Publications

distribution of leafy spurge (euphorbia virgata) in the united states.		1933	17807153
grazing in relation to the control of leafy spurge.		1938	17750935
use of monkeys to demonstrate allergic cross-reactions among the euphorbicae: ricinus communis, poinsettia pulcherrima, euphorbia esula.		1962	14463067
euphorbia esula l. (euphorbiaceae). i. preliminary phytochemical and biological evaluation.		1968	5671340
[synthesis of glucuronides in the flavonoid series. ii. isolation of kaempferol-3-beta-d-glucuronide from euphorbia esula l].		1970	5522586
an excellent source of vegetative buds for use in plant hormone studies on apical dominance.	when studying the role of plant hormones in the control of growth at apical meristems, it is often difficult to obtain needed amounts of physiologically uniform buds. a source and method are described for obtaining sufficient quantities of large, uniform buds and for the treatment of the buds with indoleacetic acid and kinetin. buds from the root system of euphorbia esula l. were grown in petri plates, with agar suspending the short root sections from which they emanate. plant hormones are appli ...	1973	16658506
antileukemic principles isolated from euphorbiaceae plants.	extracts of euphorbia esula l. and croton tiglium l., two members of the euphorbiaceae which have been used widely in folk medicine for treating cancers, showed antileukemic activity against the p-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice. systematic fractionation of the extract of euphorbia esula l. led to characterization of a major antileukemic component as the new diterpenoid diester, ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate. similar fractionation of croton oil led to characterization of phorbol 12-tiglate 13-decanoa ...	1976	1251193
cocarcinogenic and irritant factors of euphorbia esula l. latex.	the latex of (euphorbia esula) has been found to contain highly skin irritant and inflammatory ingenol-3delta 2,4,6,8,10 pentene tetradecanoate and another factor, ingenol-3-dodecanoate, which is less irritating but which can be responsible for the cocarcinogenic activity exhibited by the latex preparation in the mice back skin experiment.	1978	653835
the purge of leafy spurge.		1981	17755875
skin irritant ingenol esters from euphorbia esula.		1982	7163415
effect of drying on yield and calorific values of extractables from leafy spurge (euphorbia esula).	the effect of dehydration on yield and calorific values has been investigated for oils, hydrocarbons, and polyphenols extracted from leaves of euphorbia esula/ (leafy spurge). methods of dehydration employed were with a warm oven (50 degrees c), a hot oven (105 degrees c), at room temperature (25 degrees c), and with freeze drying. generally, dehydration resulted in a loss of yield for all extractives. noteworthy exceptions were oil yields from the warm-oven- or air-dried biomass which did not d ...	1984	18553299
no latex starch utilization in euphorbia esula l.	utilization of leaf, stem, root, and latex starch was monitored in euphorbia esula l. plants. leaf, stem, and root starch decreased rapidly during a 52 day light starvation period while latex starch did not. scanning electron and light microscope studies provided additional evidence that no changes in latex starch granules had occurred. amylase activity (6.6 units per milligram protein) could be isolated from latex. however, latex starch granules were extremely resistant to enzymic hydrolysis by ...	1986	16664883
euphorbia escula l. root and root bud indole-3-acetic acid levels at three phenologic stages.	endogenous indoleacetic acid (iaa) levels of euphorbia esula l. primary root and root buds were examined at three phenologic stages. high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using (13)c(6)[benzene ring]-indole-3-acetic acid as internal standard, were used to measure root bud free and bound iaa levels in vegetative, full flower, and post-flower plants. highest levels of free iaa (103 nanograms per gram fresh weight) were ...	1987	16665432
[eye burns caused by wolf's milk].	if the sap of euphorbia inadvertently gets in the eye, it can cause conjunctivitis, keratitis or iritis. therapy consists of rinsing, antibiotics, steroids and mydriatics when the anterior chamber is inflamed. it may also be necessary to protect the damaged eye from light, because photoallergic reactions are possible.	1993	8443451
feeding behavior of grazing ruminants experiencing stress.	the mechanisms underlying diet selection of ruminants are less studied than those for monogastrics. however, recent studies have shown that these mechanisms may be more similar in ruminants and monogastrics than previously believed. food aversion learning is observed in both monogastrics and ruminants, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis appears to be involved in avoidance learning. using leafy spurge (euphorbia esula), an introduced weed whose expansion has costly ecological and economi ...	1993	8295963
