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cawrky58, encoding a group i wrky transcription factor of capsicum annuum, negatively regulates resistance to ralstonia solanacearum infection.wrky transcription factors are encoded by large gene families across the plant kingdom. so far, their biological and molecular functions in nonmodel plants, including pepper (capsicum annuum) and other solanaceae, remain poorly understood. here, we report on the functional characterization of a new group i wrky protein from pepper, termed cawrky58. our data indicate that cawrky58 can be localized to the nucleus and can activate the transcription of the reporter β-glucuronidase (gus) gene driven ...201323057972
cawrky40, a wrky protein of pepper, plays an important role in the regulation of tolerance to heat stress and resistance to ralstonia solanacearum infection.wrky proteins form a large family of plant transcription factors implicated in the modulation of numerous biological processes, such as growth, development and responses to various environmental stresses. however, the roles of the majority wrky family members, especially in non-model plants, remain poorly understood. we identified cawrky40 from pepper. transient expression in onion epidermal cells showed that cawrky40 can be targeted to nuclei and activates expression of a w-box-containing repor ...201322994555
arabidopsis wat1 (walls are thin1)-mediated resistance to the bacterial vascular pathogen, ralstonia solanacearum, is accompanied by cross-regulation of salicylic acid and tryptophan metabolism.inactivation of arabidopsis wat1 (walls are thin1), a gene required for secondary cell-wall deposition, conferred broad-spectrum resistance to vascular pathogens, including the bacteria ralstonia solanacearum and xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, and the fungi verticillium dahliae and verticillium albo-atrum. introduction of nahg, the bacterial salicylic acid (sa)-degrading salicylate hydroxylase gene, into the wat1 mutant restored full susceptibility to both r. solanacearum and x. campestr ...201322978675
evaluation of antibacterial effects of carbon nanomaterials against copper-resistant ralstonia solanacearum.in this paper, we investigated the antibacterial activity and the action mode of carbon nanomaterials (cnms) against the copper-resistant plant pathogenic bacterium ralstonia solanacearum (r. solanacearum). single-walled carbon nanotubes (swcnts) dispersion was found to show the strongest antibacterial activity, sequentially followed by graphene oxide (go), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts), reduced graphene oxide (rgo) and fullerene (c(60)). our investigation of the antibacterial mechanism ...201323201730
overexpression of a chinese cabbage brerf11 transcription factor enhances disease resistance to ralstonia solanacearum in tobacco.ethylene-responsive factors (erfs) play diverse roles in plant growth, developmental processes and stress responses. however, the roles and underlying mechanism of erfs remain poorly understood, especially in non-model plants. in this study, a full length cdna of erf gene was isolated from the cdna library of chinese cabbage. according to sequence alignment, we found a highly conservative ap2/erf domain, two nuclear localization signals, and an erf-associated amphiphilic repression (ear) motif i ...201323201563
rhizocompetence and antagonistic activity towards genetically diverse ralstonia solanacearum strains--an improved strategy for selecting biocontrol agents.bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum is a serious threat for agricultural production in china. eight soil bacterial isolates with activity against r. solanacearum tm15 (biovar 3) were tested in this study for their in vitro activity towards ten genetically diverse r. solanacearum isolates from china. the results indicated that each antagonist showed remarkable differences in its ability to in vitro antagonize the ten different r. solanacearum strains. strain xy21 (based on 16s rrna ge ...201322526784
in silico mutagenesis and docking study of ralstonia solanacearum rsl lectin: performance of docking software to predict saccharide binding.in this study, in silico mutagenesis and docking in ralstonia solanacearum lectin (rsl) were carried out, and the ability of several docking software programs to calculate binding affinity was evaluated. in silico mutation of six amino acid residues (agr17, glu28, gly39, ala40, trp76, and trp81) was done, and a total of 114 in silico mutants of rsl were docked with me-α-l-fucoside. our results show that polar residues arg17 and glu28, as well as nonpolar amino acids trp76 and trp81, are crucial ...201222506916
[serological characteristic of lipopolysaccharides of ralstonia solanacearum].by immunochemical investigations of eight strains of ralstonia solanacearum six strains were attributed to four serogroups. two of them are formed by pairs of r. solanacearum strains 4 and 526; 758 and 7954; two others are represented by single strains--tx1 ta ts3, correspondingly. antigenic structure of r. solanacearum 7954 o-polysaccharide unites antigenic epitopes of r. solanacearum strains 4, 35, 526, 749, however the absence of cross-reactivity does not permit uniting them into the same gro ...201223120981
diversity among ralstonia solanacearum strains isolated from the southeastern united states.this is the first comprehensive study of a collection of ralstonia solanacearum strains from the southeastern united states to be characterized based on biovar, pathogenicity, hypersensitive reaction on tobacco, and phylogenetic analyses of the egl sequence. rigorous phylogenetic analysis of the commonly used egl gene produced robust phylogenies that differed significantly from a neighbor-joining tree differed from and previously published phylogenies for r. solanacearum strains. these robust tr ...201222957819
biological control of bacterial wilt in arabidopsis thaliana involves abscissic acid signalling.means to control bacterial wilt caused by the phytopathogenic root bacteria ralstonia solanacearum are limited. mutants in a large cluster of genes (hrp) involved in the pathogenicity of r. solanacearum were successfully used in a previous study as endophytic biocontrol agents in challenge inoculation experiments on tomato. however, the molecular mechanisms controlling this resistance remained unknown. we developed a protection assay using arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant and analyzed the e ...201222432714
synthesis of 2-furyl-4-arylidene-5(4h)-oxazolones as new potent antibacterial agents against phyto-pathogenic and nitrifying bacteria.crop losses due to bacterial pathogens are a major global concern. most of the available pesticides for these pathogens suffer from various drawbacks such as complicated synthesis, high cost, high toxicity, pesticide resistance and environmental hazards. to overcome these drawbacks, the present study was undertaken to find a potent bactericide. therefore, a series of compounds comprising bioactive furyl and oxazolone rings was synthesized under microwave irradiation and screened for in vitro ant ...201222428894
simple deletion: a vector- and marker-free method to generate and isolate site-directed deletion mutants.we have designed a new vector- and marker-free site-directed deletion system for gram-negative bacteria. in this system, a specific dna fragment is amplified from a parental strain by using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), then circularized and introduced back into the parental strain for homologous recombination. the recombinant mutant is then detected and isolated by pcr-based sib selection. unlike conventional methods, our simple deletion method requires no cloning procedures, and no foreign ...201222391971
