Publications

isolation and characterization of two hemoglobins found in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.		1957	13505830
immediate reaction to x-irradiation of the red-eared turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans).		1960	13754166
immediate reaction of the red-eared turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans) to x-irradiation.		1961	13754165
olfactory and visual learning in the red-eared terrapin, pseudemys scripta elegans (wied.).		1962	14042403
[structure and ultrastructure of the epiphysis of a cheilonian, pseudemys scripta elegans].		1964	14190530
some effects of bleeding on the iron metabolism of normal and of starved turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans).		1965	5884104
the effect of bleeding and starvation on blood volumes and peripheral hemogram of the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.		1965	5880322
general and comparative biology of experimental atmospheres and other stress conditions: experiments with the turtle, pseudemys scripta-elegans.		1965	14288901
[synaptic ultrastructures in the epiphysis of the chelonia. presence of synaptic bands at the level of articulations between pseudosensory cells and nerve terminals in the epiphysis of pseudemys scripta elegans and pseudemys picta].		1968	4298323
buoyancy control in the freshwater turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	freshwater turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans) significantly corrected experimental displacements of their specific gravity. by reciprocally changing the volumes of lung air and stored water, they set their buoyancy and maintained their body volume. the cloacal bursae may be the active site for water storage and exchange in this mechanism.	1969	5360591
eimeria scriptae n. sp. (sporozoa: eimeriidae) from the red-eared turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.		1969	5387948
retinal oil globule counts and distributions in two species of turtles: pseudemys scripta elegans (wied) and chelonia mydas mydas (linnaeus).		1970	5435015
a new plasma kinin in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.		1970	5485284
changes in heart and skeletal muscle cytochrome oxidase activity during anaerobiosis in the freshwater turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.		1970	4322174
distribution of integumental tyrosinase activity in red-eared turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.		1970	4988165
the effect of temperature on ventilation in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.		1971	5568457
mechanical basis for lung volume variability in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.		1971	5545687
ultrastructural survey of the retina of pseudemys scripta elegans.		1972	4653338
activities, intracellular localization and kinetic properties of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate kinase and malate dehydrogenase in turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans) liver, heart and skeletal muscle.		1973	4757958
studies on anaerobic metabolism in the fresh-water turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans).		1973	4404869
detection and resolution of visual stimuli by turtle photoreceptors.	1. hyperpolarizing responses up to 30 mv in amplitude were recorded from cones and from certain cells believed to be rods in the isolated retina of the swamp turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.2. the responses evoked by weak flashes of light reach their maximum in 100-140 msec in red-sensitive cones, 140-180 msec in green-sensitive cones, and 300-600 msec in the rod-like cells (20 degrees c).3. the cone response evoked by weak flashes of light is linearly related to light intensity and obeys the ...	1973	4766219
ultrastructural studies on the relationship between follicular cells and growing oocytes in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.		1973	4756246
behavior of phosphofructokinase during the aerobic-anaerobic transition period in the isolated perfused turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans) heart.		1973	4268971
potential pathogens in the environment: isolation, enumeration, and identification of seven genera of intestinal bacteria associated with small green pet turtles.	bacteriological analyses were performed on fecal swabs and the aquarium water of 27 individually purchased specimens of the small green pet turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. representatives of aeromonas, citrobacter, enterobacter, klebsiella, proteus, salmonella, and serratia were isolated. enterobacter, klebsiella, and salmonella were encountered in 20% or more of the specimens, whereas aeromonas was isolated from 63%. klebsiella pneumoniae counts ranged from 10(3) to 10(4) per milliliter of a ...	1973	4572984
organization of on-off cells in the retina of the turtle.	1. the organization of central and peripheral responses for one type of spike-producing cell in the retina of the turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans) has been studied. these cells produced a short burst of spikes following the onset and offset of a small spot of illumination (i.e. on-off cells). the effect of increasing the area of illumination was to include a peripheral inhibition. intracellular on and off responses were, however, affected differently.2. on-off cells marked intracellularly with ...	1973	4702424
electrical responses of double cones in the turtle retina.	1. responses to monochromatic flashes were recorded intracellularly from double cones in the retina of the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. double cones have been identified by intracellular marking with procion yellow dye.2. the direct light response of a double cone is a hyperpolarization graded with the intensity of a flash and similar to the response of single cones.3. when flashes were dim, responses were proportional to light intensity but varied in time course as a function of wave-leng ...	1974	4141369