botanical briefs: leafy spurge--euphorbia esula l.		1998	9836052
cloning and characterization of cold-regulated glycine-rich rna-binding protein genes from leafy spurge (euphorbia esula l.) and comparison to heterologous genomic clones.	leafy spurge (euphorbia esula) is a perennial weed which is capable of acclimating to sub-freezing temperatures. we have used the differential display technique to identify and clone a cdna for a cold-regulated gene (cor20) which hybridizes to mrnas that accumulate specifically during the cold acclamation process. the cor20 cdna was used to isolate two different genomic clones. both clones were similar but not identical to each other and the cdna. sequence analysis of the genomic clones indicate ...	1998	9747799
[macrocyclic diterpene polyesters of the jatrophane type from euphorbia esula].	three new jatrophane diterpenes, esulatin a, b and c (1-3) were isolated and characterized from the whole, undried plant of euphorbia esula. by means of spectral analysis, the structures were established as penta- and heptaesters of hitherto unknown, polyfunctional diterpene parent alcohols. esulatin a (1) and c (3) are the diterpenoids with the highest degree of esterification identified to date from the family euphorbiaceae.	1998	9703704
phytotoxins from the septoria spp. plant pathogenic fungus on leafy spurge.		1998	9614694
[dermatitis and conjunctivitis after contact with euphorbia myrsinites (wolf's milk extract)--a case report].	fresh sap of euphorbiaceae leads to a toxic burn of the skin and the eyes. since years the sap of euphorbiaceae has been used in the treatment of different kinds of verrucas.	1999	10528288
behavioral, nutritional, and toxicological responses of cattle to ensiled leafy spurge.	yearling cattle (n = 25; 416.1 +/- 25.9 kg) were stratified by weight and gender across five groups. group 1 (oat) was offered oat/rape haylage (orh) for ad libitum consumption during two daily feeding periods. group 2 (spurge) was offered leafy spurge/grass haylage (lsgh) for ad libitum consumption during the same feeding periods. group 3 was offered orh in an amount equal to the average amount of lsgh consumed by spurge at the previous feeding. group 4 (mix) was offered lsgh mixed with orh for ...	1999	10229355
male-specific sesquiterpenes from phyllotreta and aphthona flea beetles.	it was previously reported that males of the crucifer flea beetle, phyllotreta cruciferae, feeding on host foliage are attractive to both males and females in the field. based on this evidence for an aggregation pheromone, volatiles were collected from male and female p. cruciferae feeding on cabbage (brassica oleracea) and analyzed. for comparison, volatiles were also collected from males and females of three other flea beetle species, aphthona flava, a. czwalinae, and a. cyparissiae, all feedi ...	2001	11789948
utilizing image processing techniques to compute herbivory.	leafy spurge (euphorbia esula l. sensu lato) is a perennial weed species common to the north-central united states and southern canada. the plant is a foreign species toxic to cattle. spurge infestation can reduce cattle carrying capacity by 50 to 75 percent [1]. university of wyoming entomology doctoral candidate vonny barlow is conducting research in the area of biological control of leafy spurge via the aphthona nigriscutis foudras flea beetle. he is addressing the question of variability wit ...	2001	11347423
toxic and aversive diterpenes of euphorbia esula.	leafy spurge (euphorbia esula l.), a plant introduced into the great plains of north america from europe, has become a serious economic and ecological threat to the productivity of agricultural and natural areas. cattle, the predominant livestock species on the great plains, as well as common wild ruminant species in this region appear to consume little if any leafy spurge. this is likely because they experience a toxic response after consuming small amounts of this plant, and they consequently ...	2002	12371812
molecular analysis of signals controlling dormancy and growth in underground adventitious buds of leafy spurge.	dormancy and subsequent regrowth of adventitious buds is a critical physiological process for many perennial plants. we have used the expression of hormone and cell cycle-responsive genes as markers to follow this process in leafy spurge (euphorbia esula). in conjunction with earlier studies, we show that loss of mature leaves results in decreased sugar levels and increased gibberellin perception in underground adventitious buds. gibberellin is sufficient for induction of s phase-specific but no ...	2002	11950992
