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cd8+ t lymphocyte epitopes from the herpes simplex virus type 2 icp27, vp22 and vp13/14 proteins to facilitate vaccine design and characterization.cd8+ t cells have the potential to control hsv-2 infection. however, limited information has been available on cd8+ t cell epitopes or the functionality of antigen specific t cells during infection or following immunization with experimental vaccines. peptide panels from hsv-2 proteins icp27, vp22 and vp13/14 were selected from in silico predictions of binding to human hla-a*0201 and mouse h-2kd, ld and dd molecules. nine previously uncharacterized cd8+ t cell epitopes were identified from hsv-2 ...201324709642
serological investigation of the role of selected sexually transmitted infections in the aetiology of ectopic pregnancy.to investigate the association between selected sexually transmitted infections (stis) and the later occurrence of ectopic pregnancy.201323256948
non-immune hydrops fetalis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 in the setting of recurrent maternal infection.we report a case of non-immune hydrops fetalis (nihf) caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in an infant whose mother had recurrent hsv-2 infection. in spite of prematurity, severe disseminated infection and hydrops, the infant survived and was neurologically intact. hsv-2-induced nihf is extremely rare, particularly in the setting of recurrent maternal infection, and this case is, to our knowledge, the first report of a surviving infant. hsv-2 should be considered in the differential di ...201324071962
recalcitrant pseudotumoral anogenital herpes simplex virus type 2 in hiv-infected patients: evidence for predominant b-lymphoplasmocytic infiltration and immunomodulators as effective therapeutic strategy.in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, genital herpetic lesions may be extensive and tend to persist for longer periods; in addition, atypical hypertrophic, ulcerative, or pseudotumor forms have been reported, frequently showing resistance to acyclovir (acv) treatment.201324065320
trends in seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among non-hispanic blacks and non-hispanic whites aged 14 to 49 years--united states, 1988 to 2010.genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections in the united states. we sought to assess differences in hsv-2 seroprevalence among non-hispanic blacks and non-hispanic whites and describe trends over time from 1988 to 2010.201324113408
rapid viral expansion and short drug half-life explain the incomplete effectiveness of current herpes simplex virus 2-directed antiviral agents.the nucleoside analogues acyclovir (acv) and famciclovir (fcv) reduce the frequency and severity of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) genital shedding, yet despite their high potency in vitro and a lack of induced drug resistance, frequent episodes of breakthrough mucosal shedding occur. we tested a published stochastic, spatial mathematical model of hsv-2 replication and spread, in concert with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic equations, against virologic data from clinical trials of twice-dail ...201324018260
treg depletion attenuates the severity of skin disease from ganglionic spread after hsv-2 flank infection.regulatory t cells (tregs) attenuate lesion severity and disease after hsv ocular or genital infection, but their role in cutaneous infection remains unclear. treg depletion (anti-cd25 mab in c57bl/6 mice or diphtheria toxin (dt) in dereg mice) prior to tk-deficient hsv-2 flank infection significantly decreased skin lesion severity, granulocyte receptor-1(gr-1(+)) cell number, and chemokine (kc) expression in the secondary skin, but significantly increased immune effectors and chemokine expressi ...201324210095
multipurpose prevention technologies: products in development.multipurpose prevention technologies (mpts) are broadly defined as products capable of simultaneously addressing multiple sexual and reproductive health needs including unintended pregnancy, stis including hiv-1, and other reproductive tract infections. mpts have been discussed for a few decades but little product development has occurred. with the recent proof-of-concept that a topically applied antiretroviral (arv) can effectively reduce sexual transmission of hiv-1 (tenofovir 1% gel) the impe ...201324188708
an indole alkaloid from a tribal folklore inhibits immediate early event in hsv-2 infected cells with therapeutic efficacy in vaginally infected mice.herpes genitalis, caused by hsv-2, is an incurable genital ulcerative disease transmitted by sexual intercourse. the virus establishes life-long latency in sacral root ganglia and reported to have synergistic relationship with hiv-1 transmission. till date no effective vaccine is available, while the existing therapy frequently yielded drug resistance, toxicity and treatment failure. thus, there is a pressing need for non-nucleotide antiviral agent from traditional source. based on ethnomedicina ...201324167591
herpes simplex virus type 2 and hiv disease progression: a systematic review of observational studies.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is a common co-infection among hiv-infected adults that is hypothesized to accelerate hiv disease progression.201324164861
the elusive diagnosis: recurrent benign lymphocytic meningitis.recurrent benign lymphocytic meningitis (rblm) or mollaretmeningitis is a rare disease with a prevalence of 1-2.2/100,000 population. it is characterized by recurrent episodes of aseptic meningitis. the diagnosis is made via history fitting bruyn's criteria, and confirmatory detection of hsv-2 in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) via polymerase chain reaction (pcr).201324156176
whole blood polymerase chain reaction in a neonate with disseminated herpes simplex virus infection and liver failure.a late preterm neonate born by cesarean section with intact membranes presented at 9 days of life with shock and liver failure. surface cultures were negative but whole blood polymerase chain reaction was positive for herpes simplex virus type 2, underscoring the value of this test in early diagnosis of perinatally acquired disseminated herpes simplex virus infection without skin lesions.201324147237
in vitro anti-herpes simplex virus activity of crude extract of the roots of nauclea latifolia smith (rubiaceae).nauclea latifolia smith, a shrub belonging to the family rubiaceae is a very popular medicinal plant in cameroon and neighboring countries where it is used to treat jaundice, yellow fever, rheumatism, abdominal pains, hepatitis, diarrhea, dysentery, hypertension, as well as diabetes. the ethno-medicinal use against yellow fever, jaundice and diarrhea prompted us to investigate on the antiviral activity of the root bark of n. latifolia. in this study, hsv-2 was chosen as a viral model because of ...201324131916
