Publications

observations on the pathological changes produced by a toxic substance present in blue-green algae (microcystis aeruginosa).		1946	19970869
observations on the pathological changes produced by a toxic substance present in blue-green algae (microcystis aeruginosa).		1946	21018103
symptoms of hay fever caused by algae. ii. microcystis, another form of algae producing allergenic reactions.		1951	14800202
toxicity of a unialgal culture of microcystis aeruginosa.		1958	13536907
isolation and identification of the fast-death factor in microcystis aeruginosa nrc-1.		1959	13638864
factors influencing the growth of microcystis aeruginosa kutz, emend, elenkin.		1960	13788092
toxic waterblooms of blue-green algae.	unialgal cultures of several species and strains of blue-green algae, including those most suspected of causing animal deaths, have been grown and found to vary greatly in toxicity. at least four toxic factors have been recognized. one produces fast deaths and is algal in origin. the others produce slow deaths and are bacterial in origin. the fast-death factor (fdf) is an endotoxin that so far has been encountered only with strains of microcystis aeruginosa kütz. emend. elenkin. its production i ...	1960	17421184
symptoms and pathology produced by toxic microcystis aeruginosa nrc-1 in laboratory and domestic animals.	toxicity tests with lyophilized m. aeruginosa nrc-1 cells have been conducted using mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, chickens, ducks, two calves and one lamb as the test animals. the symptoms and pathological changes are described. on an equivalent weight basis it required three to five times the oral dosage to kill the large animals and birds as it did to kill the laboratory animals. the symptoms were less pronounced and the survival times were longer in the more resistant animals. enlargement and c ...	1965	4221987
[algicidal properties of aquatic and shore plants of the kremenchug reservoir with respect to the blue-green algae microcystis pulverea and anabaena hassalii].		1965	5869328
ultrastructural and conformational changes in gas vacuole membranes isolated from microcystis aeruginosa.		1969	4312071
morphological parameters and macromolecular organization of gas vacuole membranes of microcystis aeruginosa kuetz. emend. elenkin.		1970	4191159
isolation and chemical characterization of gas-vacuole membranes from microcystis aeruginosa kuetz. emend. elenkin.		1970	4193326
a new isolation and structure for the endotoxin from microcystis aeruginosa nrc-1.		1970	4986730
counting of gas vacuoles by electron microscopy in lysates and purified fractions of microcystis aeruginosa.		1971	4331163
fatty acid composition of unicellular strains of blue-green algae.	the fatty acids of 34 strains of unicellular blue-green algae provisionally assigned to the genera synechococcus, aphanocapsa, gloeocapsa, microcystis, and chlorogloea by stanier et al. have been chemically characterized. the strains analyzed can be divided into a series of compositional groups based upon the highest degree of unsaturation of the major cellular fatty acids. twenty strains fall into the group characterized by one trienoic fatty acid isomer (alpha-linolenic acid), and seven strain ...	1972	4621688
assembly of gas vacuoles in a cell-free system of the blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa kuetz. emend. elenkin.		1972	4621732
[the relationship between the ultrastructural organization of the blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa kutz. emend. elenk and toxinogenesis].		1972	4628662
spectroscopic characterization of ferredoxin from the blue-green alga microcystis flos-aquae.		1972	4632561
diarrhea toxin obtained from a waterbloom-producing species, microcystis aeruginosa kützing.	a diarrhea-producing toxin from a blue-green alga, microcystis aeruginosa kützing, was obtained from standing laboratory cultures. the non-dialyzable fraction of the lysate from whole cells produced fluid accumulation in the ligated small intestinal loops in guinea pigs.	1974	4204656
[dynamics of the carbohydrate content in anacystis nidulans and microcystis aeruginosa in the process of culture growth].		1974	4219438
[biolgical problems of a manmade small lake (author's transl)].	in connection with an intensive hygienic supervision of public bathing facilities and the attempts to draw up a law on bathing hygiene, the lack of contamination standards for small lakes available to the public for bathing was particularly conspicuous. in addition to the current chemical and bacteriological routine examinations, a small bathing lake with a surface area of 3000 square metres containing about 7000 m3 of water and which has been in existence for over 10 years was objected to exten ...	1975	239502
an improved extraction procedure for the endotoxin from microcystis aeruginosa nrc-1.		1975	805728
the ultrastructure and development of the colonial sheath of microcystis marginata.	the colonial sheath of microcystis marginata has a definite structure as seen by light and electron microscopy, consisting of a relatively smooth inner surface and densely packed, long fibrils on the outer surface. the sheath initially forms around the single cell and expands by continual deposition of sheath material to accomodate the synchronously dividing cells of the colony.	1975	814872
[determination of the biological damage of water-endangering compounds by means of the inhibition of cell proliferation in the blue alga microcystis].		1975	815142
photooxidation of cyanobacteria in natural conditions.	photodynamic effects were demonstrated and assayed under field conditions in a number of different laboratory strains and pond isolates of cyanobacteria; parameters assayed for resistance to photooxidation were viable count, turbidity of the cyanobacterial suspension, and protein and pigment contents. the effects of density, colonial structure, and internal gas vacuoles on the lethal outcome were investigated. the stability and formation of superoxide dismutase under photooxidative conditions in ...	1976	821394