loss of virulence of the phytopathogen ralstonia solanacearum through infection by φrsm filamentous phages.φrsm1 and φrsm3 (φrsm phages) are filamentous phages (inoviruses) that infect ralstonia solanacearum, the causative agent of bacterial wilt. infection by φrsm phages causes several cultural and physiological changes to host cells, especially loss of virulence. in this study, we characterized changes related to the virulence in φrsm3-infected cells, including (i) reduced twitching motility and reduced amounts of type iv pili (tfp), (ii) lower levels of β-1,4-endoglucanase (egl) activity and extra ...201222352303
molecular detection of plant pathogenic bacteria using polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism.the application of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology to molecular diagnostics holds great promise for the early identification of agriculturally important plant pathogens. ralstonia solanacearum, xanthomoans axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, and xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae are phytopathogenic bacteria, which can infect vegetables, cause severe yield loss. pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism (pcr-sscp) is a simple and powerful technique for identifying sequence changes in amplified d ...201222291005
vpwrky3, a biotic and abiotic stress-related transcription factor from the chinese wild vitis pseudoreticulata.chinese wild grapevine vitis pseudoreticulata accession 'baihe-35-1' is identified as the precious resource with multiple resistances to pathogens. a directional cdna library was constructed from the young leaves inoculated with erysiphe necator. a total of 3,500 clones were sequenced, yielding 1,727 unigenes. among them, 762 unigenes were annotated and classified into three classes, respectively, using gene ontology, including 22 ests related to transcription regulator activity. a novel wrky tr ...201222847334
isolation and screening of phld (+) plant growth promoting rhizobacteria antagonistic to ralstonia solanacearum.tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) is important widely grown vegetable in india and its productivity is affected by bacterial wilt disease infection caused by ralstonia solanacearum. to prevent this disease infection a study was conducted to isolate and screen effective plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) antagonistic to r. solanacearum. a total 297 antagonistic bacteria were isolated through dual culture inoculation technique, out of which forty-two antagonistic bacteria were found positi ...201222805950
deciphering the route of ralstonia solanacearum colonization in arabidopsis thaliana roots during a compatible interaction: focus at the plant cell wall.the compatible interaction between the model plant, arabidopsis thaliana, and the gmi1000 strain of the phytopathogenic bacterium, ralstonia solanacearum, was investigated in an in vitro pathosystem. we describe the progression of the bacteria in the root from penetration at the root surface to the xylem vessels and the cell type-specific, cell wall-associated modifications that accompanies bacterial colonization. within 6 days post inoculation, r. solanacearum provoked a rapid plasmolysis of th ...201222729825
identification of natural diterpenes that inhibit bacterial wilt disease in tobacco, tomato and arabidopsis.the soil-borne bacterial pathogen ralstonia solanacearum invades a broad range of plants through their roots, resulting in wilting of the plant, but no effective protection against this disease has been developed. two bacterial wilt disease-inhibiting compounds were biochemically isolated from tobacco and identified as sclareol and cis-abienol, labdane-type diterpenes. when exogenously applied to their roots, sclareol and cis-abienol inhibited wilt disease in tobacco, tomato and arabidopsis plan ...201222685082
expressed sequence tags in cultivated peanut (arachis hypogaea): discovery of genes in seed development and response to ralstonia solanacearum challenge.although an important oil crop, peanut has only 162,030 expressed sequence tags (ests) publicly available, 86,943 of which are from cultivated plants. more ests from cultivated peanuts are needed for isolation of stress-resistant, tissue-specific and developmentally important genes. here, we generated 63,234 ests from our 5 constructed peanut cdna libraries of ralstonia solanacearum challenged roots, r. solanacearum challenged leaves, and unchallenged cultured peanut roots, leaves and developing ...201222648474
relative intensities of recognition factors at two combining sites of ralstonia solanacearum lectin (rsl) for accommodating lfucα1-->, dmanα1--> and galβ1-->3/4glcnac glycotopes.owing to the weak reactivities of monomeric dmanα1 and galβ1-->3/4glcnacβ (i(β)/ii(β)) glycotopes with ralstonia solanacearum lectin (rsl), their recognition roles were previously ignored. in this study, the interaction intensities of rsl toward four monomeric glycotopes lfucα1-->, dmanα1--> and i(β)/ii(β) within two combining sites were established by both enzyme-linked lectinosorbent and inhibition assays. it was found that high density of lfucα1--> complex enhanced the recognition intensities ...201222616992
a luminescent reporter evidences active expression of ralstonia solanacearum type iii secretion system genes throughout plant infection.although much is known about the signals that trigger transcription of virulence genes in plant pathogens, their prevalence and timing during infection are still unknown. in this work, we address these questions by analysing expression of the main pathogenicity determinants in the bacterial pathogen ralstonia solanacearum. we set up a quantitative, non-invasive luminescent reporter to monitor in planta transcription from single promoters in the bacterial chromosome. we show that the new reporter ...201222609750
pathogenomics of the ralstonia solanacearum species complex.ralstonia solanacearum is a major phytopathogen that attacks many crops and other plants over a broad geographical range. the extensive genetic diversity of strains responsible for the various bacterial wilt diseases has in recent years led to the concept of an r. solanacearum species complex. genome sequencing of more than 10 strains representative of the main phylogenetic groups has broadened our knowledge of the evolution and speciation of this pathogen and led to the identification of novel ...201222559068
a novel sec14 phospholipid transfer protein from nicotiana benthamiana is up-regulated in response to ralstonia solanacearum infection, pathogen associated molecular patterns and effector molecules and involved in plant immunity.to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of plant immune responses, we isolated genes whose expression was regulated by inoculation with ralstonia solanacearum. here, we report the characterization of nicotiana benthamiana belonging to the sec14-gene superfamily designated as nicotiana benthamiana sec14 (nbsec14). nbsec14 rescued growth defects and impaired invertase secretion associated with the yeast sec14p temperature-sensitive mutant, while recombinant nbsec14 protein had phospholipids transfer ...201222542247
so near and yet so far: the specific case of ralstonia solanacearum populations from côte d'ivoire in africa.the genetic and phenotypic diversity of côte d'ivoire ralstonia solanacearum strains was assessed on a 168-strain collection sampled on solanaceae both in the southern lowlands and western highlands. phylotypes i, ii, and iii were prevalent, though at unexpected frequencies. phylotype i strains (87.5%) were genetically diverse and overrepresented in all agroecological areas, including highlands (aez iii). phylotype ii strains (10.7%) only belonged to one tropical lowland-adapted broad host range ...201222533876