apparent rarity of asymptomatic herpes cervicitis in a woman with intra-uterine contraceptive device.infection with genital herpes simplex virus (hsv) remains a common viral sexually transmitted disease, often subclinical and a major worldwide problem of women of reproductive age group. herpes cervicitis is an unusual presentation of herpes simplex virus infection in females. the finding of herpes cervicitis on routine pap smear of an asymptomatic woman on intrauterine contraceptive device still further supports the need for increased awareness on the possibility of herpes simplex virus infecti ...201328299103
herpes simplex virus type 2 or human herpesvirus 8 infection and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis.prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed type of cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer mortality among males worldwide. the aim of this study was to investigate the association between the infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) or human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) and the risk of prostate cancer. a systematic literature search was performed using pubmed, cochrane library, web of science, scopus, cnki and cbm. the association of hsv-2 or hhv-8 infection with the risk of ...201324648964
[expression of herpes simplex virus type 2 latency associated transcript orf1 and its anti-apoptotic function].to study the expression of herpes simplex virus type 2 latency-associated transcript (lat) open reading frame 1 (orf1) and its anti-apoptosis function induced by actinomycin d in vero cells. the recombinant plasmid pegfp-orf1 was constructed and transfected into vero cells, and the expression of orf1 was identified by rt-pcr. the changes of vero cells morphology induced by actinomycin d were observed by fluorescence microscopy, hochest33258 fluorescence staining. cells viability was evaluated by ...201324660625
ifn-ε is constitutively expressed by cells of the reproductive tract and is inefficiently secreted by fibroblasts and cell lines.type-i interferons (ifns) form a large family of cytokines that primarily act to control the early development of viral infections. typical type-i ifn genes, such as those encoding ifn-α or ifn-β are upregulated by viral infection in many cell types. in contrast, the gene encoding ifn-ε was reported to be constitutively expressed by cells of the female reproductive tract and to contribute to the protection against vaginal infections with herpes simplex virus 2 and chlamydia muridarum. our data c ...201323951133
interferon-ε protects the female reproductive tract from viral and bacterial infection.the innate immune system senses pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (prrs) that signal to induce effector cytokines, such as type i interferons (ifns). we characterized ifn-ε as a type i ifn because it signaled via the ifnar1 and ifnar2 receptors to induce ifn-regulated genes. in contrast to other type i ifns, ifn-ε was not induced by known prr pathways; instead, ifn-ε was constitutively expressed by epithelial cells of the female reproductive tract (frt) and was hormonally regulated ...201323449591
evaluation of the relationship between preeclampsia and seropositivity of infectious disease in maternal plasma.the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between maternal infections and preeclampsia.201323868638
statistical genetic analysis of serological measures of common, chronic infections in alaska native participants in the gocadan study.this paper describes genetic investigations of seroreactivity to five common infectious pathogens in the genetics of coronary artery disease in alaska natives (gocadan) study. antibody titers and seroprevalence were available for 495 to 782 (depending on the phenotype) family members at two time points, approximately 15 years apart, for chlamydophila pneumoniae, helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1), and herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2). seroprevalence rates in ...201323798484
evaluation of anti-infective potential of a tribal folklore odina wodier roxb against some selected microbes and herpes simplex virus associated with skin infection.to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of odina wodier bark (owb), a folk medicine, against representative bacteria, fungi and herpes simplex virus (hsv) associated with skin infections.201323957446
a novel dna vaccine technology conveying protection against a lethal herpes simplex viral challenge in mice.while there are a number of licensed veterinary dna vaccines, to date, none have been licensed for use in humans. here, we demonstrate that a novel technology designed to enhance the immunogenicity of dna vaccines protects against lethal herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) challenge in a murine model. polynucleotides were modified by use of a codon optimization algorithm designed to enhance immune responses, and the addition of an ubiquitin-encoding sequence to target the antigen to the proteasome fo ...201324098493
theaflavin-3,3'-digallate and lactic acid combinations reduce herpes simplex virus infectivity.the present study examined the efficacy of using multiple mechanisms as part of a topical microbicide to inactivate herpes simplex virus (hsv) by combining theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tf-3) and lactic acid (la) over the ph range of 4.0 to 5.7 to mimic conditions in the female reproductive tract. six clinical isolates of hsv-2 and two clinical isolates of hsv-1 were almost completely inactivated when tf-3 (100 μm) was present with la over the ph range of 4.5 to 5.7, whereas four additional hsv-1 c ...201323716050
genome-wide prediction of vaccine targets for human herpes simplex viruses using vaxign reverse vaccinology.herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are the most common infectious agents of humans. no safe and effective hsv vaccines have been licensed. reverse vaccinology is an emerging and revolutionary vaccine development strategy that starts with the prediction of vaccine targets by informatics analysis of genome sequences. vaxign (http://www.violinet.org/vaxign) is the first web-based vaccine design program based on reverse vaccinology. in this study, we used vaxign to analyze 52 ...201323514126
incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infection increases the risk of subsequent episodes of bacterial vaginosis.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infected women have a higher prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (bv) compared to hsv-2-seronegative women. to explore the temporal association between these conditions, we evaluated the frequency of bv episodes before and after hsv-2 acquisition in a prospective study of 406 hsv-2/hiv-1-seronegative kenyan women, of whom 164 acquired hsv-2. incident hsv-2 was associated with increased likelihood of bv (adjusted or, 1.28; 95% ci, 1.05-1.56; p = .01). our finding ...201324273042
the epidemiology of sexually transmitted co-infections in hiv-positive and hiv-negative african-caribbean women in toronto.hiv disproportionately affects african-caribbean women in canada but the frequency and distribution of sexually transmitted infections in this community have not been previously studied.201324238493