physiological effects of the presence and absence of gas vacuoles in the blue-green alga, microcystis aeruginosa kuetz. emend. elenkin.	physiological evidence was obtained for a light shielding role for gas vacuoles in microcystis aeruginosa kuetz. emend. elenkin, by comparing photosynthetic oxygen evolution, growth behaviour and pigment composition of cells with intact or collapsed gas vacuoles. the oxygen evolution rates were strongly dependent on cell concentration, a maximum rate for cells with intact gas vacuoles occurring at about 1.4 x 10(9) cells/ml and for cells with collapsed gas vacuoles at about 2.5 x 10(9) cells/ml. ...	1976	828023
the gas vacuole membrane of microcystis aeruginosa. a partial amino acid sequence.		1977	402115
some nutritional characteristics of a naturally occurring alga (microcystis sp.) in a guatemalan lake.	the nutritional characteristics of an alga (microcystis sp.) that occurs naturally in a guatemalan lake were determined. the sun-dried material proved to have a high protein content (55.6%) and to be a possible good source of calcium and phosphorus (1, 169.1 and 633.4 mg/100 mg, respectively). amino acid analysis showed that total sulfur amino acids were the most deficient ones, giving a protein score of 42 to the material. the in vitro protein digestibility of the material was 69.5%. biological ...	1977	16345191
a unique crystalline wall layer in the cyanobacterium microcystis marginata.		1978	77331
a zoogloea sp. associated with blooms of anabaena flos-aquae.	bacteria were found attached to the heterocysts of aphanizomenon flos-aquae and embedded within the mucilage of both anabaena flos-aquae and microcystis aeruginosa in freshwater plankton. electron microscopy of thin sections preceding the peak of an anabaena flos-aquae bloom showed that the density of bacterial cells was 7.4 x 10(5) cells/ml in the planktonic macroenvironment and 2.6 x 10(11) cells/ml within the microenvironment of cyanobacterial mucilage. the bacteria occurred in aggregates and ...	1978	99218
isolation, characterization and pathology of the toxin from a microcystis aeruginosa (= anacystis cyanea) bloom.	the nature of the toxicity of a bloom of blue-green alga, m. aeruginosa (= anacystis cyanea), that occurred in a man-made lake was investigated. crude algal bloom extracts were toxic to laboratory mice when injected intraperitoneally. the lethal dose (ld100) of these extracts was 15-30 mg of lyophilized algal bloom per kilogram body weight. the toxin was purified by a procedure that included ammonium sulphate fractionation, solvent extraction, acid precipitation, sephadex g25 and deae-sephadex c ...	1978	103520
[immunostimulating activity of the lipopolysaccharides of blue-green algae].	the whole cells of blue-gree algae and lipopolysaccharides isolated from these cells were shown to stimulate the production of macro-(mainly) and microglobulin antibodies in rabbits. the macro- and microphage indices in rabbits increased significantly after the injection of lps isolated from blue-green algae 24--48 hours before infecting the animals with a virulent y. pseudotuberculosis strain. besides, the inhibiting action of this strain on the migration of phagocytes to the site of infection ...	1979	117655
decomposition of blue-green algal (cyanobacterial) blooms in lake mendota, wisconsin.	decomposition of natural populations of lake mendota phytoplankton dominated by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) was monitored by using oxygen uptake and disappearance of chlorophyll, algal volume (fluorescence microscopy), particulate protein, particulate organic carbon, and photosynthetic ability (co(2) up-take). in some experiments, decomposition of c-labeled axenic cultures of anabaena sp. was also measured. in addition to decomposition, mineralization of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus we ...	1979	16345380
hemagglutination method for detection of freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins.	strains of the freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) anabaena flosaquae and microcystis aeruginosa produced toxins that caused intermittent but repeated cases of livestock, waterfowl, and other animal deaths. they also caused illness, especially gastrointestinal, in humans. the most common group of toxins produced by these two species were peptide toxins termed microcystin, m. aeruginosa type c, and anatoxin-c. a method was found to detect the toxins which utilizes their ability to cause a ...	1981	6787984
gliding motility in aphanothece halophytica: analysis of wall proteins in mot mutants.	the unicellular cyanobacterium aphanothece halophytica (pcc 7418) is motile, and spontaneous nonmotile (mot) mutants accumulate when the organism is subcultured. analysis of mot mutants suggests that a glycoprotein in the cell wall is involved in the motility mechanism. proteins from the wall fraction of the wild type and five mot clones were analyzed by gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. four clones were similar to the wild type, and one clone, mot-3, was missing a ...	1981	6793555
deformation of isolated rat hepatocytes by a peptide hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa.	the effect of the peptide hepatotoxin from the bloom-forming blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa was investigated on isolated rat hepatocytes. when toxin was added to hepatocyte suspensions it produced deformation of the cells, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. this was apparent within 5 min of addition of toxin to the cells and the response was dose dependent: 30 ng of toxin was sufficient to cause deformation in 58 +/- 9% of 1.4 x 10(6) hepatocytes/ml of incubation. the deformation ...	1981	6798472
[adenylate kinase activity of phycobilisomes from the blue-green algae microcystis aerogenosa].	the phycobilisomes (pbs) from the blue-green algae microcystis aerogenosa was found to possess the adenylate kinase activity. the enzyme activity of pbs is kept for 2 weeks, reaching its maximum on th 2nd-4th day after pbs isolation from the cells, and is retained after passage of freshly isolated pbs through a column with sephadex g-25. the adenylate kinase activity of pbs is thermostable, depends on the protein concentration in the sample, undergoes activation by white light and is inhibited b ...	1981	6263373