interactions leading to horizontal cell responses in the turtle retina.	1. small responses to large fields of dim monochromatic lights were recorded intracellularly from luminosity horizontal cells (l-cells), chromaticity horizontal cells (c-cells) and cones in the retinae of turtles, pseudemys scripta elegans.2. responses of cones to brief flashes applied over steady backgrounds were studied in order to interpret the corresponding responses of horizontal cells. steady red or green backgrounds make the responses of red-sensitive cones smaller, faster and often dipha ...	1974	4852507
heart rate and physiological thermoregulation in a basking turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.		1974	4151826
effects of prolonged diving anoxia on the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.		1974	4156263
an ultrastructural study of the oral mucous membrane of the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.		1974	4844603
effect of starvation on fructose diphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase activities in organs of pseudemys (chrysemys) scripta elegans.		1975	164319
two new species of the genus caminacarus (acarina: cloacaridae) from turtles in louisiana.	caminacarus chrysemys sp. n. and caminacarus terrapenae sp. n. are described from the cloaca of chrysemys scripta elegans and terrapene carolina in louisiana. the former species is very similar to caminacarus deirochelys but differs in the form of the dorsal shield which has longer lateral elongations and the median dorsal elongation does not extend to the genital sclerite, structure of the anterodorsal wall of the gnathosomal base which is closed forming a ringlike apodeme, and structure of the ...	1975	1117354
the effects of induced cold torpor and time of year on blood coagulation in pseudemys scripta elegans and chrysemys picta belli.		1975	236129
plasma amino acids in reptiles after feeding protein or amino acids and after injecting amino acids.	turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans) and alligators (alligator mississipiensis) were fed fish, casein, or free amino acid mixtures, or were injected with free amino acid mixtures, quantities in each case being equivalent to about 42 mmoles of amino acids/kg body weight. the experiments were designed to determine whether protein synthesis normally precedes catabolism of the amino acids absorbed from digesting food. both animals disposed of free or food-derived amino acids more rapidly than could b ...	1976	939990
descending pathways from the brain stem to the spinal cord in some reptiles. i. origin.	in the present study of the origin of the pathways descending from the brain stem to the spinal cord has been investigated in the reptiles testudo hermanni, pseudemys scripta elegans, tupinambis nigropunctatus and python reticulatus. these reptiles, using highly different types of progression, have been selected, because fundamental variations in the organization of the central motor apparatus are to be expected. the origin of the descending pathways has been demonstrated by recording the occurr ...	1976	1270628
effects of temperature transients on gas exchange and acid-base status of turtles.	pulmonary ventilation (ve), o2 consumption (vo2), and co2 production (vco2) were measured continuously on each of 10 turtles, pseudemys scripta elegans, at 20 degrees c, during and for 1 h after heating to 30 degrees c and during and for 1 h after cooling to 20 degrees c. in seven of the animals, arterial blood was sampled at the three temperature plateaus. ventilatory ratios (ve/vo2 and ve/vco2) and metabolic rate adjusted promptly to temperature change, stabilizing at values similar to those o ...	1976	5899
non-pulmonary co2 loss during diving in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.		1976	9231
the relation between intercellular coupling and electrical noise in turtle photoreceptors.	1. intracellular recordings from cones and rods in the retina of the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, revealed that in darkness the cell voltage fluctuated spontaneously about its mean level. the fluctuations were reduced during bright steady illmination of the cell often to a level close to that obtained with the electrode outside the cell where the noise did not change significantly during illumination. 2. the magnitude of the intrinsic dark noise (voltage variance in darkness minus voltage ...	1976	1018249
spatial properties of horizontal cell responses in the turtle retina.	1. intracellular recordings were made from horizontal cells in the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans. spatial properties of the responses were determined using brief flashes of monochromatic light. 2. for a light stimulus in the form of a long narrow slit the peak response decayed approximately exponentially with displacement from the centred position. 3. with variation in the area of a centred circular patch, the peak response increased in a graded manner with stimulus area but was ...	1976	1018237
a technique for intravenous injection in the red-eared turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans).	a technique is described for exposure and injection of the jugular vein in the red-eared turtle. satisfactory anaesthesia and muscular relaxation for this procedure was obtained by intramuscular injection of a mixture of chloral hydrate and sodium pentobarbital at a dose of 2.5 ml/kg bodyweight. induction time was 30-45 minutes. time for surgical procedure 30-45 minutes. recovery time 1-8 hours.	1976	979135