male circumcision: a globally relevant but under-utilized method for the prevention of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections.randomized trials have demonstrated that male circumcision (mc) reduces heterosexual acquisition of hiv, herpes simplex virus type 2, human papillomavirus (hpv), and genital ulcer disease among men, and it reduces hpv, genital ulcer disease, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis among female partners. the pathophysiology behind these effects is multifactorial, relying on anatomic and cellular changes. mc is cost effective and potentially cost saving in both the united states and africa. the wo ...201324111891
the role of sexually transmitted infections in hiv-1 progression: a comprehensive review of the literature.due to shared routes of infection, hiv-infected persons are frequently coinfected with other sexually transmitted infections (stis). studies have demonstrated the bidirectional relationships between hiv and several stis, including herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2), hepatitis b and c viruses, human papilloma virus, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomonas. hiv-1 may affect the clinical presentation, treatment outcome, and progression of stis, such as syphilis, hsv-2, and hepatitis b and c vir ...201326316953
high-dose valacyclovir decreases plasma hiv-1 rna more than standard-dose acyclovir in persons coinfected with hiv-1 and hsv-2: a randomized crossover trial.standard doses of herpes simplex virus (hsv) suppressive therapy reduce plasma hiv-1 rna levels (0.25-0.53 log10 copies per milliliter) among hiv-1/hsv-2 coinfected persons. postulated mechanisms for this effect include direct inhibition of hiv-1 by acyclovir or indirect reduction by decreasing hsv-associated inflammation. we hypothesized that high-dose valacyclovir would further reduce plasma hiv-1 rna and that the effect would be mediated by greater suppression of hsv shedding.201323542637
partner characteristics predicting hiv-1 set point in sexually acquired hiv-1 among african seroconverters.plasma hiv-1 rna set point is an important predictor of hiv-1 disease progression. we hypothesized that inoculum size and hiv-1 exposure prior to hiv-1 transmission may modulate set point. we evaluated predictors of set point among 141 african hiv-1 seroconverters and their hiv-1-infected study partners. we compared characteristics of seroconverters and their hiv-1-infected partners and hiv-1 set point. data were from a clinical trial of genital hsv-2 suppression with acyclovir to reduce hiv-1 t ...201323061422
use of staged molecular analysis to determine causes of unexplained central nervous system infections.no agent is implicated in most central nervous system (cns) infections. to investigate cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with cns infections of unknown cause in 1 hospital in taiwan, we used a staged molecular approach, incorporating techniques including multiplex masstag pcr, 16s rrna pcr, dna microarray, and high-throughput pyrosequencing. we determined the infectious agent for 31 (24%) of 131 previously negative samples. candidate pathogens were identified for 25 (27%) of 94 unexplain ...201323965845
atypical microorganisms in expressed prostatic secretion from patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: microbiological results from a case-control study.to investigate the microorganisms in expressed prostatic secretions (eps) of both chronic prostatitis patients and normal young male adults and to determine which microorganisms are associated with the degree of intraprostatic inflammation.201323970289
association of chlamydia trachomatis infection and herpes simplex virus type 2 serostatus with genital human papillomavirus infection in men: the hpv in men study.studies in women indicate that some sexually transmitted infections promote human papillomavirus (hpv) persistence and carcinogenesis. little is known about this association in men; therefore, we assessed whether chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infection and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) serostatus are associated with genital hpv prevalence, an early event in hpv-related pathogenesis.201323680908
trends and associations of trichomonas vaginalis infection in men and women with genital discharge syndromes in johannesburg, south africa.to better understand the epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis infection, we investigated the association between t vaginalis and demographic, clinical, microbiological and behavioural characteristics of patients presenting with genital discharges to a primary healthcare clinic in johannesburg, south africa.201323605850
a retrospective study into the prevalence of herpes simplex virus 1&2 in female patients tested for chlamydia trachomatis and/or neisseria gonorrhoeae using vaginal swabs.the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) 1&2 in women screened for chlamydia trachomatis and/or neisseria gonorrhoeae (ct/gc) infections. a total of 800 vaginal swabs were tested in a dual centre investigation, to evaluate the prevalence of hsv-1&2 in this population. the average age of the population was 29.8 ± 9.2 years, ranging between 14 and 66 years with a median of 28 years. the highest prevalence of hsv-1 or hsv-2 was observed in the younge ...201323320468
prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus type 2: results from the 2009 to 2011 canadian health measures survey.chlamydia, caused by chlamydia trachomatis, and genital herpes, caused by simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), are common sexually transmitted infections. their prevalence has been estimated in selected populations, but overall prevalence in canada is not known.201324258059
a modified zinc acetate gel, a potential nonantiretroviral microbicide, is safe and effective against simian-human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus 2 infection in vivo.we previously showed that a prototype gel comprising zinc acetate (za) in carrageenan (cg) protected mice against vaginal and rectal herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) challenge as well as macaques against vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (shiv-rt) challenge. in this work, we modified buffers and cosolvents to obtain a stable, nearly iso-osmolal formulation and evaluated its safety and efficacy against shiv-rt and hsv-2. in vitro toxicity to lactobacilli and candida ...201323752515
broad-range pcr-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for detection and typing of adenovirus and other opportunistic viruses in stem cell transplant patients.hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients are highly susceptible to viral infections. follow-up after transplantation includes weekly screening using single, virus-specific real-time pcr tests, mainly for viruses in the families herpesviridae and adenoviridae that contribute to a high morbidity, especially in pediatric populations. the abbott plex-id platform combines broad-range pcr with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to enable the simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens in a ...201324108617