toxic substance from a natural bloom of microcystis aeruginosa.	a toxic substance contained in the blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa was purified and partially characterized. toxic algal cells were collected from a highly eutrophic lake in japan, and the toxin was purified by homogenization, ultrafiltration, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. the final preparation gave a single peak on high-performance liquid chromatography. the toxicity was somewhat less than that reported for other toxins from this alga. the water extract of 6.7 mg (dry ...	1982	6805430
microcystis aeruginosa toxin: cell culture toxicity, hemolysis, and mutagenicity assays.	crude toxin was prepared by lyophilization and extraction of toxic microcystis aeruginosa from four natural sources and a unicellular laboratory culture. the responses of cultures of liver (mahlavu and pcl/prf/5), lung (mrc-5), cervix (hela), ovary (cho-k1), and kidney (bgm, ma-104, and vero) cell lines to these preparations did not differ significantly from one another, indicating that toxicity was not specific for liver cells. the results of a trypan blue staining test showed that the toxin di ...	1982	6808921
configuration assignments of the amino acid residues and the presence of n-methyldehydroalanine in toxins from the blue-green alga, microcystis aeruginosa.	the configuration assignment of the alpha-carbon atom of amino acid residues in four toxin variants from microcystis aeruginosa have been made by stereospecific enzymic transformations. the relative conformation assignment of the beta-carbon atom of beta-ch3-aspartic acid could be made by comparison of the electrophoretic mobility with literature values reported for the authentic compound. the presence of an n-methyldehydroalanine residue, which, due to elimination of methylamine under hydrolyti ...	1982	6819658
isolation and characterization of four toxins from the blue-green alga, microcystis aeruginosa.	two alternative procedures for the isolation of toxins from the blue-green alga, microcystis aeruginosa forma aeruginosa, are described. a novel approach is reported, whereby contaminating impurities are succinylated, exploiting the absence of free amino groups in toxin variants. all toxin variants comprise a hydrocarbon blocking group, five amino acid residues detectable by conventional means, while methylamine is liberated upon acid hydrolysis. possible structural features are discussed relati ...	1982	6819659
phosphorus uptake and growth of blue-green alga, microcystis aeruginosa.	the specific uptake rate q(p) of orthophosphate (expressed throughout as phosphorus) and the specific growth rate mu of microcystis aeruginosa were measured using batch-precultured cells, whose growth phase, and intracellular and extracellular phosphorus concentrations f(p) and p, respectively, had been changed. when the cells from phosphorus-rich precultures were used, smaller values of q(p) (0.1-0.3 microg p mg dry wt. (-1) h (-1)) were observed. however, if phosphorusstarved cells were used, ...	1982	18546106
evidence of liver damage by toxin from a bloom of the blue-green alga, microcystis aeruginosa.	examination of the results of routine assays for hepatic enzymes in plasma has shown a significant elevation of the levels of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, and a lesser elevation of those of alanine aminotransferase, in plasma specimens from a population who obtained drinking water from a reservoir containing a heavy bloom of toxic microcystis aeruginosa. such elevations did not occur in the adjacent population who did not use water from this source. they coincided with the occurrence of the al ...	1983	6405136
atypical pulmonary thrombosis caused by a toxic cyanobacterial peptide.	parenteral injection into mice of a toxic pentapeptide isolated from the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa induced thrombocytopenia, pulmonary thrombi, and hepatic congestion. the lethality of the toxin was unaffected by several anticoagulants. the acute liver damage that follows injection of the toxin has been attributed to direct action on liver cells but may be due to hypoxemia, heart failure, and shock.	1983	6407109
some aspects of the ecophysiology of cyanobacteria.	fresh waters rich in nutrients often show mass development of cyanobacteria. the kind of cyanobacteria to be found depends on the properties of the lake. in non-stratified shallow lakes, the most common species oscillatoria agardhii. in stratified lakes, cyanobacteria can be found in restricted zones of the deeper part of the lakes, and always possess cells with very active gas vacuoles. the most common species are microcystis aeruginosa, oscillatoria agardhii var isothrix, oscillatoria "var red ...	1983	6416128
lipopolysaccharides of the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa.	lipopolysaccharides (lps) of two isolates of microcystis aeruginosa were extracted with phenol/water and purified. cesium chloride gradient ultracentrifugation of these preparations yielded only one fraction. the lps contained significant amounts of 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid, glucose, 3-deoxy sugars, glucosamine, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, hexoses, and phosphate. heptose, a characteristic sugar component of the polysaccharide moiety of lps of most gram-negative bacteria was absent. l ...	1983	6418544
estimating bacterioplankton production by measuring [h]thymidine incorporation in a eutrophic swedish lake.	bacterioplankton abundance, [h]thymidine incorporation, co(2) uptake in the dark, and fractionated primary production were measured on several occasions between june and august 1982 in eutrophic lake norrviken, sweden. bacterioplankton abundance and carbon biomass ranged from 0.5 x 10 to 2.4 x 10 cells liter and 7 to 47 mug of c liter, respectively. the average bacterial cell volume was 0.185 mum. [h]thymidine incorporation into cold-trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material ranged from 12 x 10 to ...	1983	16346304