the effect of hypothalamic thermal stimulation on respiration in the turtle.	cumulative oxygen consumption (vo2) and oxygen consumption per unit time were measured for fresh water turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans) as hypothalamic stimulation was applied. stimulation was provided by means of a thermode at 9-2o c (cold), 27o c (sham), and 55-60 degrees c (hot). a statistically significant increase in mean cumulative oxygen consumption was noted for hot stimulation as compared to control value. a less dramatic but significant decrease in mean cumulative oxygen consumption ...	1976	932666
analysis of electrical noise in turtle cones.	1. properties of the light-sensitive voltage noise in cones in the retina of the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, have been studied by intracellular recording.2. suppression of the noise by light was a function of the hyperpolarizing response of a cone but not of the size or pattern of illumination.3. power density spectra of the noise were fitted in many cones by the product of two lorentzians with characteristic time constants tau(1) and tau(2) averaging 40 and 7 msec respectively. the spect ...	1977	592199
some comparative aspects of the organ distribution of superoxide dismutase activity in the freshwater turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	1. superoxide dismutase activities in five tissues of the relatively anaerobic freshwater turtle were compared with sod activities in the same tissues of two mammalian species (mouse and rabbit) with a more usual pattern of dependence on o2 availability. 2. sod activities in brain, lung and skeletal muscle, but not liver or cardiac muscle, are significantly lower in the turtle. the turtle also shows differences in the pattern of relative sod activities in various tissues as compared to the two m ...	1977	318271
effect of dry versus wet bowl environment on pet turtles.	recently hatched, certified salmonella-free, red-eared slider turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans) were obtained from a commercial breeder. half of the turtles were kept in a traditional wet-bowl environment, whereas the other half lived in individual dry-bowl environments, except for 30 minutes each day when they were immersed in water and were fed. both groups were fed commercial turtle food. during the 26 weeks of the study, individual weight and general observations were recorded for each tur ...	1978	629431
activation of latent salmonella and arizona organisms by dehydration of red-eared turtles, pseudemys scripta-elegans.	salmonella and arizona organisms could not be isolated from water samples, feces, and tissues of turtles prior to the experiment. after stressing, salmonella organisms were isolated from tissues of 7 of 27 stressed turtles and from only 1 of 12 unstressed turtles. arizona organisms were isolated from 9 of 36 stressed turtles whereas results for all 12 unstressed turtles were negative.	1978	637401
membrane recycling in the cone cell endings of the turtle retina.	the ultrastructural effects of dark, light, and low temperature were investigated in the cone cell endings of the red-eared turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans). thin sections revealed that in dark-adapted retinas maintained at 22 degrees c, the neural processes which contact the cone cells at the invaginating synapses penetrated deeply into the photoreceptor endings. when dark-adapted retinas were illuminated for 1 h at 22 degrees c, the invaginating processes were apparently extruded from the sy ...	1978	730768
horizontal cells of the turtle retina. ii. analysis of interconnections between photoreceptor cells and horizontal cells by light microscopy.	criteria were established whereby the chief and accessory members of double cones, red-, green-, and blue-sensitive single cones, and rods could be distinguished from one another in 1-micrometer sections through the retinas of pseudemys scripta elegans and chelydra serpentina. criteria included the presence of absence of an oil droplet, the size, color, and radial position of the oil droplet, the size and shape of the inner and outer segments, and the shape orientation of the connection between ...	1978	730848
the responses of amacrine cells to light and intracellularly applied currents.	1. intracellular responses to light were recorded from amacrine cells in the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans. 2. the recorded responses were identified on the basis of physiological criteria reported previously (marchiafava, 1976). amacrine cells produced transient 'on' and 'off' depolarizing responses irrespective of the retinal area illuminated and of wavelength. 3. the transient depolarizing responses increased by enlarging the illuminated circle up to 120 micrometer in radius. ...	1978	565815
quantitative anatomy of the lungs of the red-eared turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	morphometric and sterological methods were employed to evaluate the anatomical gas-exchange potential of the lungs of the fresh-water turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. the total lung volume and lung wet weight increase with the 1.4 power of body weight. right and left lungs are similar in size and shape, containing a tissue-free central lumen, which occupies 55 per cent of the maximally inflated lung. the remainder is parenchyma, composed of 90 per cent air and 10 per cent tissue, with an effec ...	1978	741106
helminth parasites of the red-eared turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans) in central arkansas.		1978	739316
structure of anterior dorsal ventricular ridge in a turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans).		1978	731705
the fine structure of the anterior median eminence in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans (wied).		1979	554565