new macrocyclic diterpenoids from euphorbia esula.	the structures of two new macrocyclic jatrophane diterpenoid esters from the whole herb of euphorbia esula, were established as 11,14-epoxy-3beta,5alpha,7beta,8alpha,9alpha,15beta-hexaacetoxy-12-oxo-13alphah-jatropha-6(17)-ene (1) and 1alpha,3beta-diacetoxy-5alpha,7beta-dibenzoyloxy-9,14-dioxo-11beta,12alpha-epoxy-2alpha,8alpha,15beta-trihydroxy-13betah-jatropha-6(17)-ene (2) by a combination of 1d- and 2d-nmr techniques as well as uv, ir and mass spectral data. bioassay evaluation of all isolat ...	2002	11914962
cuticular hydrocarbons of the flea beetles, aphthona lacertosa and aphthona nigriscutis, biocontrol agents for leafy spurge (euphorbia esula).	the adult beetles aphthona lacertosa and aphthona nigriscutis, used as biocontrol agents for leafy spurge, had a complex mixture of hydrocarbons on their cuticular surface consisting of alkanes, methylalkanes, alkenes and alkadienes as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. a trace amount of wax esters were present. in both species, the hydrocarbons were the major cuticular lipid class and the gas chromatographic profiles of the total hydrocarbons were similar. however, the profiles ...	2002	12431402
evaluation of a forage allocation model for theodore roosevelt national park.	we developed a forage allocation model using a deterministic, linear optimization module in a commercially available spreadsheet package to help resource managers in theodore roosevelt national park (trnp), north dakota determine optimum numbers of four ungulate species, bison (bison bison), elk (cervus elaphus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and feral horses, in the park. trnp staff actively managed bison, elk, and feral horse numbers within bounds suggested by our model from 1983 to 1996. d ...	2002	11995238
rodent and ruminant ingestive response to flavonoids in euphorbia esula.	euphorbia esula, common name leafy spurge, was chemically evaluated for aversive phytochemicals that appear to minimize herbivory by rodents and cattle. a middle-layer extract elicited food aversions in rats as did the petroleum ether extract of the initial methanol extract. kaempferol-3-0-beta-glucuronic acid and quercetin-3-0-beta-glucuronic acid were separated and identified from the middle-layer residue. this study is the first report of quercetin-3-0-beta-glucuronic acid in leafy spurge. to ...	2003	12857022
the ecological areawide management (team) of leafy spurge program of the united states department of agriculture-agricultural research service.	the ecological areawide management (team) of leafy spurge program was developed to focus research and control efforts on a single weed, leafy spurge, and demonstrate the effectiveness of a coordinated, biologically based, integrated pest management program (ipm). this was accomplished through partnerships and teamwork that clearly demonstrated the advantages of the biologically based ipm approach. however, the success of regional weed control programs horizontally across several states and provi ...	2003	12846310
evaluation of the growth response of six invasive species to past, present and future atmospheric carbon dioxide.	the response of plant species to future atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [co(2)] has been determined for hundreds of crop and tree species. however, no data are currently available regarding the response of invasive weedy species to past or future atmospheric [co(2)]. in the current study, the growth of six species which are widely recognized as among the most invasive weeds in the continental united states, canada thistle (cirsium arvense (l.) scop.), field bindweed (convolvulus arvens ...	2003	12493868
identification and expression analysis of the cyclophilin gene in kandelia candel under stress of salt.	two cdna fragments, named for srgkc2 and srgkc3, encoding cyclophilin in kandelia candel were isolated by representational difference analysis of cdna. the two cdna fragments were 282 bp and 160 bp, respectively. sequence analysis shows that both of the srgkc2 and srgkc3 come from the same gene region, and srgkc3 is a part of srgkc2. in addition the srgkc2 displayed 90% sequence identity over a region of 84 amino acids to the cyclophilin from euphorbia esula and the srgkc3 displayed 93% sequence ...	2003	12966731