partitioning of co(2) fixation in the colonial cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa: mechanism promoting formation of surface scums.	constraints on inorganic carbon (c(i)) availability stimulated buoyancy in natural, photosynthetically active populations of the colonial blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) microcystis aeruginosa. in nonmixed eutrophic river water and cultures, o(2) evolution determinations indicated c(i) limitation of photosynthesis, which was overcome either by co(2) additions to the aqueous phase or by exposure of buoyant colonies to atmospheric co(2). microautoradiographs of m. aeruginosa colonies revealed par ...	1983	16346344
adaptation of the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa to light intensity.	light intensity adaptation (20 to 565 microeinsteins per square meter per second) of microcystis aeruginosa (uv-027) was examined in turbidostat culture. chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations decreased with increasing light intensity while carotenoid, cellular carbon, and nitrogen contents did not vary. variation in the number but not the size of photosynthetic units per cell, based on chlorophyll a/p(700) ratios, occurred on light intensity adaptation. changes in the numbers of photosynt ...	1983	16663094
dynamics of the volatile organic substances associated with cyanobacteria and algae in a eutrophic shallow lake.	the volatile substances present in a eutrophic shallow lake were determined qualitatively and quantitatively during the growing season, allowing a first-time analysis of the dynamics of these compounds in a water body. the major compounds found were beta-cyclocitral, alpha-cyclocitral, beta-ionone, 1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexene, 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone, 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one, eucalyptol, geosmin, two argosmin isomers, pent-1-en-3-ol, pent-1-en-3-one, heptadec-1-ene, heptadec-cis 5 ...	1984	16346520
clinical and pathological changes in sheep experimentally poisoned by the blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa.	fifteen young sheep were inoculated intraruminally with various doses of an algal bloom of microcystis aeruginosa. lethally poisoned sheep died between 18 and 48 hours after inoculation. findings included marked elevation of serum concentrations of certain enzymes and bilirubin, mild elevations of blood urea nitrogen and serum inorganic phosphorus with marked reduction in blood glucose, a mild neutrophilia with a marked left shift and marked changes in coagulation parameters. necropsy findings i ...	1984	6424323
instability and variable toxicity of hbp-tx, a toxin in the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa.	it was found that autoxidative degradation is responsible for the inactivation of the unstable microcystis toxin hbp-tx. the purified toxin was similar in its properties to the "fast-death-factor" in microcystis, described as a cyclic peptide in the literature. the apparent presence of an entirely different toxin was simulated by the partially inactivated hbp-tx. a number of associated fluorescent compounds were identified as the non-toxic degradation products of the toxin. as a consequence, as ...	1984	6426092
[poisoning in cattle caused by blue-green algae].	this paper describes a case of poisoning by blue-green algae growing in a fresh water pond in goyena, provincia de buenos aires. the predominating algae were identified as microcystis aeruginosa. they show an intense growth when certain meteorologic condition prevail, in coincidence with certain chemical characteristics of the water. once this growth has occurred, the direction of the wind has a decisive role, because it determines the accumulation on the shore, increasing their concentration an ...	1984	6443833
mortality of a white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) suspected to be associated with the blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa.	three of four white rhinoceroses died within 3 months of introduction into a game reserve. post-mortem examination of one of the animals revealed marked hepatomegaly with haemorrhage and severe necrosis of the liver as well as numerous ecchymoses and petechiae in the subcutaneous tissue and subserosa of the thorax, abdomen and diaphragm. histologically, severe hepatic necrosis was the most significant finding. algae recovered from the dam from which the animals drank were identified as microcyst ...	1985	3923193
effects of environmental factors on toxicity of a cyanobacterium (microcystis aeruginosa) under culture conditions.	effects of light intensity, temperature, and nutrients on the toxicity of microcystis aeruginosa were investigated, using a toxic strain which kills mice. a marked change in toxicity was observed in the light intensity experiment, and slight changes were observed to be caused by temperature and phosphorus deficiency.	1985	3923932
pathophysiologic effects of a toxic peptide from microcystis aeruginosa.	toxin-lr, a hexapeptide produced by microcystis aeruginosa, causes marked hepatic vascular congestion, thrombocytopenia, microscopic pulmonary thrombi and death in 50-70 min when injected into mice. although it is considered an hepatotoxin, we report that sublethal hepatocellular damage produced by ccl4 given 24 hr prior to toxin-lr administration prevents the acute deaths. however, ccl4-treated mice surviving toxin-lr acute effects often died during the subsequent three days. pretreatment of mi ...	1985	3927523
autoradiographic studies of [methyl-h]thymidine incorporation in a cyanobacterium (microcystis wesenbergii)-bacterium association and in selected algae and bacteria.	the present investigation showed by means of autoradiography that the cyanobacterium microcystis wesenbergii did not incorporate [h]thymidine at nanomolar concentrations, whereas its associated heterotrophic bacteria appearing in the gelatinous cover of the cyanobacterium became labeled. several other tested cyaobacteria and algae did not incorporate [h]thymidine.	1985	16346700