effects of sustained oxygen depletion on tissue pyruvate kinase activities in the freshwater turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	1. the effect of sustained (48 hr) oxygen depletion on tissue (brain, heart, skeletal muscle) pyruvate kinase (pyki) activities was examined in the pond turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans). 2. pyki activities in skeletal muscle are significantly increased (from 322 +/- 84 to 450 +/- 95) following 48 hr of tissue hypoxia. pyki activities in brain may already be elevated under ambient conditions but do not change following prolonged submersion (334 +/- 75 vs 325 +/- 77). cardiac muscle pyki is actu ...	1979	318413
interactions between tectal radial cells in the red-eared turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans: an analysis of tectal modules.	the optic tectum is a major subdivision of the visual system in reptiles. previous studies have characterized the laminar pattern, the neuronal populations, and the afferent and efferent connections of the optic tectum in a variety of reptiles. however, little is known about the interactions that occur between neurons within the tectum. this study describes two kinds of interactions that occur between one major class of neurons, the radial cells, in the optic tectum of pseudemys using nissl, gol ...	1979	228046
organization of nucleus rotundus, a tectofugal thalamic nucleus in turtles. i. nissl and golgi analyses.	this study consists of a detailed cytoarchitectonic and golgi analysis of a major tectofugal thalamic nucleus in the red-eared turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. neurons in nucleus rotundus have a unimodal soma size distribution and a common dendritic branching pattern. they have long dendrites which undergo sparse, dichotomous branchings and contribute to dendritic fields that cover a third to half the dimensions of the nucleus. spicules, 1-2 mu long, and complex appendages, 5-20 mu long, are f ...	1979	458858
quantitative studies of retinal ganglion cells in a turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. i. number and distribution of ganglion cells.	multiple pathways for the transmission of visual information from retina to brain have been described in reptiles, but little is known about their functional organization. these parallel channels begin at the retina, and we have therefore begun to study the functional organization of retinal ganglion cells in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. this paper describes the numbers and distribution of cells in the ganglion cell layer. to develop criteria for the identification of ganglion cells, w ...	1979	457929
the mechanism of spinal control of reflex hind limb movements in the terrapin pseudemys scripta elegans [proceedings].		1979	490344
cells of origin of pathways descending to the spinal cord in some quadrupedal reptiles.	the cells of origin of pathways descending to the spinal cord have been determined in several quadrupedal reptiles, viz., the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans and testudo hermanni and the lizards tupinambis nigropunctatus and varanus exanthematicus, following a technique introduced by kuypers and maisky ('75). this technique was very effective in producing retrograde transport of hrp to a great many neurons in the hypothalamus and in the brain stem. projections from the hypothalamus (the nucleus ...	1980	7419757
propriospinal fibers interconnecting the spinal enlargements in some quadrupedal reptiles.	the cells of origin, course and site of termination of long propriospinal fibers interconnecting the intumescences have been studied with the aid of the horseradish peroxidase technique, as well as with anterograde degeneration techniques, in some quadrupedal reptiles (the lizards tupinambis nigropunctatus and varanus exanthematicus, and the turtles testudo hermanni and pseudemys scripta elegans). the anterograde degeneration findings suggest that long descending propriospinal fibers from the ce ...	1980	6933169
baroreflex sensitivity in an amphibian, rana catesbeiana, and a reptilian, pseudemys scripta elegans.	an inverse relationship between heart rate and systematic arterial pressure is demonstrated in unanesthetized bullfrogs (rana catesbeiana) and red-eared turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans). drug-induced elevation of systemic blood pressure resulted in proportional decreases in heart rate and lengthening of the pulse interval. conversely, nitroglycerin-induced decreases in blood pressure produced compensatory increases in heart rate. this relationship in frogs is defined by y = 25.4x + 1684, and ...	1980	6970247
comparison of the pineal complex, retina and cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons by immunocytochemical antirhodopsin reaction.	the presence of rhodopsin was investigated by an indirect immunocytochemical method in the pineal complex of various vertebrates (carassius auratus, cyprinus carpio, hypophthalamichthys molitrix, lucioperca lucioperca, triturus vulgaris, bombina bombina, rana esculenta, pseudemys scripta elegans, lacerta agilis et viridis, white leghorn chickens, rat), in the retina of lebistes reticulatus, lucioperca lucioperca, rana esculenta, lacerta agilis, pseudemys scripta elegans, the chicken and the rat, ...	1980	7456628
intracellular analysis and structural correlates of the organization of inputs to ganglion cells in the retina of the turtle.	intracellular recording from the ganglion cells of the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans shows that the photoresponses are characterized by either of two reversal potentials. these have been related to the bipolar and amacrine cell inputs to ganglion cells. of the recorded ganglion cells, 33% (type a) are driven predominantly by one type of input, attributed to bipolar cells. other ganglion cells (66%, type b) receive a mixed input from bipolar and amacrine cells. type a ganglion ce ...	1980	6105651