biocontrol potential of a lytic bacteriophage pe204 against bacterial wilt of tomato.bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating disease of many economically important crops. since there is no promising control strategy for bacterial wilt, phage therapy could be adopted using virulent phages. we used phage pe204 as a model lytic bacteriophage to investigate its biocontrol potential for bacterial wilt on tomato plants. the phage pe204 has a short-tailed icosahedral structure and double-stranded dna genome similar to that of the members of podoviridae. pe204 i ...201223221522
the awr gene family encodes a novel class of ralstonia solanacearum type iii effectors displaying virulence and avirulence activities.we present here the characterization of a new gene family, awr, found in all sequenced ralstonia solanacearum strains and in other bacterial pathogens. we demonstrate that the five paralogues in strain gmi1000 encode type iii-secreted effectors and that deletion of all awr genes severely impairs its capacity to multiply in natural host plants. complementation studies show that the awr (alanine-tryptophan-arginine tryad) effectors display some functional redundancy, although awr2 is the major con ...201222414437
computational prediction of monosaccharide binding free energies to lectins with linear interaction energy models.the linear interaction energy (lie) method to compute binding free energies is applied to lectin-monosaccharide complexes. here, we calculate the binding free energies of monosaccharides to the ralstonia solanacearum lectin (rsl) and the pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin-ii (pa-iil). the standard lie model performs very well for rsl, whereas the pa-iil system, where ligand binding involves two calcium ions, presents a major challenge. to overcome this, we explore a new variant of the lie model, wher ...201222847637
preventing ralstonia solanacearum adhesion with glycans from cashew, cocoa, coffee, pumpkin, and tomato seed extract.ralstonia solanacearum wilts many plants, causing heavy agricultural losses. its pathogenic strain atcc 11696 produces 2 hemagglutinating lectins: rsl and rs-iil. these lectins may bind to terminal l-fucose-, d-arabinose-, and d-mannose-bearing seedling xylem cell wall glycans, thus enabling pathogen adhesion to them, with devastating infection establishment. blocking the active sites of these lectins with seed embryo-surrounding oligo- and poly-saccharides hampers binding of the lectins to the ...201222712584
supported lipopolysaccharide bilayers.in this report, the formation of supported lipopolysaccharide bilayers (lps-slbs) is studied with extracted native and glycoengineered lps from escherichia coli ( e. coli ) and salmonella enterica sv typhimurium ( s. typhimurium ) to assemble a platform that allows measurement of lps membrane structure and the detection of membrane tethered saccharide-protein interactions. we present quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (qcm-d) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (f ...201222830310
isolation and characterization of pseudomonas brassicacearum j12 as an antagonist against ralstonia solanacearum and identification of its antimicrobial components.a bacterial strain, j12, isolated from the rhizosphere soil of tomato plants strongly inhibited the growth of phytopathogenic bacteria ralstonia solanacearum. strain j12 was identified as pseudomonas brassicacearum based on its 16s rrna gene sequence. j12 could produce 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-dapg), hydrogen cyanide (hcn), siderophore(s) and protease. the maximum growth and antagonistic activity were recorded at 30°c and ph 8. glucose and tryptone were used as the most suitable carbon an ...201222361469
production of lipopeptides by bacillus amyloliquefaciens xz-173 in solid state fermentation using soybean flour and rice straw as the substrate.this work was aimed to produce lipopeptides by bacillus amyloliquefaciens xz-173 in solid state fermentation using agro-industrial byproducts. a central composite design was used to get the highest lipopeptides production. results revealed that the optimal conditions for maximum lipopeptides production were 1.79% starch and 1.91% yeast extract by employing 5.58 g soybean flour and 3.67 g rice straw as the solid substrate with initial ph 7.5, moisture content 55% and a 10% inoculum level at 30°c ...201222418084
production of bacillomycin- and macrolactin-type antibiotics by bacillus amyloliquefaciens njn-6 for suppressing soilborne plant pathogens.bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains have been used as biocontrol agents for the suppression of several soilborne plant pathogens. a clearer understanding of the antagonistic mechanisms of action of these bacteria will facilitate their use in the control of plant diseases. antagonistic substances were isolated from the fermentation broth of b. amyloliquefaciens strain njn-6 cultures. these compounds were preconcentrated using an xad-16 column and were purified using reversed-phase high-performance ...201222385216
top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology.many plant bacteriologists, if not all, feel that their particular microbe should appear in any list of the most important bacterial plant pathogens. however, to our knowledge, no such list exists. the aim of this review was to survey all bacterial pathologists with an association with the journal molecular plant pathology and ask them to nominate the bacterial pathogens they would place in a 'top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. the survey generated 458 votes from the international ...201222672649
identification and phylogenetic characterization of cobalamin biosynthetic genes of ensifer adhaerens.ensifer adhaerens csba was screened as a cobalamin producer. the draft genome sequence revealed that the strain possesses 22 cobalamin biosynthetic genes (cob genes). the cob gene arrangement on the genome of e. adhaerens csba was similar to that of other ensifer species, and most similar to that of pseudomonas denitrificans sc510. the cobn sequence phylogeny was generally congruent with that of the 16s rrna gene, and it is suggeted that e. adhaerens csba might have inherited the cob genes from ...201223257908
identification and phylogenetic characterization of cobalamin biosynthetic genes of ensifer adhaerens.ensifer adhaerens csba was screened as a cobalamin producer. the draft genome sequence revealed that the strain possesses 22 cobalamin biosynthetic genes (cob genes). the cob gene arrangement on the genome of e. adhaerens csba was similar to that of other ensifer species, and most similar to that of pseudomonas denitrificans sc510. the cobn sequence phylogeny was generally congruent with that of the 16s rrna gene, and it is suggeted that e. adhaerens csba might have inherited the cob genes from ...201223257908
a conjugative 38 kb plasmid is present in multiple subspecies of xylella fastidiosa.a ≈ 38kb plasmid (pxf-riv5) was present in the riv5 strain of xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex isolated from ornamental plum in southern california. the complete nucleotide sequence of pxf-riv5 is almost identical to that of pxfas01 from x. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa strain m23; the two plasmids vary at only 6 nucleotide positions. blast searches and phylogenetic analyses indicate pxf-riv5 and pxfas01 share some similarity to chromosomal and plasmid (pxf51) sequences of x. fastidiosa subsp. ...201223251694
