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comparison of slime from tomato and banana strains of pseudomonas solanacearum. 195913818445
taxonomic analysis with the electronic computer of some xanthomonas and pseudomonas species.colwell, r. r. (university of washington, seattle) and j. liston. taxonomic analysis with the electronic computer of some xanthomonas and pseudomonas species. j. bacteriol. 82:913-919. 1961.-forty organisms, including 16 xanthomonas spp., 5 strains of pseudomonas solanacearum, 4 strains of p. aeruginosa, 6 strains of p. fluorescens, 5 freshly isolated strains of pseudomonads, as well as the american type culture collection strains of flavobacterium aquatile, vibrio cuneatus, vibrio metschnikovii ...196113880721
ethylene production by pseudomonas solanacearum. 196414167811
[bacterial wilt and its causative agents. pseudomonas solanacearum. review of the current literature]. 19655323041
comparative carbohydrate catabolism in three different pathogenic strains of pseudomonas solanacearum. 19665920004
comparison of techniques for detection of pseudomonas solanacearum in artificially infested soils. 19676044620
antagonism among strains of pseudomonas solanacearum. 19695799562
abscisic acid in tobacco plants: tentative identification and its relation to stunting induced by pseudomonas solanaccarum.in tobacco plants inoculated with the wilt-inducing bacterium, pseudomonas solanacearum, there was a correlation between decreased internode elongation, maximum multiplication of the bacterium, and an increase in the growth inhibitor content of stems 4 to 12 days after inoculation, as determined by a wheat coleoptile assay. initial wilting of the upper leaves was also correlated with an increase in inhibitor content of these tissues.application of either the partially purified inhibitor from tob ...197016657376
phenotypic characterization and deoxyribonucleic acid homologies of pseudomonas solanacearum.twenty-six strains and colony variants of pseudomonas solanacearum belonging to four described biotypes were characterized, by using 169 phenotypic characters previously found useful in distinguishing among strains of other pseudomonas species. deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) hybridization (intra- and interspecific dna-dna hybridizations) was performed by using the in vitro "dna competition" technique. p. solanacearum appears to be a moderately homogeneous species, which is, at most, only remotely r ...19714937783
comparative zone electrophoresis of enzymes of pseudomonas solanacearum and pseudomonas cepacia.the technique of starch-gel electrophoresis with specific staining for a series of enzymes was used to compare 21 pseudomonas strains representing both p. cepacia and p. solanacearum. these experiments produced no evidence for close similarity of the two species. twelve strains of p. solanacearum were compared by means of data obtained from nine different enzymes, and the data indicate that these strains belong in two biotypes. except for the assignment of two strains, these groups are the same ...19715128336
the role of motility and aerotaxis in the selective increase of avirulent bacteria in still broth cultures of pseudomonas solanacearum. 19734723067
pseudomonas solanacearum: virulence of biochemical mutants. 19744828867
technique for the determination of the rate of ethylene production by pseudomonas solanacearum.a tube culture system was designed for measurement of ethylene evolved by the phytopathogenic bacterium, pseudomonas solanacearum. the system consisted of 10 glass tubes joined together in series and coated on the inside surface with a dextrose-peptone-casamino acids agar medium. the system provided a large surface for bacterial growth in relation to the volume of air. the system was seeded with a bacterial suspension (7 x 10(8) cells/ml) drawn through all the tubes by vacuum applied at one end ...197516659372
effect of three nematicides on the growth of some phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi.the effect of three nematicides, aldicarb, fensulfothion, and phenamiphos at four concentrations (1, 5, 25, and 125 ppm) was tested on the growth of five bacteria, agrobacterium tumefaciens, corynebacterium fascians, erwinia carotovora, pseudomonas solanacearum, and streptomyces scabies and four fungi, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, fusarium solani, rhizoctonia solani, and sclerotium bataticola. of the bacteria, p. solanacearum was most affected by the chemicals at all concentrations, wh ...1977143857
introduction of bacteriophage mu into pseudomonas solanacearum and rhizobium meliloti using the r factor rp4.phage mu-1 and a thermoinducible derivative, mu-1 cts 62 were inserted into the broad host range r factor rp4. these hybrid plasmids were transferred by conjugation to a phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas solanacearum gmi 1000 and a legume-root nodule bacterium rhizobium meliloti 2011. the mu genome is transcribed and tranlated in these new hosts: p. solanacearum (rp4:mu cts) cultures have a spontaneous production of about 5 x 10(5) plaque-forming units ml-1 which is similar to the frequency ...1977319201