photoreceptor signals at visual threshold.	electrical responses of cone photoreceptors in the retina of the freshwater turtle have been characterised for flashes and steps of light in darkness and in the presence of background light. these intracellular measurements have been combined with the behavioural increment threshold curve to yield an estimate of 5-10 muv for the signal developed in a cone when the turtle can just detect an increment flash. the signal developed when the cones under the stimulus image are dark-adapted is of intere ...	1980	7360231
the frequency selectivity of auditory nerve fibres and hair cells in the cochlea of the turtle.	1. the electrical responses of single auditory nerve fibres or cochlear hair cells were recorded in the isolated half-head of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans. responses to sound stimuli presented to the tympanum could be recorded for at least 4 hr after isolation.2. impulses were recorded extracellularly from single auditory nerve fibres. for tones of suprathreshold intensity the impulses occurred with a preferred phase relation (i.e. they were phase-locked) to the cycles of the sound stimu ...	1980	7463380
light responses of ganglion cells in the retina of the turtle.	1. recordings were made from single axons of 218 ganglion cells in the optic nerve of the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. responses to light stimuli were used to classify 182 of the cells into four functional groups.2. movement-sensitive cells (113 units) responded best to moving stimuli independent of the stimulus colour or direction of motion. their receptive fields were organized into antagonistic centres and surrounds with the same spectral sensitivity. based on their patterns of response ...	1980	7381765
substance p-like immunoreactivity in cerebellar mossy fibers and terminals in the red-eared turtle, chrysemys scripta elegans.		1980	6158019
light- and electron-microscopic demonstration of immunoreactive opsin in the pinealocytes of various vertebrates.	an antibody to opsin isolated from rod outer segments of the frog retina was applied in light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemical studies to the pineal organ of various vertebrates (cyprinus carpio, carassius auratus, rana esculenta, emys orbicularis, pseudemys scripta elegans, lacerta agilis and viridis. gallus domesticus, columba livia, melopsittacus undulatus, serinus canaria, taeniopyga punctata, didelphis virginiana, erinaceus roumanicus, myotis myotis, rabbit, rat, cat).	1981	6458362
anatomical distribution of estrogen target neurons in turtle brain.	autoradiographic studies with [3h]estradiol-17 beta in red-eared turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans) show concentration and retention of radioactivity in nuclei of neurons in certain regions. accumulations of estrogen target neurons exist in the periventricular brain with relationships to ventral extensions of the forebrain ventricles, including parolfactory, amygdaloid, septal, preoptic, hypothalamic and thalamic areas, as well as the dorsal ventricular ridge, the piriform cortex, and midbrain-p ...	1981	7317778
atrophic gastritis in a hermann's tortoise (testudo hermanni) and two red-eared turtles (chrysemys scripta elegans).	atrophic gastritis, with concomitant pseudopyloric metaplasia, occurred in a tortoise and 2 turtles. mild gastritis, with some atrophy of gastric glands and minor loss or oxynticopeptic cells which were replaced by mucous cells, was observed in the hermann 's tortoise (testudo hermanni). chronic atrophic gastritis, characterized by inflammation and atrophy of glandular elements, with changes resembling pseudopyloric metaplasia, was seen in 2 red-eared turtles (chrysemys scripta elegans). the 3 a ...	1981	7340590
sensory transduction and neuronal transmission as related to ultrastructure and encoding of information in different labyrinthine receptor systems of vertebrates.	mechano-electric transduction and neuronal transmission were studied in sensory systems ascending from and descending to single receptor cells of the labyrinth organs in submammalian vertebrates. the animals were young crocodiles (caiman crocodilus), geckos (gekko gecko, tarentola mauritanica), and turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans, chinemys reevesii). intracellular receptor potentials from the apical region of the hair cell (or from the ciliary surface) were recorded in the ampullar, macular, ...	1982	6289788
distribution and structural characterization of neurons giving rise to descending spinal projections in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	descending spinal projections were investigated in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans following injections of horseradish peroxidase and/or radioactive wheat germ agglutinin into the spinal cord at various levels. using various planes of section the cells of origin in the brainstem, cerebellum, and diencephalon were characterized according to their size, dendritic tree, and precise location. projections to levels as far caudal as the lumbar spinal cord were found to arise from medial and later ...	1982	7161413
afferent connections of the cerebellum in various types of reptiles.	the origin of cerebellar afferents was studied in various types of reptiles, viz., the turtles pseudemys scripta elegans and testudo hermanni, the lizard varanus exanthematicus, and the snake python regius, with retrograde tracers (the enzyme horseradish peroxidase and the fluorescent tracer "fast blue"). projections to the cerebellum were demonstrated from the nucleus of the basal optic root, the interstitial nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, the vestibular ganglion, and the ve ...	1982	7107986
