restriction enzyme digest patterns. in contrast, only corynebacterium diphtheriae strains comprising a single cohort of apparently identical emr, png2-carrying isolates have been identified as plas ...19836318665
infective endocarditis due to non-toxigenic corynebacterium diphtheriae in a child. a case report.a case of infective endocarditis (ie) in a 5 1/2-year-old boy in whom blood and bone marrow cultures yielded an unusual organism, a non-toxigenic strain of corynebacterium diphtheriae, is reported. this proved fatal, and at autopsy congenital valvar aortic stenosis was found, but the vegetations occurred on an anatomically normal mitral valve. organisms such as c. diphtheriae should not be ignored when isolated from blood cultures in suspected cases of ie.19836218629
[epidemiology of diphtheria in the rsfsr during mass immunization over many years].the work defines the characteristic epidemiological features of diphtheria in the rsfsr at the present moment when a high level of antitoxic immunity is generally determined in children. with the diphtheria morbidity level having, on the whole, a sporadic character in the rsfsr, the intensification of the epidemic process has been found to occur in some regions. changes in the ratio of morbidity rates among the urban and rural population are observed, the morbidity rate among the latter have the ...19836227172
comparative in vitro activities of teichomycin and other antibiotics against jk diphtheroids.the in vitro susceptibilities of 98 isolates of jk diphtheroids to teichomycin, vancomycin, and eight other antibiotics was investigated. teichomycin and vancomycin were extremely active against all the isolates tested. the 90% minimal inhibitory concentrations for teichomycin and vancomycin were 1.56 and 0.78 micrograms/ml, respectively. the majority of the isolates were resistant to ticarcillin, methicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and cephalothin.19836227280
[results of conducting an epidemiological survey of diphtheria in 21 territories of the rsfsr].as the result of epidemiological survey of diphtherial infection, carried out in conformity with the unified methodological recommendations in 21 regions of the rsfsr during 1980-1981, the expediency of such experiment was established. immunity to diphtheria in children aged up to 14 years was high: children with negative schick tests constituted 96.9-99.1%. no biological changes in corynebacterium diphtheriae occurred during the term of observation. toxigenic c. diphtheriae showed a high level ...19836229118
studies on the molecular epidemiology of diphtheria.dna was extracted from toxigenic and nontoxigenic (tox+ and tox-) diphtheria bacilli isolated during a carrier survey that followed recovery of a tox+ corynebacterium diphtheriae mitis from a baby with membranous tonsillitis. the electrophoretic gel patterns of restriction enzyme digests were indistinguishable from one another. they were, however, readily distinguishable from similar gels of dnas extracted from diphtheria bacilli associated with outbreaks elsewhere. hybridisation of a labelled n ...19836138500
epidemiology of diphtheria: genetics illuminate. 19836138508
[bacteriological findings in a group of students from designated health sector].the results of a pharyngeal swab bacteriological examination carried on all first-year primary schoolchildren in a local health area are presented. beta-haemolytic streptococci, staphylococcus aureus coagulase + and corynebacterium diphteriae percentages are illustrated, together with observations of a prophylactic and curative nature.19836426439
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