multiple strategies for translesion synthesis in bacteria.damage to dna is common and can arise from numerous environmental and endogenous sources. in response to ubiquitous dna damage, y-family dna polymerases are induced by the sos response and are capable of bypassing dna lesions. in escherichia coli, these y-family polymerases are dinb and umuc, whose activities are modulated by their interaction with the polymerase manager protein umud. many, but not all, bacteria utilize dinb and umuc homologs. recently, a c-family polymerase named imuc, which is ...201224710531
degradation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate by a novel meta-cleavage pathway.2,3-dihydroxybenzoate is the precursor in the biosynthesis of several siderophores and an important plant secondary metabolite that, in bacteria, can be degraded via meta-cleavage of the aromatic ring. the dhb cluster of pseudomonas reinekei mt1 encodes a chimeric meta-cleavage pathway involved in the catabolism of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate. while the first two enzymes, dhba and dhbb, are phylogenetically related to those involved in 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate degradation, the subsequent steps are catal ...201222609919
computer-based annotation of putative arac/xyls-family transcription factors of known structure but unknown function.currently, about 20 crystal structures per day are released and deposited in the protein data bank. a significant fraction of these structures is produced by research groups associated with the structural genomics consortium. the biological function of many of these proteins is generally unknown or not validated by experiment. therefore, a growing need for functional prediction of protein structures has emerged. here we present an integrated bioinformatics method that combines sequence-based rel ...201222505803
induction of drought tolerance in cucumber plants by a consortium of three plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium strains.our previous work showed that a consortium of three plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) strains (bacillus cereus ar156, bacillus subtilis sm21, and serratia sp. xy21), termed as bbs for short, was a promising biocontrol agent. the present study investigated its effect on drought tolerance in cucumber plants. after withholding watering for 13 days, bbs-treated cucumber plants had much darker green leaves and substantially lighter wilt symptoms than control plants. compared to the control ...201223285089
differential expression of in vivo and in vitro protein profile of outer membrane of acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae.outer membrane (om) proteins play a significant role in bacterial pathogenesis. in this work, we examined and compared the expression of the om proteins of the rice pathogen acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae strain rs-1, a gram-negative bacterium, both in an in vitro culture medium and in vivo rice plants. global proteomic profiling of a. avenae subsp. avenae strain rs-1 comparing in vivo and in vitro conditions revealed the differential expression of proteins affecting the survival and pathogenic ...201223166741
gmca is a putative glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase required for the induction of asexual development in aspergillus nidulans.aspergillus nidulans asexual differentiation is induced by upstream developmental activators (udas) that include the bzip-type transcription factor (tf) flbb. a 2d-page/ms-ms-coupled screen for proteins differentially expressed in the presence and absence of flbb identified 18 candidates. most candidates belong to go term classes involved in osmotic and/or oxidative stress response. among these, we focused on gmca, a putative glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase which is upregulated in a δflb ...201222792266
importance of rare taxa for bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of bt- and conventional maize varieties.ribosomal 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing was used to explore whether the genetically modified (gm) bt-maize hybrid mon 89034 × mon 88017, expressing three insecticidal recombinant cry proteins of bacillus thuringiensis, would alter the rhizosphere bacterial community. fine roots of field cultivated bt-maize and three conventional maize varieties were analyzed together with coarse roots of the bt-maize. a total of 547,000 sequences were obtained. library coverage was 100% at the phylum and 99.8% at ...201222791236
importance of rare taxa for bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of bt- and conventional maize varieties.ribosomal 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing was used to explore whether the genetically modified (gm) bt-maize hybrid mon 89034 × mon 88017, expressing three insecticidal recombinant cry proteins of bacillus thuringiensis, would alter the rhizosphere bacterial community. fine roots of field cultivated bt-maize and three conventional maize varieties were analyzed together with coarse roots of the bt-maize. a total of 547,000 sequences were obtained. library coverage was 100% at the phylum and 99.8% at ...201222791236
community surveillance enhances pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence during polymicrobial infection.most infections result from colonization by more than one microbe. within such polymicrobial infections, microbes often display synergistic interactions that result in increased disease severity. although many clinical studies have documented the occurrence of synergy in polymicrobial infections, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. a prominent pathogen in many polymicrobial infections is pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative bacterium that displays enhanced virulence dur ...201223277552
community surveillance enhances pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence during polymicrobial infection.most infections result from colonization by more than one microbe. within such polymicrobial infections, microbes often display synergistic interactions that result in increased disease severity. although many clinical studies have documented the occurrence of synergy in polymicrobial infections, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. a prominent pathogen in many polymicrobial infections is pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative bacterium that displays enhanced virulence dur ...201223277552
the potential of effector-target genes in breeding for plant innate immunity.increasing numbers of infectious crop diseases that are caused by fungi and oomycetes urge the need to develop alternative strategies for resistance breeding. as an alternative for the use of resistance (r) genes, the application of mutant susceptibility (s) genes has been proposed as a potentially more durable type of resistance. identification of s genes is hampered by their recessive nature. here we explore the use of pathogen-derived effectors as molecular probes to identify s genes. effecto ...201223279965
the potential of effector-target genes in breeding for plant innate immunity.increasing numbers of infectious crop diseases that are caused by fungi and oomycetes urge the need to develop alternative strategies for resistance breeding. as an alternative for the use of resistance (r) genes, the application of mutant susceptibility (s) genes has been proposed as a potentially more durable type of resistance. identification of s genes is hampered by their recessive nature. here we explore the use of pathogen-derived effectors as molecular probes to identify s genes. effecto ...201223279965
tal effectors: function, structure, engineering and applications.tal effectors are proteins secreted by bacterial pathogens into plant cells, where they enter the nucleus and activate expression of individual genes. tal effectors display a modular architecture that includes a central dna-binding region comprising a tandem array of nearly identical repeats that are almost all 34 residues long. residue number 13 in each tal repeat (one of two consecutive polymorphic amino acids that are termed 'repeat variable diresidues', or 'rvds') specifies the identity of a ...201223265998