the distribution of motoneurons innervating hindlimb muscles in the terrapin pseudemys scripta elegans.	the distribution of motoneurons innervating a number of hindlimb muscles in the spinal cord of the terrapin pseudemys scripta elegans was studied by means of intramuscularly injected horseradish peroxidase (hrp). it appeared that motoneurons innervating knee extensors were localized more rostrally in the spinal cord than those innervating knee flexors and hip retractors. muscles on the dorsal side of the limb were positioned more ventrally in the ventral horn compared to motoneurons innervating ...	1982	7070704
immunoreactive opsin in the pineal organ of reptiles and birds.	the presence of opsin was investigated with light microscopic immunocytochemistry in pinealocytes of reptiles and birds (emys orbicularis, pseudemys scripta elegans, lacerta agilis et viridis, gallus domesticus, columba livia, melopsittacus undulatus, serinus canaria, taeniopyga punctate). the outer segments of pinealocytes selectively bound antiopsin antibody as revealed by indirect immunocytochemical techniques, indicating the occurrence of a rhodopsin-like photopigment in these structures. th ...	1982	6213109
identification and distribution of neurons presumed to give rise to cerebellar climbing fibers in turtle. a retrograde axonal flow study using radioactive d-aspartate as a marker.	radioactive d-aspartate and horseradish peroxidase were injected into the cerebellar cortex in turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. while neurons retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase were found in various regions of the spinal cord and brainstem, labeled cells following aspartate injections were only observed in circumscribed regions of the caudal medulla. in rat it was recently reported that climbing fibers, but no other cerebellar afferents, were retrogradely labeled with d-aspartate ...	1982	7172016
signal transmission from red cones to horizontal cells in the turtle retina.	1. intracellular recordings were made from l-type horizontal cells in the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans. the responses were evoked by 500 msec pulses of 'white' light. 2. l-type horizontal cells were classified as either, 'small receptive field' s.r.f. or 'large receptive field' l.r.f. based upon (1) receptive field size and (2) kinetics of responses to test flashes covering small and big spots. 3. constant illumination of the entire receptive field, with any intensity studied, ...	1982	220415
membrane specializations in the outer plexiform layer of the turtle retina.	the internal organization of the plasma membrane at specialized contacts in the outer plexiform layer of the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, was analyzed with the aid of the freeze-fracturing technique. in the invaginating synapse of cone pedicles the plasma membrane of the photoreceptor ending contains an aggregate of p-face particles, images of synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and rows of forming coated vesicles which are arranged in sequence from apex to base of the synaptic ridge. thus, freez ...	1982	6276452
connections of the small bipolar cells with the photoreceptors in the turtle. an electron microscope study of golgi-impregnated, gold-toned retinas.	the connections between photoreceptors and the small bipolar cells with a landolt club in the turtle retina (pseudemys scripta elegans) were analyzed with the electron microscope after golgi impregnation and gold toning. the dendritic tree of several bipolars was partially or completely reconstructed from continuous series of thin sections. all bipolar cells studied established both basal and invaginating junctions with cone pedicles; in invaginating junctions, their dendrites invariably ended a ...	1982	6175667
mesodiencephalic and other target regions of ascending spinal projections in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	ascending spinal projections were investigated in turtle pseudemys scripta elegans following injections of radioactive amino acids into the spinal cord at various levels. experiments using s35-methionine were most successful in demonstrating various mesodiencephalic target areas. ascending projections from lumbar and cervical segments terminated predominantly in caudal and lateral reticular fields including the perihypoglossal complex. these spinal regions also projected for a lesser extent to r ...	1982	7161414
quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the optic nerve of the turtle, pseudemys.	it is estimated by means of electron microscopy that the optic nerve of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans contains 394,900 fibers of which approximately 80% are myelinated. the total fiber count agrees well with counts obtained from electron microscopic studies on other turtle species. there are, however, differences among these species in the percentage of myelinated fibers in the optic nerve. the axon diameter distribution of the myelinated fibers (excluding myelin) has a mode at 0.87 micro ...	1982	7096642
the morphology of the bipolar cells, amacrine cells and ganglion cells in the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	the morphology of the neurons that contribute to the inner plexiform layer of the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans has been studied by light microscopy of whole-mount material stained by the method of golgi. cells have been distinguished on the basis of criteria that include dendritic branching patterns, dendritic morphology, dendritic tree sizes and stratification of processes in the inner plexiform layer. many of the neurons have dendritic trees oriented parallel to and a few exh ...	1982	6127731