bacteriolysis by immobilized enzymes.bacteriolytic enzymes produced by achromobacter lunatus were immobilized in collagen membrane. intact bacteria such as pseudomonas solanacearum, xanthomonas oryzae, staphylococcus aureus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa were lyzed with the bacteriolytic enzyme-collagen membrane. relative activity of the bacteriolytic enzyme-collagen membrane against pseu. solanacearum was about 2% of that of native bacteriolytic enzymes. no difference in the optimum ph was observed between immobilized enzymes and nat ...197714747
bacterial lipopolysaccharides as inducers of disease resistance in tobacco.the cell wall component of pseudomonas solanacearum that induces disease resistance in tobacco was highly heat stable at neutral or alkaline ph but highly labile at acid ph. activity was unaffected by nucleases and proteases but destroyed by a mixture of beta-glycosidases. washing of bacterial cell walls released a lipopolysaccharide (lps) fraction with high inducer activity. purified lps, extracted by a variety of procedures from whole cells, isolated cell walls, and culture filtrates of both s ...197721613
race identification of pseudomonas solanacearum e. f. smith in egypt.twenty one isolates of pseudomonas solanacearum e. f. smith, which does not occur on hosts other than potato in egypt, obtained from diseased potato tubers, were collected from different localities in egypt and used in this study. these 21 isolates were found pathogenic to potato plants, but they were not pathogenic to tobacco and banana plants. all the 21 isolates caused only a yellowish discoloration of the infiltrated area of tobacco leaves by 48 hrs after inoculation and produced low melanin ...1978696042
tests in vitro and in pots with certain chemicals for inhibition of pseudomonas solanacearum.twenty one isolates of pseudomonas solanacearum e. f. smith (race 3) from various parts of egypt were inhibited in vitro by ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, oxytetracycline. tetracycline, penicillin g, streptomycin, nabam (dithane a-40), maneb (dithane m-22), zinc-ion maneb complex (dithane m-45), and the insecticide chlorthion. on the basis of in vitro-sensitivity to the selected 11 chemicals the 21 isolates could not be separated into different groups. carbendazin (bavistin), benomyl, d ...1978696045
evidence for the cotransfer of genetic markers in pseudomonas solanacearum strain k60.a procedure in which transfer of genetic information between genetically distinct derivatives of strain k60 of pseudomonas solanacearum occurred is described. genetical analysis of recombinants demonstrated the transfer of an unselected marker, and the linkage of genes determining resistance to streptomycin and rifampicin.1978754879
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine immunoglobulin subclass-specific response to brucella abortus lipopolysaccharides.an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to follow the bovine response, by immunoglobulin class and subclass, to defined smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides (lps) of brucella abortus. binding to smooth lps of immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) and igg2 in sera from brucella-infected animals was significantly greater than binding in sera from normal uninfected animals. competition or steric blocking among igm, igg1, and igg2 for binding sites on smooth lps was shown to occur. binding of igm to b ...1979115797
lipopolysaccharide composition of the wilt pathogen, pseudomonas solanacearum: correlation with the hypersensitive response in tobacco.in the induction of the hypersensitive response (hr) in tobacco by pseudomonas solanacearum, the recognition between host and pathogen is thought to involve an interaction between plant lectins and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps). the lps of a series of strains of p. solanacearum were examined to determine if there are structural differences that might account for the ability or inability of these strains to induce the hypersensitive response. analysis of the components of lps by gas chromato ...198016661235
interaction of a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein from tobacco callus with potential pathogens.a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein was isolated from tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.) callus tissue cultures by an acidic-ethanol extraction procedure and purified to about 95% homogeneity by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose. this glycoprotein agglutinated cells of an avirulent strain (b-1) of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas solanacearum but not its parental, virulent isolate (k-60). bacterial lipopolysaccharide (from k-60 strain) inhibited this agglutination. the tobacco ...198216662504