adaptation to high-intensity, low-wavelength light among surface blooms of the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa.	natural populations of the nuisance bloom cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa obtained from the eutrophic neuse river, n.c., revealed optimal chlorophyll a-normalized photosynthetic rates and resistance to photoinhibition at surface photosynthetically active radiation (par) intensities. at saturating par levels these populations exhibited higher photosynthetic rates in quartz than in pyrex vessels. eucaryotic algal populations obtained from the same river failed to counteract photoinhibition. ...	1985	16346779
light intensity adaptation and phycobilisome composition of microcystis aeruginosa.	phycobilisomes isolated from microcystis aeruginosa grown to midlog at high light (270 microeinsteins per square meter per second) or at low light intensities (40 microeinsteins per square meter per second) were found to be identical. electron micrographs established that they have a triangular central core apparently consisting of three allophycocyanin trimers surrounded by six rods, each composed of two hexameric phycocyanin molecules. the apparent mass of a phycobilisome obtained by gel filtr ...	1985	16664557
blooms of cyanobacteria on the potomac river.	blooms of cyanobacteria have appeared on the potomac river near washington, dc in years of drought and low river volume. the location of the bloom may be related to tidal activity. in 1983, the bloom of microcystis aeruginosa used ammonia as its nitrogen source and contained low levels of toxic peptides. cells collected from this bloom proved to be homogeneous and were an excellent source material for the isolation of proteins involved in photosynthesis.	1986	16664682
monoclonal antibody specific for cyanoginosin-la: preparation and characterization.	the toxin cyanoginosin-la (mw 909), isolated from microcystis aeruginosa, was successfully conjugated with polylysine and muramyl dipeptide to form a high molecular weight complex consisting of a hapten, a carrier and a built-in adjuvant. this complex was used for the immunization of mice. monoclonal antibodies specific for cyanoginosin-la were produced using the hybridoma technique. the ten most efficient producers of these antibodies were further characterized and the monoclonal antibody produ ...	1986	3750342
multimodal liquid chromatography columns for the separation of proteins in either the anion-exchange or hydrophobic-interaction mode.	several high-performance stationary phases suitable for protein chromatography were synthesized. columns packed with these materials could be operated independently in either the anion-exchange or hydrophobic-interaction mode. two approaches were used to prepare these materials. in the first method, a polyamine was adsorbed on the surface of macroporous silica and then crosslinked with a multifunctional oxirane. the hydrophobicity of the crosslinking agent and the extent of interconnection were ...	1986	3016003
effect of toxin from the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa on ultrastructural morphology and actin polymerization in isolated hepatocytes.	freshly isolated rat hepatocytes incubated with the hepatotoxin from the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa are rapidly deformed (blebbed). transmission electron microscopy shows the appearance of unusual intracellular structures and rearrangement of cellular organelles, without any change in the polymerization state of actin. cytochalasin e (20 microm), a fungal metabolite that causes blebbing of hepatocytes, had no significant effect on the polymerization state of cellular actin, but if mic ...	1986	3085291
lethal potency and tissue distribution of 125i-labelled toxic peptides from the blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa.	toxic heptapeptides from a water bloom of the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa were purified by hplc. the unoxidised fraction was iodinated with 125i plus 127i by the lactoperoxidase/h2o2 method, further purified by hplc, and the non-iodinated and three iodinated fractions administered i.p. to male mice. all iodinated fractions were toxic, with symptoms and pathological lesions of the liver identical with those caused by non-iodinated peptide. radioactivity was concentrated in the liver of ...	1986	3087033
acute toxicity of microcystis aeruginosa and its cardiovascular effects.	the acute toxicity of a water extract from unialgal-cultured blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa m228 on mice and rats was studied. the mice intraperitoneally injected with the extract became lethargic and piloerection was seen. terminally their ears, tails, limbs, and eyes became chalky white. the ld50 value of the extract for mice was estimated at 14.4 mg dry wt of cells/kg and that of rats was 67.4 mg/kg. tachycardia was shown in the mice injected with the extract. a value of ld50 of coadm ...	1986	3089773
use of freshly prepared rat hepatocytes to study toxicity of blooms of the blue-green algae microcystis aeruginosa and oscillatoria agardhii.	extracts from blue-green algal blooms (microcystis aeruginosa and oscillatoria agardhii) from different lakes in southeastern norway were tested for toxicity toward freshly prepared rat hepatocytes. the toxicity effects were scored by means of morphological studies of the cells and by measuring leakage of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) from the cells. the results with the hepatocytes correspond well with results from the traditional mouse bioassay, concerning both ability to distinguish ...	1986	3095554
toxicity and delayed type hypersensitivity caused by microcystis blooms from lake kasumigaura.		1986	3095614
biological half-life, organ distribution and excretion of 125-i-labelled toxic peptide from the blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa.	m. aeruginosa is a bloom-forming cyanobacterium which is common in fresh-water lakes. it contains a potent hepatotoxin which when purified has been shown to be a heptapeptide of molecular weight 1019. the toxin was iodinated with 125i using the lactoperoxidase method, the labelled toxin administered intravenously to adult female rats and the half-life and organ distribution measured. the blood half-life after redistribution into extracellular pools was 42 min. the liver and kidneys showed accumu ...	1986	3096266