tal effectors: function, structure, engineering and applications.tal effectors are proteins secreted by bacterial pathogens into plant cells, where they enter the nucleus and activate expression of individual genes. tal effectors display a modular architecture that includes a central dna-binding region comprising a tandem array of nearly identical repeats that are almost all 34 residues long. residue number 13 in each tal repeat (one of two consecutive polymorphic amino acids that are termed 'repeat variable diresidues', or 'rvds') specifies the identity of a ...201223265998
bacillus thuringiensis suppresses bacterial wilt disease caused by ralstonia solanacearum with systemic induction of defense-related gene expression in tomato.bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally abundant gram-positive bacterium and a well-known, effective bio-insecticide. recently, b. thuringiensis has attracted considerable attention as a potential biological control agent for the suppression of plant diseases. in this study, the bacterial wilt disease-suppressing activity of b. thuringiensis was examined in tomato plants. treatment of tomato roots with b. thuringiensis culture followed by challenge inoculation with ralstonia solanacearum suppresse ...201223257909
bacillus thuringiensis suppresses bacterial wilt disease caused by ralstonia solanacearum with systemic induction of defense-related gene expression in tomato.bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally abundant gram-positive bacterium and a well-known, effective bio-insecticide. recently, b. thuringiensis has attracted considerable attention as a potential biological control agent for the suppression of plant diseases. in this study, the bacterial wilt disease-suppressing activity of b. thuringiensis was examined in tomato plants. treatment of tomato roots with b. thuringiensis culture followed by challenge inoculation with ralstonia solanacearum suppresse ...201223257909
positive crosstalk of mamp signaling pathways in rice cells.plants have evolved efficient defense mechanisms known as priming and synergy, both of which can mobilize defense responses more extensively against successive pathogen invasion or simultaneous stimulation by different signal molecules. however, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena were largely unknown. in the present study, we used cultured rice cells and combination of purified mamp molecules as a model system to study the mechanisms of these phenomena. we found that the pretreatment of r ...201223251660
cell wall integrity signaling and innate immunity in plants.all plant pathogens and parasites have had to develop strategies to overcome cell walls in order to access the host's cytoplasm. as a mechanically strong, multi-layered composite exoskeleton, the cell wall not only enables plants to grow tall but also protects them from such attacks. many plant pathogens employ an arsenal of cell wall degrading enzymes, and it has long been thought that the detection of breaches in wall integrity contributes to the induction of defense. cell wall fragments are d ...201223248636
identification of transcription factors potential related to brown planthopper resistance in rice via microarray expression profiling.brown planthopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens stål, is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice. the molecular responses of plants to sucking insects resemble responses to pathogen infection. however, the molecular mechanism of bph-resistance in rice remains unclear. transcription factors (tf) are up-stream regulators of various genes that bind to specific dna sequences, thereby controlling the transcription from dna to mrna. they are key regulators for transcriptional expression in biolog ...201223228240
natural diversity in the model legume medicago truncatula allows identifying distinct genetic mechanisms conferring partial resistance to verticillium wilt.verticillium wilt is a major threat to alfalfa (medicago sativa) and many other crops. the model legume medicago truncatula was used as a host for studying resistance and susceptibility to verticillium albo-atrum. in addition to presenting well-established genetic resources, this wild plant species enables to investigate biodiversity of the response to the pathogen and putative crosstalk between disease and symbiosis. symptom scoring after root inoculation and modelling of disease curves allowed ...201223213135
natural diversity in the model legume medicago truncatula allows identifying distinct genetic mechanisms conferring partial resistance to verticillium wilt.verticillium wilt is a major threat to alfalfa (medicago sativa) and many other crops. the model legume medicago truncatula was used as a host for studying resistance and susceptibility to verticillium albo-atrum. in addition to presenting well-established genetic resources, this wild plant species enables to investigate biodiversity of the response to the pathogen and putative crosstalk between disease and symbiosis. symptom scoring after root inoculation and modelling of disease curves allowed ...201223213135
community structure and functional gene profile of bacteria on healthy and diseased thalli of the red seaweed delisea pulchra.disease is increasingly viewed as a major factor in the ecology of marine communities and its impact appears to be increasing with environmental change, such as global warming. the temperate macroalga delisea pulchra bleaches in southeast australia during warm summer periods, a phenomenon which previous studies have indicated is caused by a temperature induced bacterial disease. in order to better understand the ecology of this disease, the bacterial communities associated with threes type of sa ...201223226544
draft genome sequence of brevibacillus brevis strain x23, a biocontrol agent against bacterial wilt.brevibacillus brevis x23 is an appropriate biocontrol agent against bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum. we report herein the draft genome sequence (6,566,879 bp) and a circular plasmid (6,600 bp) of b. brevis x23, data which may be helpful for mining the antagonistic activity against r. solanacearum.201223144389
the magnaporthe oryzae effector avrpiz-t targets the ring e3 ubiquitin ligase apip6 to suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity in rice.although the functions of a few effector proteins produced by bacterial and oomycete plant pathogens have been elucidated in recent years, information for the vast majority of pathogen effectors is still lacking, particularly for those of plant-pathogenic fungi. here, we show that the avirulence effector avrpiz-t from the rice blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae preferentially accumulates in the specialized structure called the biotrophic interfacial complex and is then translocated into rice (oryza ...201223204406
contribution of lateral gene transfers to the genome composition and parasitic ability of root-knot nematodes.lateral gene transfers (lgt), species to species transmission of genes by means other than direct inheritance from a common ancestor, have played significant role in shaping prokaryotic genomes and are involved in gain or transfer of important biological processes. whether lgt significantly contributed to the composition of an animal genome is currently unclear. in nematodes, multiple lgt are suspected to have favored emergence of plant-parasitism. with the availability of whole genome sequences ...201223226415