hydroxyproline-rich bacterial agglutinin from potato : extraction, purification, and characterization.a protein, extracted from katahdin potato (solanum tuberosum l. cv ;katahdin') tubers and purified by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, agglutinates avirulent strains of the bacterial wilt pathogen, pseudomonas solanacearum, but only weakly agglutinates virulent strains. the agglutinin has very low hemagglutinating activity (in contrast to potato lectin) and is a glycoprotein containing about 61% carbohydrate. the carbohydrate moiety contains 91% (weight%) arabinose, 5% galactose, ...198216662679
megaplasmids in the plant-associated bacteria rhizobium meliloti and pseudomonas solanacearum.using analytical and preparative methods, we demonstrated the presence of megaplasmids with molecular weight larger than 450 x 10(6) in the two plant-associated bacteria rhizobium meliloti and pseudomonas solanacearum. such giant plasmids were found in 8 of 9 p. solanacearum strains tested and in all of the 18 r. meliloti strains tested.19827061401
production and utilization of extracellular slime by pseudomonas solanacearum and its role on survival at different relative humidities.pseudomonas solanacearum produced maximum slime with glucose and least with glycerol. with increasing concentration of glucose, slime production increased. the maximum slime production was observed in the medium containing 1% glucose. the slime contained sugars, sugar acids and amino acids. the bacterium utilized the slime as a sole source of carbon. the growth on slime was more or less comparable to the growth on 0.1% glucose. the viability of the bacterium in slime increased as the relative hu ...19826188338
[chemical composition of the pseudomonas solanecearum lipopolysaccharide].the structure of pseudomonas solanacearum lipopolysaccharide is similar to those described for the lps of enterobacteria. the lipid a contains fatty acids and glucosamine (5 fatty acids for 2 glucosamine residues). the polysaccharide part contains 2-keto-3-deoxy-octulosonate, l-glycero-d-mannoheptose, hexoses (glucose, rhamnose, glucosamine) and a pentose (xylose). part of 3-hydroxy-myristic acid and the whole 2-hydroxy-octadecenoïc acid are linked to the glucosamine residue by an amide bond.19826807501
antagonistic activity of chainia flava thirum, against pseudomonas solanacearum, causing brown-rot of potato in india. 19836629840
structural studies of the o-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide from an avirulent strain (m4s) of pseudomonas solanacearum.the structure of the o-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide from an avirulent strain (m4s) of pseudomonas solanacearum has been investigated by methylation analysis, n.m.r. spectroscopy, and n-deacetylation-deamination, followed by analysis and controlled smith-degradation of the product. these studies demonstrate that the o-antigen is composed of a tetrasaccharide repeating-unit having the following structure: ----3)-alpha-d-glcpnac-(1----2)-alpha-l-rhap-(1----2)-alpha- l-rhap-(1----3)- alpha-l-rh ...19846209012
interaction of pseudomonas solanacearum with suspension-cultured tobacco cells and tobacco leaf cell walls in vitro.attachment of radiolabeled pseudomonas solanacearum cells to suspension-cultured tobacco cells and tobacco leaf cell walls was measured in vitro by a filtration technique that allowed separation of attached and unattached bacteria. an avirulent strain (b1) attached more rapidly to suspension-cultured cells than did the virulent parent strain (k60), and b1 attachment was less sensitive to inhibition by high ionic strength than was k60. attachment of b1 bacteria to suspension-cultured cells and to ...198416346588
interaction of pseudomonas solanacearum lipopolysaccharide and extracellular polysaccharide with agglutinin from potato tubers.in vitro binding assays were used to study the possible role of a cell wall agglutinin in the attachment to plant cell walls of avirulent strains of the wilt pathogen, pseudomonas solanacearum. in a nitrocellulose filter assay, radioactively labeled lipopolysaccharide (lps) from the virulent strain, k60, and the avirulent strain, b1, and extracellular polysaccharide (eps) from k60 were bound quantitatively by the agglutinin extracted from katahdin potato tubers. the lps from b1 had significantly ...198416346587
lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants of the wilt pathogen pseudomonas solanacearum.lipopolysaccharide (lps)-defective mutants of pseudomonas solanacearum were used to test the hypothesis that differences in lps structure are associated with the ability or inability of different strains to induce a hypersensitive response (hr) in tobacco. to obtain these mutants, lps-specific bacteriophage of p. solanacearum were isolated and used to select phage-resistant mutants of the virulent, non-hr-inducing strain k60. the lps of 24 of these mutants was purified and compared with that of ...198416346603