complete amino acid sequence of cyanobacterial gas-vesicle protein indicates a 70-residue molecule that corresponds in size to the crystallographic unit cell.	gas vesicles of cyanobacteria are formed by a protein called 'gas-vesicle protein' (gvp). the complete amino acid sequence has been determined of gvp from anabaena flos-aquae. it is 70 residues long and has an mr of 7388. this corresponds to the size of the repeating unit cell demonstrated by x-ray crystallography of intact gas vesicles. details of the sequence are related to the secondary beta-sheet structure of the protein and its contrasting hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. extensive ami ...	1986	3098234
toxic peptides from freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). i. isolation, purification and characterization of peptides from microcystis aeruginosa and anabaena flos-aquae.	toxic peptides from two european microcystis aeruginosa and one canadian anabaena flos-aquae species of freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) were purified by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and examined by amino acid analysis and mass spectrometry. a toxic fraction from a butanol/methanol extract of toxic lyophilized cells was separated by g-25 gel filtration and purified by hplc using a c-18 semi-preparative column. a toxic peak with the same elution time was detected for e ...	1986	3101230
experimental acute intoxication of young layer and broiler chickens with the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) microcystis aeruginosa.	an extract of a natural bloom of the blue green alga microcystis aeruginosa was administered to groups of 7-day-old layer and broiler commercial chickens as a single oral dose. the ld50 values ranged from 1295 to 1643 mg of freeze-dried algal bloom per kg of chicken. the toxin was principally hepatotoxic causing massive hepatocellular necrosis and biliary hyperplasia in lethally affected chickens. lymphoid necrosis was seen in the bursa and spleen. the intraperitoneal ld50 of the bloom in chicke ...	1986	18766575
purification procedure for peptide toxins from the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa involving high-performance thin-layer chromatography.		1987	3104380
distribution of microcystis aeruginosa peptide toxin and interactions with hepatic microsomes in mice.	purified 14c-labelled peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa was administered intraperitoneally to mice and the distribution of label determined between the major organs. seventy per cent of the label was localized in the liver after 1 min.; this value increasing to almost 90 per cent after 3 hours. label associated with the lungs and other individual organs varied between 10 and 1 per cent of the 14c recovered throughout. three microsomal enzyme inducers, beta-naphthoflavo ...	1987	3108872
ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver induced by hepatotoxin from the freshwater cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa strain 7820.	the time-course of ultrastructural changes was studied in mouse liver hepatocytes after i.p. injection of lethal (100 micrograms/kg) and sublethal (10 micrograms/kg) doses of the heptapeptide hepatotoxin from microcystis aeruginosa strain 7820, a freshwater blue-green alga (cyanobacterium). at both dose levels the hepatocytes show progressive intracellular changes over time periods of 10, 20, 30, and 60 min. the changes resulting from a lethal dose were more prominent and rapid compared to those ...	1987	3109075
anomalous behaviour of forward and perpendicular light scattering of a cyanobacterium owing to intracellular gas vacuoles.	extinction, absorption, and forward and perpendicular light scatter of the blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa with different amounts of intracellular gas vacuoles were determined. the amount of gas vacuoles in the cells was controlled by application of pressure. the presence of the gas vacuoles caused a tenfold increase in perpendicular light scatter, and a fivefold decrease in forward light scatter as measured by flow cytometry. chlorophyll fluorescence showed a 16% decrease. the presence o ...	1987	3113896
cell selective cytotoxicity of a peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa.	the effects of a cyclic peptide toxin, isolated from the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa, on cell morphology and ion transport in human erythrocytes, isolated rat hepatocytes and mouse fibroblasts (3t3) were studied. neither in erythrocytes nor in fibroblasts did the toxin cause morphological alterations. in hepatocytes the toxin induced marked morphological alterations at a concentration of about 50 nm. in erythrocytes and fibroblasts no effects on ion transport were observed. in hepatocy ...	1987	3115307
blue-green algae (microcystis aeruginosa) hepatotoxicosis in dairy cows.	twenty cows from a dairy herd consisting of 60 healthy, lactating holsteins developed clinical signs of anorexia, mental derangement, dehydration, recumbency, and ruminal atony after ingesting water containing blue-green algae. of the 20 cows, 9 died. the algal bloom, which developed in a stagnant pond during hot, dry weather, was identified as the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa, a potentially hepatotoxic algae. one week after the onset of toxicosis, affected cows seemed healthy, although ...	1987	3116892
effects of the peptide toxin from microcystis aeruginosa on intracellular calcium, ph and membrane integrity in mammalian cells.	extracts of water blooms of the toxic cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa showed a range of toxicities not related to their ability to lyse mammalian red cells. the hplc-purified heptapeptide toxin (mol. wt. 1035) from microcystis did not lyse red cells at up to 500-fold higher concentrations than that required to kill mice. this toxin (ld50 110 micrograms/kg for male mice) was used to investigate in vitro effects on isolated thymocytes, hepatocytes, mammary alveolar cells, and cultured swiss ...	1987	3119237