abiotic stress alters transcript profiles and activity of glutathione s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in euphorbia esula.	glutathione s-transferase (gst), glutathione peroxidase (gpx), and glutathione reductase (gr) are enzymes that utilize glutathione to play an important role in plant defense mechanisms. in leafy spurge (euphorbia esula l.), transcript and activity profiles for these enzymes are differentially influenced in tissue exposed to xenobiotic (diclofop-methyl) and environmental stress (cold and drought). five different eegst cdna (including phi, tau, theta, and zeta class gsts), one eegpx cdna, and one ...	2004	15032839
interactions between euphorbia esula toxins and bovine ruminal microbes.	cattle generally avoid grazing leafy spurge (ls; euphorbia esula), whereas sheep and goats will often eat it. understanding metabolism of toxic phytochemicals in ls by bovine rumen microflora may help explain why cattle often develop aversions to ls after initially eating it. toxicity of ls compounds after in vitro fermentation with normal vs. antibiotic-modified bovine rumen digesta was evaluated at different lengths of fermentation. levels of toxic and aversion-inducing ingenols were determine ...	2006	16525867
subtractive cdna libraries identify differentially expressed genes in dormant and growing buds of leafy spurge (euphorbia esula).	two subtractive cdna libraries were developed to study genes associated with bud dormancy (reverse library) and initiation of shoot growth (forward library) in leafy spurge. to identify unique sequences represented in each library, 15744 clones were screened to reduce the level of redundancy within both libraries. a total of 516 unique sequences were obtained from 2304 minimally redundant clones. radioactive probes developed from rnas extracted from crown buds of either intact (para-dormant cont ...	2006	16786310
phytotoxic allelochemicals from roots and root exudates of leafy spurge (euphorbia esula l.).	invasive plants are a widespread problem but the mechanisms used by these plants to become invasive are often unknown. the production of phytotoxic natural products by invasive weeds is one mechanism by which these species may become successful competitors. here we conducted a bioactivity-driven fractionation of root extracts and exudates from the invasive plant leafy spurge (euphorbia esula l.), and structurally characterized jatrophane diterpenes and ellagic acid derivatives. ellagic acid deri ...	2006	19517003
potential roles for autophosphorylation, kinase activity, and abundance of a cdk-activating kinase (ee;cdkf;1) during growth in leafy spurge.	leafy spurge (euphorbia esula l.) is a deep-rooted perennial weed that propagates both by seeds and underground adventitious buds located on the crown and roots. to enhance our understanding of growth and development during seed germination and vegetative propagation, a leafy spurge gene (accession no. af230740) encoding a cdk-activating kinase (ee;cdkf;1) involved in cell-cycle progression was identified, and its function was confirmed based on its ability to rescue a yeast temperature-sensitiv ...	2007	17063377
retraction. modeling responses of leafy spurge dispersal to control strategies.		2008	18713433
ingenane diterpenoids from euphorbia esula.	an extensive study of metabolites present in euphorbia esula led to isolation of 16 ingenane diterpenoids 1-16 together with the known ingenane derivative 17 and four known cycloartane triterpenoids. their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic studies and comparison with known related compounds. all the compounds were assayed for their inhibitory activity against human hela cervical cancer cell line.	2008	17976667
transcriptome analysis identifies novel responses and potential regulatory genes involved in seasonal dormancy transitions of leafy spurge (euphorbia esula l.).	dormancy of buds is a critical developmental process that allows perennial plants to survive extreme seasonal variations in climate. dormancy transitions in underground crown buds of the model herbaceous perennial weed leafy spurge were investigated using a 23 k element cdna microarray. these data represent the first large-scale transcriptome analysis of dormancy in underground buds of an herbaceous perennial species. crown buds collected monthly from august through december, over a five year pe ...	2008	19014493
overwintering survival of aphthona beetles (coleoptera: chrysomelidae): a biological control agent of leafy spurge released in north dakota.	we evaluated the effects of snow cover and debris cover on overwintering success of aphthona from 2001 to 2004 in southeast north dakota. chill degree-days, soil temperature, and duration of soil temperatures were monitored in field plots. emergence of aphthona from soil cores collected in october and held in the laboratory under simulated winter conditions did not differ across treatments. field emergence of aphthona was significantly reduced compared with emergence of aphthona in the laborator ...	2009	20021747