coordination of the arc regulatory system and pheromone-mediated positive feedback in controlling the vibrio fischeri lux operon.bacterial pheromone signaling is often governed both by environmentally responsive regulators and by positive feedback. this regulatory combination has the potential to coordinate a group response among distinct subpopulations that perceive key environmental stimuli differently. we have explored the interplay between an environmentally responsive regulator and pheromone-mediated positive feedback in intercellular signaling by vibrio fischeri es114, a bioluminescent bacterium that colonizes the s ...201223152924
detection of fusarium wilt pathogens of psidium guajava l. in soil using culture independent pcr (cipcr).traditional culturing methods take a long time for identification of pathogenic isolates. a protocol has been developed for the detection of fusarium from soil samples in the early stage of infection. seventeen soil samples from different locations were collected before the onset of rains to find out the presence of fusarium spp. population present in the soil of guava orchards and to correlate its presence with incidence of wilt. a pcr based method was developed for the molecular characterizati ...201223961219
detection of fusarium wilt pathogens of psidium guajava l. in soil using culture independent pcr (cipcr).traditional culturing methods take a long time for identification of pathogenic isolates. a protocol has been developed for the detection of fusarium from soil samples in the early stage of infection. seventeen soil samples from different locations were collected before the onset of rains to find out the presence of fusarium spp. population present in the soil of guava orchards and to correlate its presence with incidence of wilt. a pcr based method was developed for the molecular characterizati ...201223961219
rna-seq pinpoints a xanthomonas tal-effector activated resistance gene in a large-crop genome.transcription activator-like effector (tale) proteins of the plant pathogenic bacterial genus xanthomonas bind to and transcriptionally activate host susceptibility genes, promoting disease. plant immune systems have taken advantage of this mechanism by evolving tale binding sites upstream of resistance (r) genes. for example, the pepper bs3 and rice xa27 genes are hypersensitive reaction plant r genes that are transcriptionally activated by corresponding tales. both r genes have a hallmark expr ...201223132937
complete genome sequence of the endophytic enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae strain enhku01.enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae strain enhku01 is a gram-negative endophyte isolated from a diseased pepper (capsicum annuum) plant in hong kong. this is the first complete genome sequence report of a plant-endophytic strain of e. cloacae subsp. cloacae.201223045485
which factors affect the success or failure of eradication campaigns against alien species?although issues related to the management of invasive alien species are receiving increasing attention, little is known about which factors affect the likelihood of success of management measures. we applied two data mining techniques, classification trees and boosted trees, to identify factors that relate to the success of management campaigns aimed at eradicating invasive alien invertebrates, plants and plant pathogens. we assembled a dataset of 173 different eradication campaigns against 94 s ...201223110197
the pepper extracellular xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase inhibitor protein gene, caxegip1, is required for plant cell death and defense responses.plants produce various proteinaceous inhibitors to protect themselves against microbial pathogen attack. a xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase inhibitor1 gene, caxegip1, was isolated and functionally characterized in pepper (capsicum annuum) plants. caxegip1 was rapidly and strongly induced in pepper leaves infected with avirulent xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria, and purified caxegip1 protein significantly inhibited the hydrolytic activity of the glycoside hydrolase74 family xylogluca ...201223093361
the pepper extracellular xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase inhibitor protein gene, caxegip1, is required for plant cell death and defense responses.plants produce various proteinaceous inhibitors to protect themselves against microbial pathogen attack. a xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase inhibitor1 gene, caxegip1, was isolated and functionally characterized in pepper (capsicum annuum) plants. caxegip1 was rapidly and strongly induced in pepper leaves infected with avirulent xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria, and purified caxegip1 protein significantly inhibited the hydrolytic activity of the glycoside hydrolase74 family xylogluca ...201223093361
how complex are intracellular immune receptor signaling complexes?nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (nlrs) are the major class of intracellular immune receptors in plants. nlrs typically function to specifically recognize pathogen effectors and to initiate and control defense responses that severely limit pathogen growth in plants (termed effector-triggered immunity, or eti). despite numerous reports supporting a central role in innate immunity, the molecular mechanisms driving nlr activation and downstream signaling remain largely elusive. recen ...201223109935
a gene expression analysis of cell wall biosynthetic genes in malus x domestica infected by 'candidatus phytoplasma mali'.apple proliferation (ap) represents a serious threat to several fruit-growing areas and is responsible for great economic losses. several studies have highlighted the key role played by the cell wall in response to pathogen attack. the existence of a cell wall integrity signaling pathway which senses perturbations in the cell wall architecture upon abiotic/biotic stresses and activates specific defence responses has been widely demonstrated in plants. more recently a role played by cell wall-rel ...201223086810
stacking interactions between carbohydrate and protein quantified by combination of theoretical and experimental methods.carbohydrate-receptor interactions are an integral part of biological events. they play an important role in many cellular processes, such as cell-cell adhesion, cell differentiation and in-cell signaling. carbohydrates can interact with a receptor by using several types of intermolecular interactions. one of the most important is the interaction of a carbohydrate's apolar part with aromatic amino acid residues, known as dispersion interaction or ch/π interaction. in the study presented here, we ...201223056230
transcriptome analysis of quantitative resistance-specific response upon ralstonia solanacearum infection in tomato.bacterial wilt, caused by the soil-borne bacterium ralstonia solanacearum, is a lethal disease of tomato, but the molecular mechanisms of the host resistance responses to r. solanacearum remain unclear. in this study, we report the first work describing the transcriptome of cultivar resistance and susceptible tomato cultivar after inoculation with r. solanacearum. to elucidate the characteristics of resistance early in the interaction, we analyzed microarrays for resistant cultivar ls-89 and sus ...201223071630
interpreting genomic data via entropic dissection.since the emergence of high-throughput genome sequencing platforms and more recently the next-generation platforms, the genome databases are growing at an astronomical rate. tremendous efforts have been invested in recent years in understanding intriguing complexities beneath the vast ocean of genomic data. this is apparent in the spurt of computational methods for interpreting these data in the past few years. genomic data interpretation is notoriously difficult, partly owing to the inherent he ...201223036836