blue-green algae toxicosis in five dairy cows.	five holstein cows developed a sudden clinical syndrome of ataxia, muscle tremors, recumbency, and bloody diarrhea. the pond where these cows obtained water contained a near pure culture of microcystis aeruginosa, a toxic blue-green algae. all cows affected were treated with activated charcoal, procaine penicillin, glucose, and calcium and magnesium gluconate. all 5 cows were clinically normal ten days later. many practicing veterinarians regard blue-green algae toxicosis as a rare syndrome that ...	1987	3119531
liquid chromatographic determination of the cyanoginosins, toxins produced by the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa.		1987	3123509
injury to hepatocytes induced by a peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa.	the freshwater, bloom forming cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) microcystis aeruginosa produces a peptide hepatotoxin which causes death accompanied by liver necrosis. we show here that the time and dose-dependent blebbing of isolated hepatocytes is accompanied by the activation of phosphorylase a, with no changes in cyclic amp levels, and by glutathione (acid-soluble thiols) depletion. these results suggest that the disruption of cytoskeletal structures is accompanied by disturbances in cellular ...	1987	3124300
properties of two toxins isolated from the blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa.	attempts were made to characterize the two toxins (p-1 and p-2) isolated from the blue-green alga microcystis aeruginosa, by amino acid analysis, mass spectrometry, 1h- and 13c-nmr. p-2, the major toxin, had a molecular weight of 1044, and consisted of one molecule each of beta-methylaspartic acid, d-glu, d-ala, l-arg, l-tyr, n-methyldehydroalanine, and 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid (adda). p-1, with a molecular weight of 994, appeared to have almost the same c ...	1988	3129823
toxicity of the cyanobacterium nodularia spumigena mertens.	the bloom forming cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) nodularia spumigena produced a peptide hepatotoxin with an ld50 of 70 micrograms/kg i.p. in mice. the livers of lethally poisoned mice were haemorrhagic and enlarged, the weight doubling to about 10% of total body weight. histologically there was centrilobular to midzonal disruption and lysis of hepatocytes resulting in haemorrhage and formation of blood lakes. death occurred approximately 1 hr after i.p. injection. by 30 min significant increas ...	1988	3129824
preliminary characterization of a toxin isolated from the cyanobacterium nodularia spumigena.	a peptide toxin was isolated from the cyanobacterium nodularia spumigena by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the i.p. ld50 of the toxin was 50 micrograms/kg mouse with death within 1-3 hr. the major effects of the toxin were seen in the liver in the form of extensive haemorrhages. amino acid analysis showed the presence of equimolar amounts of glutamic acid, beta-methyl-aspartic acid, and arginine. the toxicological and some of the chemical properties of the isolated toxin were sim ...	1988	3129825
isolation of water-soluble cytochromes from cyanobacteria by adsorption chromatography.	a simple procedure using ammonium sulfate to fractionate water-soluble cytochromes c553 and c550 on sephacryl s-200 gel is described. the usefulness of this procedure has been studied using the crude extracts of mesophilic cyanobacteria. it was found that almost all the cytochromes were adsorbed on to the gel at 2.34 m ammonium sulfate and were eluted at decreasing salt concentrations. the cytochromes were free of interfering phycobiliproteins and thus were suitable for the study of isoelectric ...	1988	3132107
oral toxicity of a bloom of the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa administered to mice over periods up to 1 year.	cyanobacterial blooms in lakes have been reported causing livestock deaths and liver injury to human populations. in this study bloom material consisting of microcystis aeruginosa was collected from a farm water storage after the death of sheep drinking from it. the cyanobacterial cells were lysed and a cell-free extract was provided to mice at a series of dilutions as their only source of drinking water. mice of both sexes, with controls, were killed at intervals up to 1 yr of administration. a ...	1988	3135416
blood pressure and hepatocellular effects of the cyclic heptapeptide toxin produced by the freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) microcystis aeruginosa strain pcc-7820.	laboratory rats and mice were used to investigate the hepatotoxicity caused by the cyclic heptapeptide (mol. wt 994) termed microcystin-lr. microcystin-lr (also known as cyanoginosin-lr) is produced by the freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) m. aeruginosa strain pcc-7820. in time course histopathology studies with mice significant liver damage, with an absence of pulmonary emboli, were observed after 15 min. pulmonary emboli did not appear until 1 hr. in rats, significant liver damage an ...	1988	3140425
the protein encoded by gvpc is a minor component of gas vesicles isolated from the cyanobacteria anabaena flos-aquae and microcystis sp.	the proteins present in gas vesicles of the cyanobacteria anabaena flos-aquae and microcystis sp. were separated by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. each contained a protein of mr 22k whose n-terminal amino acid sequences showed homology with that of the calothrix sp. pcc 7601 gvpc gene product. the gvpc gene from a. flos-aquae was cloned and sequenced. the derived amino acid sequence for the gene product indicated a protein, gvpc, of 193 residues and mr 21985 containing five highly conse ...	1988	3141741
improved method for purification of toxic peptides produced by cyanobacteria.	the improved method consists of ods-silica gel extraction, and separation on silica gel and hplc with uv (238 nm) detector. the method has been successfully applied to the isolation of toxic peptides from the monroe and m-228 strains of microcystis aeruginosa. this method reduces toxin extraction and separation time, and so enables a rapid isolation of peptide toxins from cyanobacteria.	1988	3142107