gene-based microsatellites for cassava (manihot esculenta crantz): prevalence, polymorphisms, and cross-taxa utility.	cassava (manihot esculenta crantz), a starchy root crop grown in tropical and subtropical climates, is the sixth most important crop in the world after wheat, rice, maize, potato and barley. the repertoire of simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers for cassava is limited and warrants a need for a larger number of polymorphic ssrs for germplasm characterization and breeding applications.	2009	19747391
characterization, expression and function of dormancy associated mads-box genes from leafy spurge.	dormancy associated mads-box (dam) genes are related to agamous-like 24 and short vegetative phase genes of arabidopsis and are differentially regulated coordinately with endodormancy induction and release in buds of several perennial plant species. dam genes were first shown to directly impact endodormancy in peach where a deletion of a series of dam resulted in loss of endodormancy induction. we have cloned and characterized several mads box genes from the model perennial weed leafy spurge. le ...	2010	20066557
low temperatures impact dormancy status, flowering competence, and transcript profiles in crown buds of leafy spurge.	leafy spurge (euphorbia esula) is an herbaceous perennial weed that produces vegetatively from an abundance of underground adventitious buds. in this study, we report the effects of different environmental conditions on vegetative production and flowering competence, and determine molecular mechanisms associated with dormancy transitions under controlled conditions. reduction in temperature (27-10 degrees c) and photoperiod (16-8 h) over a 3-month period induced a para- to endo-dormant transitio ...	2010	20340040
inundative release of aphthona spp. flea beetles (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) as a biological "herbicide" on leafy spurge in riparian areas.	inundative releases of beneficial insects are frequently used to suppress pest insects but not commonly attempted as a method of weed biological control because of the difficulty in obtaining the required large numbers of insects. the successful establishment of a flea beetle complex, mixed aphthona lacertosa (rosenhauer) and aphthona nigriscutus foundras (87 and 13%, respectively), for the control of leafy spurge, euphorbia esula l., provided an easily collectable source of these natural enemie ...	2010	20429434
initial changes in the transcriptome of euphorbia esula seeds induced to germinate with a combination of constant and diurnal alternating temperatures.	we investigated transcriptome changes in euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) seeds with a focus on the effect of constant and diurnal fluctuating temperature on dormancy and germination. leafy spurge seeds do not germinate when incubated for 21 days at 20 degrees c constant temperatures, but nearly 30% germinate after 21 days under fluctuating temperatures 20:30 degrees c (16:8 h). incubation at 20 degrees c for 21 days followed by 20:30 degrees c resulted in approximately 63% germination in about 10 ...	2010	19916049
changes in the expression of carbohydrate metabolism genes during three phases of bud dormancy in leafy spurge.	underground adventitious buds of leafy spurge (euphorbia esula) undergo three well-defined phases of dormancy, para-, endo-, and ecodormancy. in this study, relationships among genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and bud dormancy were examined after paradormancy release (growth induction) by decapitation and in response to seasonal signals. real-time pcr was used to determine the expression levels of carbohydrate metabolism genes at different phases of bud dormancy. among differentially-re ...	2010	19924545
effects of euphorbia esula l. (leafy spurge) on cattle and sheep in vitro fermentation and gas production.	background: euphorbia esula l. (leafy spurge) is indigenous to eurasia and has been known to cause grazing aversion in ruminant species. as a result, e. esula encroachment has negatively impacted rangelands in the northern great plains and intermountain west of the usa, as well as southern canada. our objectives were to evaluate the effect of increasing concentrations of e. esula on in vitro dry matter digestibility (dmd) and gas production. two ruminally-cannulated cows and ewes were used as ru ...	2011	21520450
alternating temperature breaks dormancy in leafy spurge seeds and impacts signaling networks associated with hy5.	non-after-ripened seeds of the herbaceous perennial weed leafy spurge do not germinate when imbibed at a constant temperature (c), but transfer to an alternating temperature (a) induced germination. changes in the transcriptome of seeds during 1 and 3 days of alternating temperature and germinated seeds were compared with seeds incubated at constant temperature. statistical analysis revealed that 597, 1,491, and 1,329 genes were differentially expressed (p < 0.05) for the comparisons of 21-day c ...	2011	21947436