development of recombinant antigen array for simultaneous detection of viral antibodies.protein microarrays have been developed to study antibody reactivity against a large number of antigens, demonstrating extensive perspective for clinical application. we developed a viral antigen array by spotting four recombinant antigens and synthetic peptide, including glycoprotein g of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and 2, phosphoprotein 150 of cytomegalovirus (cmv), rubella virus (rv) core plus glycoprotein e1 and e2 as well as a e1 peptide with the optimal concentrations on activated gl ...201324058498
seroprevalences of varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus in a cross-sectional study in mexico.we estimated the seroprevalences of varicella-zoster virus (vzv), herpes simplex virus (hsv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) in this cross-sectional database study. serum samples collected during the national health and nutrition survey (ensanut 2006) were obtained from subjects aged 1-70 years between january and october 2010. serological assays for the determination of antibodies against vzv, hsv and cmv were performed. the overall seroprevalences of vzv, hsv-1, hsv-2 and cmv were 85.8%, 80.9%, 9.9% ...201324021305
laboratory diagnosis of herpesvirus infections in patients with pemphigus vulgaris lesions.pemphigus vulgaris (pv) is an autoimmune disorder that has an etiology impacted by genetic and exogenous factors. viral infections, in particular herpesvirus infections, have been identified as possible pv triggers which in addition cause serious complications in these patients. this study investigates the frequency of herpesvirus infections in patients with pv lesions.201323735576
herpesviruses and the microbiome.the focus of this article will be to examine the role of common herpesviruses as a component of the microbiome of atopic patients and to review clinical observations suggesting that atopic patients might be predisposed to more severe and atypical herpes-related illness because their immune response is biased toward a th2 cytokine profile. human populations are infected with 8 herpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus hsv1 and hsv2 (also termed hhv1 and hhv2), varicella zoster virus (vzv or h ...201323611298
frequent detection of cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus in cervical secretions from healthy young women.to investigate asymptomatic shedding from the uterine cervix of five human herpes viruses: cytomegalovirus (cmv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and type 2 and varicella zoster virus (vzv), in young women.201323550605
alphaherpesvirinae and gammaherpesvirinae glycoprotein l and cmv ul130 originate from chemokines.herpesviridae is a large family of dna viruses divided into three subfamilies: alpha-, beta- and gammaherpesvirinae. the process of herpesvirus transmission is mediated by a range of proteins, one of which is glycoprotein l (gl). based on our analysis of the solved structures of hsv2 and ebv gh/gl complexes, we propose that alphaherpesvirinae and gammaherpesvirinae glycoprotein l and betaherpesvirinae ul130 originate from chemokines. herpes simplex virus type 2 gl and human cytomegalovirus homol ...201323279912
viral infections of the central nervous system in spain: a prospective study.the aim of the study was to determine the incidence of viruses causing aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and encephalitis in spain. this was a prospective study, in collaboration with 17 spanish hospitals, including 581 cases (csf from all and sera from 280): meningitis (340), meningoencephalitis (91), encephalitis (76), febrile syndrome (7), other neurological disorders (32), and 35 cases without clinical information. csf were assayed by pcr for enterovirus (ev), herpesvirus (herpes simp ...201323239485
persistent infection with neurotropic herpes viruses and cognitive impairment.herpes virus infections can cause cognitive impairment during and after acute encephalitis. although chronic, latent/persistent infection is considered to be relatively benign, some studies have documented cognitive impairment in exposed persons that is untraceable to encephalitis. these studies were conducted among schizophrenia (sz) patients or older community dwellers, among whom it is difficult to control for the effects of co-morbid illness and medications. to determine whether the associat ...201322975221
atypical presentation of exophytic herpes simplex virus type 2 with concurrent cytomegalovirus infection: a significant pitfall in diagnosis.we report 3 unusual cases of atypical exophytic cutaneous herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 with concurrent cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection in immunosuppressed patients and raise awareness to the significant clinical and pathologic challenges in establishing the correct diagnosis. in all the 3 cases, the lesions presented as fungating plaques and nodules with areas of superficial erosion. initial clinical differential included genital warts, syphilis, versus cutaneous malignancy. all the 3 patie ...201322534637
detection of herpes viruses in the cerebrospinal fluid of adults with suspected viral meningitis in malawi.we looked for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2, respectively), varicella zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) dna in malawian adults with clinically suspected meningitis.201322798048
prenatal maternal infection, neurodevelopment and adult schizophrenia: a systematic review of population-based studies.disruption of foetal development by prenatal maternal infection is consistent with a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. whether specific prenatal infections are involved, their timing and the mechanisms of any effect are all unknown. we addressed these questions through a systematic review of population-based studies.201322717193
etiology of genital ulcer disease and association with hiv infection in malawi.the world health organization recommends the use of syndromic management for patients presenting with genital ulcer disease (gud) in developing countries. however, effective treatment guidelines depend on a current country-specific gud etiological profile, which may change over time.201324220352
recombinant glycoprotein g analog for determination of specific immunoglobulins to herpes simplex virus type 2 by elisa.in order to the detection of type-specific igg to herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in human serum or plasma the recombinant analog of hsv-2 glycoprotein g (gg2) was created. to construct an expression vector the dna fragment with a sequence identical to immunodominant regions of hsv-2 gg2 was cloned into modified vector pet28a containing of the glutation-s-transferase sequence (pet28-gst). escherichia coli bl21 (de3) were transformed with the recombinant plasmid. the target protein was expres ...201323933396