chemical characterization of the lipopolysaccharide of pseudomonas solanacearum.the carbohydrates present in lipopolysaccharide (lps) from pseudomonas solanacearum are rhamnose, xylose, 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose, glucose, heptose, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. lps extracted from cultures grown on either glycerol or glucose (as the major source of carbon) and extracted after various incubation periods had similar compositions. the lps from several strains of the bacterium contained the same component sugars, but the amounts of each sugar varied considerably. it was observed, howe ...198416346538
reassembly of a fimbrial hemagglutinin from pseudomonas solanacearum after purification of the subunit by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.distilled water homogenates of pseudomonas solanacearum b1, a highly fimbriated strain, strongly agglutinated human group a erythrocytes. the fimbriae and hemagglutinating activity were precipitated from the crude extract with 1% acetic acid, redissolved at ph 10, and precipitated again with 20 mm cacl2 at ph 6.9. ca2+, mg2+, and zn2+ had similar ability to precipitate the fimbrial hemagglutinin, but na+ and k+ were much less effective. the fimbrial protein in the precipitate was purified to hom ...19852866754
comparative studies of lipopolysaccharide and exopolysaccharide from a virulent strain of pseudomonas solanacearum and from three avirulent mutants.the composition of the pseudomonas solanacearum lipolysaccharide (lps) was found to be similar to that described for the lps of enterobacteria. the lipid a contained fatty acids and glucosamine in a molar ratio of 5:2. the lps fraction contained 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, l-glycero-d-mannoheptose, hexoses (glucose, rhamnose, and glucosamine), and a pentose (xylose). the lpss from the wild-type strain (gmi1000), from the spontaneous rough mutant (gmi2000), and from their respective acridine ...19853988700
surface components involved in bacterial pathogen-plant host recognition.during their initial association with plant hosts, pathogenic bacteria interact with plant cell walls. the results of this interaction appear to determine whether bacterial multiplication will take place. with one group of bacterial plant pathogens (e.g. agrobacterium tumefaciens), attachment to the host surface appears essential for pathogenesis. with another group (e.g. pseudomonas solanacearum), only those strains that do not attach to the host cell wall are able to multiply in the intercellu ...19853867676
heterologous hybridization of bacterial dna to the endoglucanases a and b structural genes cela and celb of clostridium thermocellum.dna from various cellulolytic and non-cellulolytic bacteria was found to hybridize to clostridium thermocellum ncib10682 dna fragments carrying the structural genes cela and celb which code for endoglucanases a and b. homology to cela was detected in agrobacterium rhizogenes, azospirillum brasilense, bacillus subtilis, cellulomonas sp., clostridium stercorarium, erwinia chrysanthemi, pseudomonas solanacearum and streptomyces griseus. homology to celb was detected only in b. subtilis, c. stercora ...19854083831
suicide vector for transposon mutagenesis in pseudomonas solanacearum.a suicide vector was constructed by cloning the transfer genes of the wide-host-range (incw group) plasmid r388 into the bamhi site of pbr325. this plasmid can deliver tn5 into pseudomonas solanacearum at frequencies ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-9) per recipient.19852993241
regulatory studies on inducible catechol 1,2-dioxygenase in pseudomonas solanacearum. 19853000918
identification of legionella pneumophila with commercially available immunofluorescence test. 19863522642
hemagglutinating activity in phytopathogenic bacteria surface compounds.extracellular components of plant pathogenic bacteria were obtained from their culture medium as well as from the whole cells by using nacl 1 m, ph 6.0; 20% sucrose dissolved in 0.03 m tris buffer, ph 8.0; or 0.05 m na2edta. all the extracts from erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli, pseudomonas solanacearum, and erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica, were assayed for hemagglutinati ...19873625474
pseudomonas solanacearum genes controlling both pathogenicity on tomato and hypersensitivity on tobacco are clustered.a plafr3 cosmid clone designated pvir2 containing a 25-kilobase (kb) dna insert was isolated from a wild-type pseudomonas solanacearum gmi1000 genomic library. this cosmid was shown to complement all but one of the nine tn5-induced mutants which have been isolated after random mutagenesis and which have lost both pathogenicity toward tomato and ability to induce hypersensitive reaction (hr) on tobacco (hrp mutants). the insert is colinear with the genome and provides restoration of the hr-induci ...19872824440