dehydration and vernalization treatments identify overlapping molecular networks impacting endodormancy maintenance in leafy spurge crown buds.	leafy spurge (euphorbia esula l.) is a herbaceous perennial weed that reproduces vegetatively from an abundance of underground adventitious buds (uabs), which undergo well-defined phases of seasonal dormancy (para-, endo-, and ecodormancy). in this study, the effects of dehydration stress on vegetative growth and flowering potential from endodormant uabs of leafy spurge was monitored. further, microarray analysis was used to identify critical signaling pathways of transcriptome profiles associat ...	2011	21789635
effects of floral restrictiveness and stigma size on heterospecific pollen receipt in a prairie community.	plant species vary greatly in the degree to which floral morphology restricts access to the flower interior. restrictiveness of flower corollas may influence heterospecific pollen receipt, but the impact of floral morphology on heterospecific pollen transfer has received little attention. we characterized patterns of pollinator visitation and quantities of conspecific and heterospecific pollen receipt for 29 species with a range of floral morphologies in a prairie community dominated by the intr ...	2011	21833640
autophosphorylation is crucial for cdk-activating kinase (ee;cdkf;1) activity and complex formation in leafy spurge.	ee;cdkf;1 protein is a leafy spurge (euphorbia esula) cdk-activating kinase that is involved in a phosphorylation cascade linked to early stages of cell cycle progression. yeast two-hybrid screening performed using ee;cdkf;1 as a bait indicated that one of the interacting proteins was ee;cdkf;1. protein-protein interaction of ee;cdkf;1 was further confirmed by yeast two-hybrid interaction and in vitro pull-down assays. gel exclusion chromatography and/or native page showed that gst-cdkf;1, mbp-c ...	2011	21421369
jatrophane diterpenes from euphorbia esula as antiproliferative agents and potent chemosensitizers to overcome multidrug resistance.	phytochemical study of whole, undried plants of euphorbia esula led to the isolation of six new (1-6) jatrophane diterpene polyesters, named esulatins h-m, together with the known compounds 2α,3β,5α,7β,15β-pentaacetoxy-9α-nicotinoyloxyjatropha-6(17),11-dien-14-one (7), salicinolide (8), and euphosalicin (9). the structures and relative configuration of 1-6 were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including hresims and one- and two-dimensional nmr techniques. all these c ...	2011	21612217
De novo assembly of Euphorbia fischeriana root transcriptome identifies prostratin pathway related genes.	ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Euphorbia fischeriana is an important medicinal plant found in Northeast China. The plant roots contain many medicinal compounds including 12-deoxyphorbol-13-acetate, commonly known as prostratin that is a phorbol ester from the tigliane diterpene series. Prostratin is a protein kinase C activator and is effective in the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) by acting as a latent HIV activator. Latent HIV is currently the biggest limitation for viral eradication. ...	2011	22151917
testing the directed dispersal hypothesis: are native ant mounds (formica sp.) favorable microhabitats for an invasive plant?	ant-mediated seed dispersal may be a form of directed dispersal if collected seeds are placed in a favorable microhabitat (e.g., in or near an ant nest) that increases plant establishment, growth, and/or reproduction relative to random locations. we investigated whether the native ant community interacts with invasive leafy spurge (euphorbia esula) in a manner consistent with predictions of the directed dispersal hypothesis. resident ants quickly located and dispersed 60% of experimentally offer ...	2012	22231374
[effects of grazing disturbance on leaf traits and their interrelationships of plants in desert steppe].	this paper studied the effects of grazing disturbance on the specific leaf area (sla), leaf dry matter content (ldmc), leaf area, and leaf dry mass of dominant plant species cynanchum komarovii, euphorbia esula, glycyrrhiza uralensis, and lespedeza potaninii in desert steppe of ningxia, northwest china, aimed to approach the responses and adaptation strategies of different plant species in desert steppe to the environmental change. with the decrease of grazing intensity, the specific leaf area ( ...	2012	23431780