interpreting genomic data via entropic dissection.since the emergence of high-throughput genome sequencing platforms and more recently the next-generation platforms, the genome databases are growing at an astronomical rate. tremendous efforts have been invested in recent years in understanding intriguing complexities beneath the vast ocean of genomic data. this is apparent in the spurt of computational methods for interpreting these data in the past few years. genomic data interpretation is notoriously difficult, partly owing to the inherent he ...201223036836
synergistic activation of the pathogenicity-related proline iminopeptidase gene in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris by hrpx and a luxr homolog.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain 8004 contains an orphan quorum-sensing (qs) locus, xccr-pip(xcc), in which the proline iminopeptidase (pip(xcc)) gene (where "xcc" indicates that the pip gene is from x. campestris pv. campestris) is positively regulated by the luxr homologue xccr by binding to the luxxc box of the pip(xcc) promoter. the disruption of pip(xcc) significantly attenuated the virulence of x. campestris pv. campestris. an imperfect plant-inducible promoter (pip) box is loc ...201222865058
the type 3 protein secretion system of cupriavidus taiwanensis strain lmg19424 compromises symbiosis with leucaena leucocephala.cupriavidus taiwanensis forms proficient symbioses with a few mimosa species. inactivation of a type iii protein secretion system (t3ss) had no effect on mimosa pudica but allowed c. taiwanensis to establish chronic infections and fix nitrogen in leucaena leucocephala. unlike what was observed for other rhizobia, glutamate rather than plant flavonoids mediated transcriptional activation of this atypical t3ss.201222865066
novel podoviridae family bacteriophage infecting weissella cibaria isolated from kimchi.the first complete genome sequence of a phage infecting weissella cibaria (weissella kimchii) is presented. the bacteriophage ys61 was isolated from kimchi, a korean fermented vegetable dish. bacteriophages are recognized as a serious problem in industrial fermentations; however, ys61 differed from many virulent phages associated with food fermentations since it was difficult to propagate and was very susceptible to resistance development. sequence analysis revealed that ys61 resembles podovirid ...201222885743
robust markers reflecting phylogeny and taxonomy of rhizobia.genomic ani (average nucleotide identity) has been found to be able to replace dna-dna hybridization in prokaryote taxonomy. the ani of each of the core genes that has a phylogeny congruent with the reference species tree of rhizobia was compared to the genomic ani. this allowed us to identify three housekeeping genes (smc00019-trua-thra) whose ani reflected the intraspecies and interspecies genomic ani among rhizobial strains, revealing an ani gap (≥2%) between the inter- and intra-species comp ...201223028691
"listening in" on how a bacterium takes over the plant vascular system.bacteria that infect the plant vascular system are among the most destructive kind of plant pathogens because pathogen proliferation in the vascular system will sooner or later shut down the plant's water and nutrient supply and necessarily lead to wilting and, in the worst case, death of the entire plant. how bacterial plant pathogens adapted to life in the plant vascular system is still poorly understood. as described in a recent article, caitilyn allen and her group studied the archetypical v ...201222967979
a support vector machine based method to distinguish proteobacterial proteins from eukaryotic plant proteins.members of the phylum proteobacteria are most prominent among bacteria causing plant diseases that result in a diminution of the quantity and quality of food produced by agriculture. to ameliorate these losses, there is a need to identify infections in early stages. recent developments in next generation nucleic acid sequencing and mass spectrometry open the door to screening plants by the sequences of their macromolecules. such an approach requires the ability to recognize the organismal origin ...201223046503
phylogenetic analysis of a gene cluster encoding an additional, rhizobial-like type iii secretion system that is narrowly distributed among pseudomonas syringae strains.the central role of type iii secretion systems (t3ss) in bacteria-plant interactions is well established, yet unexpected findings are being uncovered through bacterial genome sequencing. some pseudomonas syringae strains possess an uncharacterized cluster of genes encoding putative components of a second t3ss (t3ss-2) in addition to the well characterized hrc1 t3ss which is associated with disease lesions in host plants and with the triggering of hypersensitive response in non-host plants. the a ...201222937899
genome sequence of ralstonia sp. strain pba, a bacterium involved in the biodegradation of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate.ralstonia sp. strain pba was isolated from textile wastewater in a coculture with hydrogenophaga sp. strain pbc. here we present the assembly and annotation of its genome, which may provide further insights into the mechanism of its interaction with strain pbc during 4-aminobenzenesulfonate degradation.201222933765
the bacterium pantoea stewartii uses two different type iii secretion systems to colonize its plant host and insect vector.plant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria utilize phylogenetically distinct type iii secretion systems (t3ss) that produce needle-like injectisomes or pili for the delivery of effector proteins into host cells. pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (herein referred to as p. stewartii), the causative agent of stewart's bacterial wilt and leaf blight of maize, carries phylogenetically distinct t3sss. in addition to an hrc-hrp t3ss, known to be essential for maize pathogenesis, p. stewartii has a second t ...201222773631
the effector sprysec-19 of globodera rostochiensis suppresses cc-nb-lrr-mediated disease resistance in plants.the potato cyst nematode globodera rostochiensis invades roots of host plants where it transforms cells near the vascular cylinder into a permanent feeding site. the host cell modifications are most likely induced by a complex mixture of proteins in the stylet secretions of the nematodes. resistance to nematodes conferred by nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) proteins usually results in a programmed cell death in and around the feeding site, and is most likely triggered by the recog ...201222904163
genetic and proteomic characterization of rpob mutations and their effect on nematicidal activity in photorhabdus luminescens ln2.rifampin resistant (rif(r)) mutants of the insect pathogenic bacterium photorhabdus luminescens ln2 from entomopathogenic nematode heterorhabditis indica ln2 were genetically and proteomically characterized. the rif(r) mutants showed typical phase one characters of photorhabdus bacteria, and insecticidal activity against galleria mellonella larvae, but surprisingly influenced their nematicidal activity against axenic infective juveniles (ijs) of h. bacteriophora h06, an incompatible nematode hos ...201222912803
the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) v2 protein interacts with the host papain-like cysteine protease cyp1.the v2 protein of tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (tylcv) is an rna-silencing suppressor that counteracts the innate immune response of the host plant. however, this anti-host defense function of v2 may include targeting of other defensive mechanisms of the plant. specifically, we show that v2 recognizes and directly binds the tomato cyp1 protein, a member of the family of papain-like cysteine proteases which are involved in plant defense against diverse pathogens. this binding occurred both ...201222827939