cytokinin production by agrobacterium and pseudomonas spp.the production of cytokinins by plant-associated bacteria was examined by radioimmunoassay. strains producing trans-zeatin were identified in the genera agrobacterium and pseudomonas. agrobacterium tumefaciens strains containing nopaline tumor-inducing plasmids, a. tumefaciens lippia isolates, and agrobacterium rhizogenes strains produced trans-zeatin in culture at 0.5 to 44 micrograms/liter. pseudomonas solanacearum and pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi produced trans-zeatin at levels of up t ...19873624204
comparison of the chinese schema and the international antigenic typing system for serotyping pseudomonas aeruginosa.twelve strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa representing 12 serogroups in the serogrouping schema used in the people's republic of china were compared with serogroups in the international antigenic typing system (iats). the first eight groups originated in the people's republic of china, and group ii appears to have a new major antigen that is not found in the iats. groups i, iii, iv, v, vi, vii, and viii correspond to groups 11, 6, 9, 4, 8, 3, and 1, respectively, of the iats. groups ix, x, xi, an ...19873108310
purification and characterization of an endoglucanase from pseudomonas solanacearum.comparative analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of culture supernatants of a virulent pseudomonas solanacearum strain and of a spontaneous avirulent mutant derived from it was performed. the results show that the levels of two major polypeptides with molecular masses of 43 and 25 kilodaltons (kda) were markedly reduced in the spent culture medium of the avirulent mutant. in addition, enzyme assays showed that the level of carboxymethyl cellulase (endoglucanase) ...198716347443
molecular cloning of genes that specify virulence in pseudomonas solanacearum.the suicide plasmid psup2021 was used to introduce tn5 into the pseudomonas solanacearum wild-type strain k60. we isolated eight avirulent mutants after screening 6,000 kanamycin-resistant transconjugants by inoculating eggplant (solanum melongena l. cv. black beauty) and tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l. cv. bottom special) seedlings. the tn5-containing ecori fragments from the eight mutants were unique, suggesting that numerous genes specify virulence in this species. these ecori fragments were cl ...19882828316
cloning of the egl gene of pseudomonas solanacearum and analysis of its role in phytopathogenicity.the egl gene of pseudomonas solanacearum was cloned on a cosmid and expressed in escherichia coli. restriction endonuclease mapping, transposon mutagenesis, and subclone analysis showed that the egl gene was located on a 2.7-kilobase xhoi-sali p. solanacearum dna fragment. immunoabsorption experiments and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis showed that the egl gene encodes the 43-kilodalton endoglucanase that is the major excreted endoglucanase of p. solanacearum. ...19882832363
analysis of the pseudomonas solanacearum polygalacturonase encoded by pgla and its involvement in phytopathogenicity.a major endopolygalacturonase excreted by pseudomonas solanacearum was purified to greater than 95% homogeneity and shown to have an isoelectric point of 9.0 and a subunit molecular mass of 52 kilodaltons (kda). the gene encoding this enzyme (pgla) was isolated from a genomic library of p. solanacearum dna based on its expression in escherichia coli and shown to be contained on a 1.8-kilobase dna fragment. the identity of the pgla gene product and the 52-kda polygalacturonase was demonstrated by ...19883049534
minimal region necessary for autonomous replication of ptar.the native 44-kilobase-pair plasmid ptar, discovered in a grapevine strain of agrobacterium tumefaciens, contains a single origin of dna replication confined to a 1.0-kilobase-pair region of the macromolecule. this region (ori) confers functions sufficient for replication in agrobacterium and rhizobium species but not in pseudomonas solanacearum, pseudomonas glumae, pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi, xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, and escherichia coli. ori contains a repa gene that enc ...19883290199
growth of genetically engineered pseudomonas aeruginosa and pseudomonas putida in soil and rhizosphere.the effect of the addition of a recombinant plasmid containing the pgla gene encoding an alpha-1,4-endopolygalacturonase from pseudomonas solanacearum on the growth of pseudomonas aeruginosa and pseudomonas putida in soil and rhizosphere was determined. despite a high level of polygalacturonase production by genetically engineered p. putida and p. aeruginosa, the results suggest that polygalacturonase production had little effect on the growth of these strains in soil or rhizosphere.19892515805