antibiotic-free production of a herpes simplex virus 2 dna vaccine in a high yield cgmp process.two dna vaccine plasmids encoding herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) glycoprotein d, ntc8485-o2-gd2 and ntc8485-o2-ugd2tr, were produced at large scale under current good manufacturing practice (cgmp) for use in a phase i human clinical trial. these dna vaccines incorporate the regulatory agency compliant, minimal, antibiotic-free (af) ntc8485 mammalian expression vector. plasmid yields of>1 g/l were achieved using the hypergro™ fed-batch fermentation process, with successful scale up from 10 l ...201323899469
individual and network factors associated with prevalent hepatitis c infection among rural appalachian injection drug users.we determined the factors associated with hepatitis c (hcv) infection among rural appalachian drug users.201323153148
utilization and cost of diagnostic methods for sexually transmitted infection screening among insured american youth, 2008.private sector utilization and cost information on testing for sexually transmitted infections (stis) in the united states is limited.201323588123
the estimated direct medical cost of selected sexually transmitted infections in the united states, 2008.millions of cases of sexually transmitted infections (stis) occur in the united states each year, resulting in substantial medical costs to the nation. previous estimates of the total direct cost of stis are quite dated. we present updated direct medical cost estimates of stis in the united states.201323403600
safety and immunogenicity of a glycoprotein d genital herpes vaccine in healthy girls 10-17 years of age: results from a randomised, controlled, double-blind trial.the investigational as04-adjuvanted herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) glycoprotein d (gd2) subunit prophylactic vaccine ('hsv vaccine'; glaxosmithkline vaccines) has been shown to be well tolerated in adults, but limited data exist for pre-teen and adolescent girls, a likely target population. the primary objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of serious adverse events (saes) over 12 months between hsv vaccine recipients and saline recipients (placebo control group) in pre-teen ...201323850416
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 replication, and its activity may be mediated through dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (pdtc) is widely used as an antioxidant or an nf-κb inhibitor. it has been reported to inhibit the replication of human rhinoviruses, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and influenza virus. in this paper, we report that pdtc could inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2). pdtc suppressed the expression of hsv-1 and hsv-2 viral immediate early (ie) and late (membrane protein gd) genes and the production of viral progeny. this antiviral propert ...201323740985
[laboratory diagnosis of genital herpes--direct immunofluorescence method].aim of the study was to determine clinical usefulness of direct immunofluorescence method in the laboratory diagnosis of genital herpes in women.201324032273
comparison of simplexa hsv 1 & 2 pcr with culture, immunofluorescence, and laboratory-developed taqman pcr for detection of herpes simplex virus in swab specimens.the simplexa hsv 1 & 2 direct pcr assay was compared with conventional cell culture, cytospin-enhanced direct fluorescent antibody (dfa), and a laboratory-developed real-time taqman pcr (ldt hsv pcr) using extracted nucleic acid for the detection of herpes simplex virus (hsv) in dermal, genital, mouth, ocular, and other swab samples. one hundred seventy-one swabs were tested prospectively, and 58 were positive for hsv (34 hsv-1 and 24 hsv-2). cytospin-dfa detected 50 (86.2%), conventional cell c ...201324006008
silicone-acyclovir controlled release devices suppress primary herpes simplex virus-2 and varicella zoster virus infections in vitro.following initial infection, herpesviruses retreat into a permanent latent state with periodic reactivation resulting in an enhanced likelihood of transmission and clinical disease. the nucleoside analogue acyclovir reduces clinical symptoms of the three human alpha herpesviruses, hsv-1, hsv-2, and vzv. long-term administration of acyclovir (acv) can reduce the frequency and severity of reactivation, but its low bioavailability and short half-life require a daily drug regimen. our lab is working ...201323983683
seroprevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 antibodies in canadian women screened for enrolment in a herpes simplex virus vaccine trial.herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) infections continue to be among the most common and unrecognized sexually transmitted infections in the world. although treatable, hsv-1 and hsv-2 infections remain incurable. hence, there is interest in the development of a vaccine to prevent genital herpes. as part of a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test such a vaccine, healthy women 18-30 years were enrolled as volunteers in several canadian centres between 2005 and 2007. t ...201323970700
molecular characterization of herpes simplex virus 2 strains by analysis of microsatellite polymorphism.the complete 154-kbp linear double-stranded genomic dna sequence of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), consisting of two extended regions of unique sequences bounded by a pair of inverted repeat elements, was published in 1998 and since then has been widely employed in a wide range of studies. throughout the hsv-2 genome are scattered 150 microsatellites (also referred to as short tandem repeats) of 1- to 6-nucleotide motifs, mainly distributed in noncoding regions. microsatellites are considered r ...201323966512
susceptibility of human placenta derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells to human herpesviruses infection.fetal membranes (fm) derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (mscs) are higher in number, expansion and differentiation abilities compared with those obtained from adult tissues, including bone marrow. upon systemic administration, ex vivo expanded fm-mscs preferentially home to damaged tissues promoting regenerative processes through their unique biological properties. these characteristics together with their immune-privileged nature and immune suppressive activity, a low infection rate and you ...201323940750
herpes virus infection of the peripheral nervous system.among the human herpes viruses, three are neurotropic and capable of producing severe neurological abnormalities: herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv). both the acute, primary infection and the reactivation from the site of latent infection, the dorsal sensory ganglia, are associated with severe human morbidity and mortality. the peripheral nervous system is one of the major loci affected by these viruses. the present review details the virology an ...201323931801