srfj, a salmonella type iii secretion system effector regulated by phop, rcsb, and iolr.virulence-related type iii secretion systems are present in many gram-negative bacterial pathogens. these complex devices translocate proteins, called effectors, from the bacterium into the eukaryotic host cell. here, we identify the product of srfj, a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium gene regulated by ssrb, as a new substrate of the type iii secretion system encoded by salmonella pathogenicity island 2. the n-terminal 20-amino-acid segment of srfj was recognized as a functional secretion ...201222661691
novel b(12)-dependent acyl-coa mutases and their biotechnological potential.the recent spate of discoveries of novel acyl-coa mutases has engendered a growing appreciation for the diversity of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin-dependent rearrangement reactions. the prototype of the reaction catalyzed by these enzymes is the 1,2 interchange of a hydrogen atom with a thioester group leading to a change in the degree of carbon skeleton branching. these enzymes are predicted to share common architectural elements: a rossman fold and a triose phosphate isomerase (tim)-barrel domain ...201222803641
the in planta transcriptome of ralstonia solanacearum: conserved physiological and virulence strategies during bacterial wilt of tomato.plant xylem fluid is considered a nutrient-poor environment, but the bacterial wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum is well adapted to it, growing to 10(8) to 10(9) cfu/g tomato stem. to better understand how r. solanacearum succeeds in this habitat, we analyzed the transcriptomes of two phylogenetically distinct r. solanacearum strains that both wilt tomato, strains uw551 (phylotype ii) and gmi1000 (phylotype i). we profiled bacterial gene expression at ~6 × 10(8) cfu/ml in culture or in plant ...201222807564
identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes.identification of antimicrobial resistance genes is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms and the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance. as the costs of whole-genome sequencing (wgs) continue to decline, it becomes increasingly available in routine diagnostic laboratories and is anticipated to substitute traditional methods for resistance gene identification. thus, the current challenge is to extract the relevant information from the large amount of generated data.201222782487
genome-wide sequencing reveals two major sub-lineages in the genetically monomorphic pathogen xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum.the bacterium xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum (xcm) is the causal agent of banana xanthomonas wilt (bxw). this disease has devastated economies based on banana and plantain crops (musa species) in east africa. here we use genome-wide sequencing to discover a set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) among east african isolates of xcm. these snps have potential as molecular markers for phylogeographic studies of the epidemiology and spread of the pathogen. our analysis reveals two ...201224704974
evolution of two-component signal transduction systems.to exist in a wide range of environmental niches, bacteria must sense and respond to a variety of external signals. a primary means by which this occurs is through two-component signal transduction pathways, typically composed of a sensor histidine kinase that receives the input stimuli and then phosphorylates a response regulator that effects an appropriate change in cellular physiology. histidine kinases and response regulators have an intrinsic modularity that separates signal input, phosphot ...201222746333
gogb is an anti-inflammatory effector that limits tissue damage during salmonella infection through interaction with human fbxo22 and skp1.bacterial pathogens often manipulate host immune pathways to establish acute and chronic infection. many gram-negative bacteria do this by secreting effector proteins through a type iii secretion system that alter the host response to the pathogen. in this study, we determined that the phage-encoded gogb effector protein in salmonella targets the host scf e3 type ubiquitin ligase through an interaction with skp1 and the human f-box only 22 (fbxo22) protein. domain mapping and functional knockdow ...201222761574
aspartate oxidase plays an important role in arabidopsis stomatal immunity.perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps), such as bacterial flagellin (or the peptide flg22), by surface-localized receptors activates defense responses and subsequent immunity. in a previous forward-genetic screen aimed at the identification of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) flagellin-insensitive (fin) mutants, we isolated fin4, which is severely affected in flg22-triggered reactive oxygen species (ros) bursts. here, we report that fin4 encodes the chloroplastic enzyme a ...201222730426
mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases in plant metal stress: regulation and responses in comparison to other biotic and abiotic stresses.exposure of plants to toxic concentrations of metals leads to disruption of the cellular redox status followed by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros). ros, like hydrogen peroxide, can act as signaling molecules in the cell and induce signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. mapk cascades are evolutionary conserved signal transduction modules, able to convert extracellular signals to appropriate cellular responses. in this review, our current understanding abou ...201222837729
genomics of aerobic cellulose utilization systems in actinobacteria.cellulose degrading enzymes have important functions in the biotechnology industry, including the production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. anaerobes including clostridium species organize cellulases and other glycosyl hydrolases into large complexes known as cellulosomes. in contrast, aerobic actinobacteria utilize systems comprised of independently acting enzymes, often with carbohydrate binding domains. numerous actinobacterial genomes have become available through the genomic ency ...201222723998
solution nmr structure of hypothetical protein cv_2116 encoded by a viral prophage element in chromobacterium violaceum.cv_2116 is a small hypothetical protein of 82 amino acids from the gram-negative coccobacillus chromobacterium violaceum. a psi-blast search using the cv_2116 sequence as a query identified only one hit (e = 2e(-07)) corresponding to a hypothetical protein or16_04617 from cupriavidus basilensis or16, which failed to provide insight into the function of cv_2116. the cv_2116 gene was cloned into the p15tvlic expression plasmid, transformed into e. coli, and (13)c- and (15)n-labeled nmr samples of ...201222837698
high-throughput genomic sequencing of cassava bacterial blight strains identifies conserved effectors to target for durable resistance.cassava bacterial blight (cbb), incited by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (xam), is the most important bacterial disease of cassava, a staple food source for millions of people in developing countries. here we present a widely applicable strategy for elucidating the virulence components of a pathogen population. we report illumina-based draft genomes for 65 xam strains and deduce the phylogenetic relatedness of xam across the areas where cassava is grown. using an extensive database of eff ...201222699502
ubiquitination during plant immune signaling. 201222689893
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