preliminary studies on excretory components of a virulent strain (f-2) of pseudomonas solanacearum.the excretory material (em) was isolated from the culture medium of a virulent strain (f-2) of pseudomonas solanacearum. electrophoretic studies depicted the heterogeneous nature of em and the presence of released lipopolysaccharide in it. both the exopolysaccharide and the released lps contained d-galactose as the major sugar constituent together with d-glucose, n-acetyl-d-galactosamine and n-acetyl-d-glucosamine. in addition, l-rhamnose was present as a constituent sugar of the released lps.19892632367
[the mitogenic activity of the glycopolymers from clavibacter (corynebacterium) michiganense and pseudomonas solanacearum].a comparative study of the mitogenic activity of glycopolymers has shown that the activity of polysaccharides isolated from clavibacter michiganense is higher than that of lipopolysaccharide of escherichia coli, pseudomonas solanacearum and mefenaminic acid (the synthetic mitogen). lipid a and the core oligosaccharide fraction are established to be responsible for the mitogenic activity of the p. solanacearum lipopolysaccharide. o-specific chains and fractions of kdo-phosphates do not manifest t ...19892695796
excretion of the egl gene product of pseudomonas solanacearum.pseudomonas solanacearum is an important phytopathogen which excretes a variety of extracellular enzymes. pulse-chase experiments showed that one of these enzymes, a beta-1,4-endoglucanase (egl) encoded by the egl gene, is synthesized as a higher-molecular-weight precursor polypeptide (pegl) which is subsequently excreted into the extracellular medium as a 43-kilodalton mature protein. s1 nuclease transcript mapping and dna sequence analysis were used to identify the transcription start site and ...19892738021
nucleotide sequence of the tzs gene from pseudomonas solanacearum strain k60. 19892587241
styrofoam cup-membrane assembly for studying microorganism-root interactions.an assembly consisting of styrofoam cups with membranes of varying porosities was developed to study microorganism-root interactions. the assembly permitted uniform distribution of a bacterium in soil and was simple, easy to use, and disposable. in tests with the bacterium pseudomonas solanacearum, little difference in p. solanacearum survival was observed in the rhizosphere or nonrhizosphere of tomato.198916347920
cloning of wild-type pseudomonas solanacearum phca, a gene that when mutated alters expression of multiple traits that contribute to virulence.pseudomonas solanacearum undergoes a spontaneous mutation that pleiotropically reduces extracellular polysaccharide (eps) production, endoglucanase activity, and virulence and increases motility. we refer to the process that coordinately affects these traits as phenotype conversion (pc) and the resulting mutants as pc types. previous research with the wild-type strain aw1 suggested that inactivation of a single locus could mimic phenotype conversion (t. p. denny, f. w. makini, and s. m. brumbley ...19902211505
identification of a locus that regulates multiple functions in pseudomonas solanacearum.when pseudomonas solanacearum k60 carries a multicopy plasmid containing cosmid clone pe6c (from the wild-type strain k60) or pbe6 (from the nonpathogenic strain b1), several phenotypic changes are observed, including the following: loss of virulence, reduced extracellular polysaccharide production, and increased polygalacturonase activity. both cosmids contain a common 8-kilobase dna region that is required for the phenotype shift. saturation mutagenesis of pbe6 with tn3-gus suggested that a si ...19902165483
[the induction of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 under exposure to the glycopolymers isolated from pseudomonas solanacearum and clavibacter michiganense].lipopolysaccharide of pseudomonas solanacearum and acid polysaccharides of clavibacter michiganense are effective inductors of formation of the factor of tumour necrosis (tnf) and interleukin-1 (il-1) by peritoneal macrophages of mice and their activity exceeds that of lipopolysaccharide escherichia coli 055:b5 ("sigma"). o-specific polysaccharide and lipid a are responsible for the capacity of liposaccharide molecule of p. solanacearum to induce tnf and il-1.19902084507
transcriptional activation of 2 classes of genes during the hypersensitive reaction of tobacco leaves infiltrated with an incompatible isolate of the phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas solanacearum.fourteen cdna clones whose corresponding mrnas accumulate during the hypersensitive reaction (hr) of tobacco leaves infiltrated with an incompatible strain of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas solanacearum have been subdivided by sequence homologies into 6 families. studies on the accumulation of the mrnas encoded by these genes in compatible and incompatible plant-bacterial interactions have been carried out and indicate that the 6 cdna clones can be subdivided into 2 groups. in one group corr ...19902103428