herpes genitalis - topical zinc sulfate: an alternative therapeutic and modality.herpes genitalis is one of the commonest sexually transmitted infections in the world caused by herpes simplex virus (hsv) 1 and 2. all herpes viruses show latency. herpes genitalis caused by hsv-1 and hsv-2 is recurrent in 55 and 90% of case respectively.201323919052
antiviral agents for herpes simplex virus.this review starts with a brief description of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2), the clinical diseases they cause, and the continuing clinical need for antiviral chemotherapy. a historical overview describes the progress from the early, rather toxic antivirals to acyclovir (acv) which led the way for its prodrug, valacyclovir, to penciclovir and its prodrug, famciclovir (fcv). these compounds have been the mainstay of hsv therapy for two decades and have established a remarka ...201323885997
zinc ionophores pyrithione inhibits herpes simplex virus replication through interfering with proteasome function and nf-κb activation.pyrithione (pt), known as a zinc ionophore, is effective against several pathogens from the streptococcus and staphylococcus genera. the antiviral activity of pt was also reported against a number of rna viruses. in this paper, we showed that pt could effectively inhibit herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2). pt inhibited hsv late gene (glycoprotein d, gd) expression and the production of viral progeny, and this action was dependent on zn(2+). further studies showed that pt suppre ...201323867132
application of shrna-containing herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)-based gene therapy for hsv-2-induced genital herpes.hsv-1-based vectors have been widely used to achieve targeted delivery of genes into the nervous system. in the current study, we aim to use shrna-containing hsv-1-based gene delivery system for the therapy of hsv-2 infection. guinea pigs were infected intravaginally with hsv-2 and scored daily for 100 days for the severity of vaginal disease. hsv-2 shrna-containing hsv-1 was applied intravaginally daily between 8 and 14 days after hsv-2 challenge. delivery of hsv-2 shrna-containing hsv-1 had no ...201323845900
pcr for detection of herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid: alternative acceptance criteria for diagnostic workup.the determination of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection using a pcr assay is one of the most commonly requested tests for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (csf), although only a very low proportion of results are positive. a previously reported study showed that selecting only those csf samples with >5 leukocytes/mm(3) or a protein level of >50 mg/dl was adequate for the diagnostic workup. the aim of the present study was to assess the reliability of alternative acceptance criteria based on ele ...201323804382
acute retinal necrosis in a neonate.to report an unusual case of dizygotic twins, in whom one neonate developed acute retinal necrosis from herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2.201325383815
recent issues in herpes simplex encephalitis.herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) remains the most important cause of fatal sporadic encephalitis in man. caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), and more rarely by hsv-2, it can have devastating clinical consequences for the patient, especially when the instigation of acyclovir therapy has been delayed by more than 2 days or more. even with acyclovir treatment, nearly a third of patients may die or suffer significant morbidity. both host and viral factors may interact to affect the clini ...201323775137
role of immediate early protein icp27 in the differential sensitivity of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 to leptomycin b.leptomycin b (lmb) is a highly specific inhibitor of crm1, a cellular karyopherin-β that transports nuclear export signal-containing proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. previous work has shown that lmb blocks herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) replication in vero cells and that certain mutations in viral immediate early protein icp27 can confer lmb resistance. however, little is known of the molecular mechanisms involved. here we report that hsv-2, a close relative of hsv-1, is naturally res ...201323740995
increased carotid intima-media thickness associated with antibody responses to varicella-zoster virus and cytomegalovirus in hiv-infected patients.we investigated the relationship of the herpesviridiae with inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis in hiv-infected patients.201323717597
isolation of herpes simplex viruses by chick embryo culture.the chick embryo is a versatile host system in diagnostic virology, especially for isolation of herpes simplex viruses. in this study, samples obtained from 57 clinically diagnosed patients with active herpetic lesions (35 genital & 22 non-genital) were cultured by chick embryo method for isolation of herpes simplex virus. after inoculation onto the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) of 10-11 days old chick embryo, typical cam reactions (pocks) appeared in 23(40.3%) samples after 3 days. cam reactio ...201323715363
t-cell immunity to human alphaherpesviruses.human alphaherpesviruses (αhhv) - herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), hsv-2, and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) - infect mucosal epithelial cells, establish a lifelong latent infection of sensory neurons, and reactivate intermittingly to cause recrudescent disease. although chronic αhhv infections co-exist with brisk t-cell responses, t-cell immune suppression is associated with worsened recurrent infection. induction of αhhv-specific t-cell immunity is complex and results in poly-specific cd4 an ...201323664660
use of a comprehensive polymerase chain reaction system for diagnosis of ocular infectious diseases.to measure the genomic dna of ocular infectious pathogens in ocular fluids and to analyze the clinical relevance of these pathogens in uveitis and endophthalmitis.201323664179
the identities and anti-herpes simplex virus activity of clinacanthus nutans and clinacanthus siamensis.to distinguish the difference among the clinacanthus nutans (burm. f.) lindau (c. nutans) and clinacanthus siamensis bremek (c. siamensis) by assessing pharmacognosy characteristics, molecular aspect and also to evaluate their anti-herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and type 2 activities.201323620852
herpes simplex virus type 2 coinfection does not accelerate cd4 count decline in untreated hiv infection.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) reactivations are associated with increased hiv load, but whether hsv-2 coinfection accelerates hiv disease is unclear. we compared rates of cd4 count decline according to hsv-2 status in untreated hiv-infected adults.201323572481