isolated rat liver perfusion studies with cyclic heptapeptide toxins of microcystis and oscillatoria (freshwater cyanobacteria).	isolated perfused rat livers were used to study the dose-dependent effects of three cyclic heptapeptide toxins isolated from norwegian freshwater bloom samples containing microcystis aeruginosa, oscillatoria agardhii var. and oscillatoria agardhii var. isothrix. the high pressure liquid chromatography (hplc) purified toxins had an i.p. ld50 in the rat and mouse of approximately 50, 500 and 1000 micrograms/kg, respectively. hepatic insult of the toxins at concentrations of 0.5-4.0 times the rat i ...	1988	3144062
the peptide toxin of the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa pcc 7941. isolation and analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance and fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy.	toxin was obtained from the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa pcc7941 by extracting freeze-dried cells with water-saturated, acidified n-butanol, diethyl ether-water distribution, reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography and silica high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). two toxic peptide fractions resulted from hplc. one of these fractions was analyzed by uv and nmr spectroscopy, amino acid analysis and fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy. the following amino acid analysis and fa ...	1988	3147986
partial structural determination of hepatotoxic peptides from microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacterium) collected in ponds of central china.	waterbloom samples of the colonial cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa, collected in fish ponds at the hydrobiological institute, wuhan, people's republic of china, were hepatotoxic to mice. lyophilized cells had an ld50 (i.p. mouse; 40 mg/kg) and signs of poisoning similar to that reported for other cyanobacterial hepatotoxic peptides. two toxins, with an ld50 (i.p. mouse) of 40 and 150 micrograms/kg, were isolated using gel filtration and high performance liquid chromatography. the amino aci ...	1988	3149051
toxins contained in microcystis species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).	cyclic peptide toxins were analyzed for three microcystis species (m. aeruginosa, m. viridis and m. wesenbergii) using an ods-silica gel cartridge and high performance liquid chromatography with ods-silica gel. on strain of m. aeruginosa contained a high amount of microcystin (cyanoginosin) yr and a lesser amount of lr. three toxins, microcystin-rr, -yr and -lr, were detected in two strains of m. aeruginosa and four of m. viridis. the main component of the toxins of these strains was microcystin ...	1988	3149802
pathophysiology of cyanoginosin-lr: in vivo and in vitro studies.	cyanoginosin-lr, one of the group of virulent cyclic heptapeptide toxins (cyanoginosins) isolated from some strains of the cyanobacterium, microcystis aeruginosa, kills mice within 1-2 hr after iv or ip injection. although the liver is a target organ of the toxin, the rapidity of lethality is incompatible with metabolic death from failure of hepatocellular function. however, disintegration of sinusoidal endothelium causes massive intrahepatic hemorrhage. the loss of the structural integrity of h ...	1988	3194914
no effect of modulators of reactive oxygen-induced pathology on microcystin-lr intoxication.	because reactive oxygen species are formed during the metabolism of several toxins that cause similar pathologic changes, we hypothesized that compounds that alter the concentration of reactive oxygen species would alter the toxic effects of the peptide-hepatotoxin produced principally by microcystis aeruginosa. pretreatment with alloxan, butylated hydroxyanisole or desferrioxamine did not alter the severity of microcystin-lr intoxication in fed mice. furthermore, fasting mice for 24 hr before t ...	1988	3245055
a comparison of toxins isolated from the cyanobacteria oscillatoria agardhii and microcystis aeruginosa.	1. a toxin isolated from a strain of oscillatoria agardhii var. was compared to a peptide toxin isolated from microcystis aeruginosa. 2. the oscillatoria toxin possessed similar hepatotoxic properties on mice as the microcystis toxin but had a higher ld50 than the latter; 320 micrograms/kg compared to 43 micrograms/kg (i.p. mouse), respectively. 3. ultra-violet and infra-red spectra showed that the oscillatoria toxin is a peptide which is not identical to the microcystis toxin. 4. the spectra al ...	1988	2898997
manganese oxidation in ph and o2 microenvironments produced by phytoplankton.	pure cultures of chlorella sp. catalyzed the oxidation of soluble mn(ii) to particulate, extracellular, manganic oxides. manganese oxidation was dependent on photosynthetic activity: no oxidation was observed in the dark when cells were grown heterotrophically on glucose, or in the light when photosystem ii was inhibited by the addition of dcmu. manganates were not formed when media were buffered below ph 8.0, suggesting that an important driving force for manganese oxidation was the high ph ...	1988	11538363
interactive effects of nitrogen and copper on growth of cyanobacterium microcystis.		1989	2493272
tumour promotion by microcystis sp., a blue-green alga occurring in water supplies.		1989	2497311
nontoxic and toxic oligopeptides with d-amino acids and unusual residues in microcystis aeruginosa pcc 7806.	toxic and nontoxic peptides were isolated from the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa pcc 7806 by a procedure including extraction of cells with water-saturated 1-butanol, chromatography of the extract on silica gel plates and high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) on partisil-5. the toxin was shown to be only a minor constituent, being negatively charged and thus separable by electrophoresis, within the hplc-purified fraction. it contained erythro-beta-methyl-d-asp, d-glu, d-ala, l-le ...	1989	2500922