highly virulent strains of pseudomonas solanacearum that are defective in extracellular-polysaccharide production.extracellular polysaccharide (eps) has long been regarded as one of the most important factors involved in wilting of plants by pseudomonas solanacearum. by means of transposon tn5 mutagenesis, we have isolated a class of mutants that have an afluidal colony morphology but retain the ability to cause severe wilting and death of tobacco plants. one such mutant, kd700, was studied in detail. by marker exchange mutagenesis, the altered colony morphology was shown to be the result of a single tn5 in ...19902163393
dna sequence analysis of pgla and mechanism of export of its polygalacturonase product from pseudomonas solanacearum.the pgla gene encodes a 52-kilodalton extracellular polygalacturonase (pga) which is associated with the phytopathogenic virulence of pseudomonas solanacearum. the nucleotide sequence of pgla and the putative amino acid sequence of the pga protein were determined. a computer search identified a 150-residue region of pga which was similar (41%) to the amino acid sequence of a region of the pg-2a polygalacturonase from tomato. comparison of the amino terminus of the pgla open reading frame with th ...19902193922
evidence that extracellular export of the endoglucanase encoded by egl of pseudomonas solanacearum occurs by a two-step process involving a lipoprotein intermediate.pseudomonas solanacearum is an important phytopathogen that produces a variety of extracellular enzymes. previous reports suggested that one of these, a 43-kda beta-1,4-endoglucanase (egl), is initially synthesized with a 45-residue leader sequence that is removed during export. experiments with globomycin presented here also suggest that the primary precursor of egl (ppegl) has a 45-residue leader sequence but that only the first 19 residues of the leader sequence are removed by signal peptidas ...19902195024
a cloned avirulence gene from pseudomonas solanacearum determines incompatibility on nicotiana tabacum at the host species level.a locus in pseudomonas solanacearum aw1 responsible for the hypersensitive response (hr) on tobacco was cloned by complementation in the tobacco-pathogenic strain p. solanacearum nc252. the nc252 hr+ transconjugants lost pathogenicity on tobacco, indicating that the cloned locus could restrict the host range of nc252. restriction enzyme mapping, transposon mutagenesis, and subcloning showed that, at most, 2.0 kilobases of the cloned dna was required for nc252 transconjugants to elicit hr on toba ...19902203731
[the lipopolysaccharides of pseudomonas solanacearum i pseudomonas cichorii].structure analysis by the methods of methylation, 1h- and 13c-n. m. r. spectroscopy has shown that o-specific polysaccharides of typical strains of pseudomonas solanacearum (biovar i) and p. cichorii are identical by their structure and constructed of branched pentasaccharide repeating links which include three residues of rhamnose (one of them is in the branching node), one residue of beta-xylose (it occupies terminal position) and one reside of n-acetyl-beta-glucosamine. the other strain of p. ...19902273995
[glycopolymers of clavibacter michiganense and pseudomonas solanacearum--interferon inducers].a polysaccharide, being an active inductor of gamma-interferon, has been found among glycopolymers of clavibacter michiganense. lipopolysaccharide of pseudomonas solanacearum is shown to display an interferonogenic activity which is analogous to that of the classical interferon inductor, lipopolysaccharide of escherichia coli o55: b5. besides lipid a, core oligosaccharide also contributes much to the interferonogenic activity of p. solanacearum lipopolysaccharide.19901703263
control of nematodes and soil-borne diseases in florida potatoes with aldicarb and 1,3-d.yields of u.s. size a potato tubers were increased by 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-d) (56 liters/ha) and 1,3-d (56 liters/ha) + aldicarb (3.4 kg/ha) in 1982 and 1983 and by aldicarb (3.4 kg/ha) in 1982. treatments that included aldicarb provided the best control of corky ringspot disease, whereas those including 1,3-d were more effective against bacterial wilt. the most effective nematode control (nematodes included meloidogyne incognita, belonolaimus longicaudatus, trichodorids, criconemella ornata ...199019287795
effects of soil fumigants and aldicarb on nematodes, tuber quality, and yield in potato.efficacy of the fumigants ethylene dibromide (edb), edb + chloropicrin, and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-d) applied with one or three chisels per row, singly or in combination with aldicarb, was evaluated in 1982 and 1983 on potato (solanum tuberosum) cultivars atlantic and sebago for control of several nematodes, including belonolaimus longicaudatus, meloidogyne incognita, and trichodorids. generally, nematode populations were lowest following application of fumigants with three chisels per row, fo ...199019287794