quantitative studies of retinal ganglion cells in a turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans: ii. size spectrum of ganglion cells and its regional variation.	recent evidence suggests that ganglion cell size and its regional variation may be an important feature of vertebrate retinas. accordingly, we have examined nissl-stained, whole-mounted pseudemys scripta retinas to determine the soma size spectrum of ganglion cells at different retinal loci. cell size histograms reveal that at any given point on the retina, a majority of ganglion cells are small (6-10 microns), and in peripheral samples there is some evidence for a second, larger size class (12- ...	1982	6181104
the architecture of the spleen of the red-eared slider, chrysemys scripta elegans (reptilia, testudines).	the morphology of the spleen of the red-eared slider, chrysemys scripta elegans, has been described. the outer surface of the spleen is covered by a thin fibromuscular capsule, from which a number of trabeculae extend into the parenchyma. the parenchyma of the spleen shows a definite demarcation into a red and white pulp. the white pulp is composed of two lymphoid compartments: lymphoid tissue surrounds both central arterioles and ellipsoids, forming the periarteriolar and periellipsoidal lympho ...	1982	7186548
light and electron microscopy of the photoreceptors in the retina of the red-eared slider, pseudemys scripta elegans.	the six different types of photoreceptor in the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans have been studied by light and electron microscopy. fresh whole-mount retina, in which the oil droplet colors of the photoreceptors could be seen, was compared with fixed tissue cut in the vertical plane. the red single cone (large red oil droplet) is largest in diameter and, in electron microscopy (em) views, has the least opaque oil droplet. it also has a vacuolated paraboloid and a cone pedicle that ...	1982	7130460
acetylation of sulphamethoxazole by fresh water turtles pseudemys scripta elegans.		1983	6632082
characterization and quantification of peptidergic amacrine cells in the turtle retina: enkephalin, neurotensin, and glucagon.	immunocytochemical methods were used for selective labeling and characterization of amacrine cells of the turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans) retina which contained neuropeptide-like immunoreactivity (leu-enkephalin, glucagon, and neurotensin). processes of amacrine cells arborized in specific strata of the inner plexiform layer (ipl). different strata were defined in relation to the boundaries of the ipl. zero represented the strata nearest the inner nuclear layer and 100 represented the strata ...	1983	6363468
systemic and renal effects of angiotensin ii in the freshwater turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	this study examined the renal and systemic effects of angiotensin ii (ang ii) in the freshwater turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. we infused [asn1, val5]ang ii at doses of 1, 10, 100, and 500 ng x kg-1 x min-1 in conscious turtles while monitoring blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate (gfr), urine volume, and plasma and urine electrolytes. saline (0.6%) was infused for two 1-h control periods at 1 ml x kg-1 x h-1 followed by a 1-h infusion of saline with ang ii added. saline alone was then ...	1983	6660329
some afferent and efferent connections of the vestibular nuclear complex in the red-eared turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	in the present study some afferent, commissural, and efferent connections of the vestibular nuclear complex in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans were demonstrated with the hrp tracing technique. afferent projections to the vestibular nuclei were found to arise in the nucleus of the basal optic root, the interstitial nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, the medial and lateral cerebellar nuclei, the perihypoglossal nuclear complex, and the reticular formation. distinct commissural ...	1983	6643738
a correlative light-, fluorescence- and electron-microscopic study of neuroepithelial bodies in the lung of the red-eared turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	neuroepithelial bodies (neb) were identified for the first time in the respiratory tract of a reptile by the use of combined morphological and histochemical methods. in the red-eared turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, neb were found within the trabecular epithelium of the respiratory tract, mainly in the branching regions of the trabeculae. an intracellular formaldehyde-induced fluorescent compound was identified as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) by means of microspectrofluorometry. subsequent histo ...	1983	6196119
ultrastructure of the corpuscular nerve ending in the lymph heart of the turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans).	corpuscular nerve endings were found in the tunica externa of the lymph heart of a turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans). they consisted of axon terminals and surrounding cellular lamellae. serial thin sections of one such presumable sensory corpuscle were made and reconstructed for the three-dimensional analysis of the corpuscle, with special reference to the axon terminals. it was revealed that axon terminals ramified at several points within the corpuscle and formed varicosities of various sizes ...	1983	6870488
antigen trapping in the spleen of the turtle, chrysemys scripta elegans.	using horse-radish peroxidase (hrp)-anti-hrp immune complexes, 'antigen trapping' was studied in the spleen of the turtle, chrysemys scripta elegans. it was found that antigen-trapping cells were situated in the periellipsoidal lymphocyte sheath of the white pulp only. the antigen-trapping cells have a dendritic character and a large lobulated nucleus. carbon injections revealed that these cells do not phagocytose. the results are discussed with respect to the phylogeny of antigen-trapping cells ...	1983	6840808