overcoming drug-resistant herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection by a humanized antibody.despite the availability of antiviral chemotherapy, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) infections remain a severe global health problem. of particular concern is the growing incidence of drug resistance in immunocompromised patients, which stresses the urgency to develop new effective treatment alternatives. we have developed a humanized monoclonal antibody (mab hu2c) that completely abrogates viral cell-to-cell spread, a key mechanism by which hsv-1/2 escapes humoral immune ...201323569258
current status of herpesvirus identification in the oral cavity of hiv-infected children.some viruses of the herpesviridae family are frequently the etiologic agents of oral lesions associated with hiv. the aim of this study was to identify the presence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2), varicella zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), human herpesvirus type 6, type 7 and type 8 (hhv-6, hhv-7 and hhv-8) in the oral cavity of hiv-infected children/adolescents and verify the association between viral subtypes and clinical factors ...201323563819
different mechanisms regulate productive herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 infections in adult trigeminal neurons.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 establish latency in different neuronal subtypes (a5+ and kh10+) in murine trigeminal ganglia, results which correlate with restricted productive infection in these neurons in vitro. hsv-2 latency-associated transcript (lat) contains a cis-acting regulatory element near the transcription start site that promotes productive infection in a5+ neurons and a second element in exon 1 that inhibits productive infection in kh10+ neurons. hsv-1 contains no such re ...201323514893
genome sequence of a chimpanzee herpesvirus and its relation to other primate alphaherpesviruses.this study reports the complete genome sequence of chimpanzee herpesvirus (chhv), an alphaherpesvirus isolated from a chimpanzee. although closely related to human herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv2), the level of sequence diversity confirms that chhv is sufficiently distinct to be considered a member of a different virus species rather than a variant strain of hsv2. phylogenetic comparison with other simplexviruses at several levels supports the hypothesis that hsv2 and chhv co-evolved with thei ...201323508549
in vivo anti-herpes simplex virus activity of a sulfated derivative of agaricus brasiliensis mycelial polysaccharide.agaricus brasiliensis (syn. a. subrufescens), a basidiomycete fungus native to the atlantic forest in brazil, contains cell walls rich in glucomannan polysaccharides. the β-(1 → 2)-gluco-β-(1 → 3)-mannan was isolated from a. brasiliensis mycelium, chemically modified by sulfation, and named mi-s. mi-s has multiple mechanisms of action, including inhibition of herpes simplex virus (hsv) attachment, entry, and cell-to-cell spread (f. t. g. s. cardozo, c. m. camelini, a. mascarello, m. j. rossi, r. ...201323507287
the herpes simplex virus 2 ul21 protein is essential for virus propagation.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is an important human pathogen that is the major cause of genital herpes infections and a significant contributor to the epidemic spread of human immunodeficiency virus infections. the ul21 gene is conserved throughout the alphaherpesvirinae subfamily and encodes a tegument protein that is dispensable for hsv-1 and pseudorabies virus replication in cultured cells; however, its precise functions have not been determined. to investigate the role of ul21 in the hsv-2 ...201323487471
herpes simplex virus 2 expresses a novel form of icp34.5, a major viral neurovirulence factor, through regulated alternative splicing.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2, two closely related neurotropic human herpesviruses, achieve neurotropism through icp34.5, a major viral neurovirulence factor. in this report, in addition to the full-length 38-kda protein (icp34.5α), we identified a 28-kda novel form of icp34.5 (icp34.5β) in hsv-2-infected cells. icp34.5β is translated from unspliced icp34.5 mrna, with the retained intron introducing a premature stop codon. thus, icp34.5β lacks the c-terminal conserved gadd34 domain bu ...201323487469
binding of transmembrane mucins to galectin-3 limits herpesvirus 1 infection of human corneal keratinocytes.epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces impose multiple barriers to viral infection. at the ocular surface, the carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-3 maintains barrier function by cross-linking transmembrane mucins on the apical glycocalyx. despite these defense mechanisms, many viruses have evolved to exploit fundamental cellular processes on host cells. here, we use affinity assays to show that herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), but not hsv-2, binds human galectin-3. knockdown of galectin ...201323487460
high-purity preparation of hsv-2 vaccine candidate acam529 is immunogenic and efficacious in vivo.genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (sti) caused by herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) and to a lesser extent herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1). infection by hsv-2 is life-long and is associated with significant cost to healthcare systems and social stigma despite the highly prevalent nature of the disease. for instance, the proportion of hsv-2 seropositive to seronegative adults is approximately 1 in 5 in the us and greater than 4 in 5 in some areas of sub-saharan africa. the replicatio ...201323468943
immunogenicity and safety of different formulations of an adjuvanted glycoprotein d genital herpes vaccine in healthy adults: a double-blind randomized trial.herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 (hsv-2) is the main cause of genital and neonatal herpes and is highly prevalent worldwide. previous phase i and ii studies showed the immunogenicity and safety of the candidate prophylactic hsv-2 glycoprotein d-based subunit vaccine (gd2-as04), containing aluminum hydroxide and 3-o-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl) as adjuvant (as04), in healthy adults. the primary objective of the study presented here was to compare the immunogenicity and safety of five ...201323434737
dendrimers functionalized with membrane-interacting peptides for viral inhibition.this contribution reports the synthesis of a poly(amide)-based dendrimer functionalized at the termini with a membrane-interacting peptide derived from the herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 glycoprotein h, namely gh625-644. this peptide has been shown to interact with model membranes and to inhibit viral infectivity. the peptidodendrimer inhibits both hsv-1 and hsv-2 at a very early stage of the entry process, most likely through an interaction with the viral envelope glycoproteins; thus, preven ...201323429490
immune regulation of human herpesviruses and its implications for human transplantation.human herpesviruses including cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, hhv6, hhv7, hhv8, herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 and hsv-2 and varicella zoster virus (vzv) have developed an intricate relationship with the human immune system. this is characterized by the interplay between viral immune evasion mechanisms that promote the establishment of a lifelong persistent infection and the induction of a broad humoral and cellular immune response, which prevents the establishment of viral disease. understan ...201323347211
activity and mechanism of action of hdvd, a novel pyrimidine nucleoside derivative with high levels of selectivity and potency against gammaherpesviruses.a novel nucleoside analogue, 1-[(2s,4s-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]5-vinylpyrimidine-2,4(1h,3h)-dione, or hdvd, was evaluated against a wide variety of herpesviruses and was found to be a highly selective inhibitor of replication of the gammaherpesviruses kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv). hdvd had also a pronounced inhibitory activity against murine herpesvirus 68 (mhv-68) and herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1). in contrast, replication of herpesvir ...201323345517
synergistic activity of amenamevir (asp2151) with nucleoside analogs against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus.asp2151 (amenamevir) is a helicase-primase complex inhibitor with antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus hsv-1, hsv-2, and varicella-zoster virus (vzv). to assess combination therapy of asp2151 with existing antiherpes agents against hsv-1, hsv-2, and vzv, we conducted in vitro and in vivo studies of two-drug combinations. the combination activity effect of asp2151 with nucleoside analogs acyclovir (acv), penciclovir (pcv), or vidarabine (vdb) was tested via plaque-reduction assay and m ...201323261844
plasmacytoid dendritic cells contribute to systemic but not local antiviral responses to hsv infections.plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) produce type i interferons (ifn-i) and proinflammatory cytokines in response to viruses; however, their contribution to antiviral immunity in vivo is unclear. in this study, we investigated the impact of pdc depletion on local and systemic antiviral responses to herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections using clec4c-dtr transgenic mice. we found that pdc do not appear to influence viral burden or survival after vaginal hsv-2 infection, nor do they seem to contribut ...201324204273
development and clinical validation of a multiplex real-time pcr assay for herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus.herpes simplex virus (hsv) and varicella zoster virus (vzv) are related members of the herpesviridae family and are well-documented human pathogens causing a spectrum of diseases, from mucocutaneous disease to infections of the central nervous system. this study was carried out to evaluate and validate the performance of a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay in detecting and differentiating hsv1, hsv2, and vzv from clinical samples. consensus pcr primers for hsv were design ...201324193006
single dose of glycoprotein k (gk)-deleted hsv-1 live-attenuated virus protects mice against lethal vaginal challenge with hsv-1 and hsv-2 and induces lasting t cell memory immune responses.herpes simplex virus type-1(hsv-1) and hsv-2 are important human pathogens that cause significant ocular and urogenital complications, respectively. we have previously shown that hsv-1 virions lacking glycoprotein k (gk) are unable to enter into neurons via synaptic axonal membranes and be transported in either retrograde or anterograde manner. here, we tested the ability of hsv-1 (f) gk-null to protect against lethal challenge with either highly virulent ocular hsv-1 (mckrae strain), or genital ...201324165088
antiherpetic effects of gynura procumbens.the ethanol extract of gynura procumbens showed virucidal and antireplicative actions against herpes simplex virus hsv-1 and hsv-2. it was further chromatographed on mci gel chp20p column giving the extract fractions f1 (water), f2 (water-methanol) f3 (methanol), and f4 (ethyl acetate). all but f1 had virucidal action against both viral types. we reported here the active compounds from f2 and f3. the antiherpetic compounds of f2 was a mixture of dicaffeoylquinic acids with virucidal and antirepl ...201324159345
herpes simplex virus drug-resistance: new mutations and insights.acyclovir (acv) is the first-line treatment for the management of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2) diseases. long-term administration of the drug for the treatment of chronic infections in the immunocompromised host can lead to the development of acv-resistance. this review provides an update of the mutations linked to drug-resistance and issues to be considered in the management of hsv infections refractory to antiviral therapy.201324152761
update on herpes virus infections of the nervous system.herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are human neurotropic viruses that establish latent infection in dorsal root ganglia (drg) for the entire life of the host. from the drg they can reactivate to cause human morbidity and mortality. although they vary, in part, in the clinical disorders they cause, and in their molecular structure, they share several features that govern the biology of their infection of the human nervous system. hsv-1 is the causative agent of encephalitis, c ...201324142852
the etiology of infectious proctitis in men who have sex with men differs according to hiv status.we compared the spectrum of pathogens responsible for infectious proctitis between hiv-positive and hiv-negative men who have sex with men. only 32% of men with herpes simplex virus (hsv)-associated proctitis had visible external anal ulceration.the etiology of infectious proctitis among hiv-positive and hiv-negative men is as follows: chlamydia (23.4% vs. 21.7%, p = 0.7), gonorrhea (13.4% vs. 10.8%, p = 0.5), hsv-1 (14.2% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.04), hsv-2 (22% vs. 12.3%, p = 0.03), lymphogranuloma ven ...201324275725
the synthesis, antiviral, cytostatic and cytotoxic evaluation of a new series of acyclonucleotide analogues with a 1,2,3-triazole linker.the efficient synthesis of a new series of acyclonucleotide analogues with a 1,2,3-triazole linker is described starting from diethyl azidomethyl-, 2-azidoethyl-, 3-azidopropyl-, 4-azidobutyl-, 2-azido-1-hydroxyethyl-, 3-azido-2-hydroxypropyl- and 3-azido-1-hydroxypropylphosphonates and selected alkynes under microwave irradiation. several o,o-diethylphosphonate acyclonucleotides were transformed into the respective phosphonic acids. all compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against a b ...201324219992
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