the ascending connections of the torus semicircularis central nucleus in chrysemys scripta elegans.	horseradish peroxidase was injected into the torus semicircularis central nucleus of the red-eared turtle chrysemys scripta elegans. the following observations were made. axons originating in the central nucleus project ipsilaterally through the tectoreuniens tract to the ipsilateral nucleus reunions. a second tract leaves the central nucleus medioventrally, courses under the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and terminates as an axonal field in the contralateral central nucleus. finally, there was ...	1983	6662825
cerebellar corticonuclear projections in the red-eared turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	in the present study the organization of the corticonuclear projections of the cerebellum in the red-eared turtle pseudemys scripta elegans was investigated. to find out whether a zonal pattern exists in the cerebellar cortex, a topological analysis was made of the purkinje cell layer of a nissl-stained series of the cerebellum. this analysis showed a distinct, longitudinally oriented zonal pattern of purkinje cells. in each cerebellar half a medial, an intermediate, and a lateral zone could be ...	1983	6304155
supraspinal cell populations projecting to the cerebellar cortex in the turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans).	neuronal cell populations giving rise to cerebellar projections in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, were analysed following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the cerebellar cortex. the most prominent retrograde cell labeling occurred bilaterally within the caudal rhombencephalon and especially in the ventral portion of the inferior reticular field. based on the structural parameters of the labeled cells (size, dendritic tree), their location and laterality of projection, attempts w ...	1983	6861928
primary afferent projections to the spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclear complex in the turtle pseudemys.	primary afferent projections from cervical and lumbar levels were studied in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans. injections of radioactive amino acids, wheat germ agglutinin and horseradish peroxidase were made into the dorsal root ganglia or the spinal cord. previous reports on the terminal distribution of primary afferents within the ipsilateral segment of entry were confirmed (kusuma and ten donkelaar 1979, 1980) and additional dorsal root projections were demonstrated to the contralateral ...	1983	6846858
the retinopetal system in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	injections of 125i wheat-germ agglutinin or horseradish peroxidase into the eyes of turtles labeled retrogradely cells in a mesencephalic reticular area lying between the trochlear and the isthmic nuclei. their number was small and they were found predominantly contralateral to the injected eye. these reticular neurons were not labeled following control injections into the orbital cavity and therefore are considered to project to the retina similar to correspondingly located neurons in some othe ...	1983	6640619
spinocerebellar projections in the turtle. observations on their origin and terminal organization.	spinocerebellar projections were studied in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, by both anterograde (injections of 35s-methionine into various spinal segments) and retrograde (injections of horseradish peroxidase into the cerebellar cortex) tracing techniques. after unilateral hrp injections, labeled neurons were found on both sides of the spinal cord. the total number of retrogradely labeled spinocerebellar tract neurons was relatively small and neuronal aggregations were not observed. most ...	1983	6201378
morphology of lumbar motoneurons innervating hindlimb muscles in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans: an intracellular horseradish peroxidase study.	motoneurons in the turtle lumbar spinal cord, electrophysiologically identified as innervating a muscle belonging to a functional group, were injected with horseradish peroxidase by electrophoresis. a total of 45 motoneurons were reconstructed from transverse sections. eleven motoneurons were identified as innervating knee extensor muscles, eight as innervating hip retractor and knee flexor muscles, 14 as supplying ankle and/or toe extensors, and 12 as innervating ankle and/or toe flexor muscles ...	1984	6520242
the organization of motoneurons in the turtle lumbar spinal cord.	the distribution of motoneurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans was studied by using the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. a total of 19 different hindlimb muscles were injected with varying amounts of horseradish peroxidase. the resulting distribution of labeled motoneurons was studied in both longitudinal and transverse sections of spinal cord. motoneurons innervating a particular hindlimb muscle are clustered in longitudinally ...	1984	6207212
choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in the forebrain of the red-eared pond turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans).	choline acetyltransferase (chat) immunohistochemistry was used to map the cholinergic neurons in the forebrain of pseudemys turtles. cell bodies with chat-like immunoreactivity were seen in the septum, the nucleus of the diagonal band, and embedded within the medial and lateral forebrain bundles. the region of the medial and lateral forebrain bundles contained the greatest concentration of chat-positive neurons. virtually no chat-like immunoreactivity was seen in the areas composing the reptilia ...	1984	6395936