a gene cluster required for coordinated biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide and extracellular polysaccharide also affects virulence of pseudomonas solanacearum.bacterial cell surface components can be important determinants of virulence. at least three gene clusters important for extracellular polysaccharide (eps) biosynthesis have been previously identified in the plant pathogen pseudomonas solanacearum. we have found that one of these gene clusters, named ops, is also required for lipopolysaccharide (lps) biosynthesis. mutations in any complementation unit of this cluster decreased eps production, prevented the binding of an lps-specific phage, and a ...19911744040
chemical studies on purified exopolysaccharide from a virulent strain, icmp 9758 of pseudomonas solanacearum. 19911786975
genetic and biochemical characterization of a pseudomonas solanacearum gene cluster required for extracellular polysaccharide production and for virulence.infection of host plants by pseudomonas solanacerum results in wilting, which is thought to be due largely to the occlusion of xylem vessels by the p. solanacearum extracellular polysaccharide (eps) that primarily consists of n-acetylgalactosamine (galnac). by means of tn3 mutagenesis, we identified a 6.5-kb gene cluster that contains five complementation units required for eps production and virulence in this bacterium. there was positive correlation between the amount of eps produced in cultur ...19911999385
molecular cloning and sequencing of a pectinesterase gene from pseudomonas solanacearum.two pectinesterase-positive escherichia coli clones, differing in expression levels, were isolated from a genomic library of pseudomonas solanacearum. both clones contained a common dna fragment which included the pectinesterase-encoding region. the different expression levels found with the two clones could be ascribed to different positioning of the pectinesterase gene with respect to a vector promoter. restriction analysis, subcloning, and further exonuclease deletion mapping revealed that th ...19912045776
high heterogeneity of the exopolysaccharides of pseudomonas solanacearum strain gmi 1000 and the complete structure of the major polysaccharide.the exopolysaccharide of pseudomonas solanacearum, which is believed to play an important role in bacterial virulence, was considered by most authors as a homogeneous entity essentially composed of n-acetylgalactosamine. the present work demonstrates the high degree of heterogeneity of this exopolysaccharidic material, which consists of a high molecular weight acidic polysaccharide and a mainly noncarbohydrate structure as major subfractions. rhamnose-rich polyoside and glucan fractions are also ...19912022648
the use of subtractive hybridization to obtain a dna probe specific for pseudomonas solanacearum race 3.pseudomonas solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, has been classified into three races based on host range and into five biovars based on physiological properties. strains of race 3 belong exclusively to biovar 2 and primarily affect potatoes. although this race is thought to have originated in the andean highlands, it has unusual physiological properties that make it a potential threat to potatoes grown at the cooler latitudes worldwide. consequently, there is need for a rapid and s ...19911865877
differential regulation in tobacco cell suspensions of genes involved in plant-bacteria interactions by pathogen-related signals.six cdna clones whose corresponding mrnas accumulate early during the hypersensitive reaction in tobacco leaves have been classified into 2 groups according to their maximum levels of accumulation in an incompatible versus a compatible interaction with pseudomonas solanacearum. we present evidence that, at least in the first stages of the interaction, tobacco cell suspensions retain the ability to respond differentially to compatible and incompatible isolates of p. solanacearum. in addition, stu ...19911715785
xanthomonas campestris contains a cluster of hrp genes related to the larger hrp cluster of pseudomonas solanacearum.all xanthomonas campestris pathovars tested contain dna which hybridizes to the large hrp gene cluster of pseudomonas solanacearum (c.a. boucher, f. van gijsegem, p.a. barberis, m. arlat, and c. zischek, j. bacteriol. 169:5626-5632, 1987). clones carrying these sequences were isolated from genomic libraries of x. campestris pvs. campestris and vitians. mutagenesis of the corresponding genomic regions of both pathovars gave strains defective in both pathogenicity and hypersensitive response induc ...19911666525
biology and epidemiology of bacterial wilt caused by pseudomonas solanacearum. 199118479193
transcriptional organization and expression of the large hrp gene cluster of pseudomonas solanacearum.cloning and localized mutagenesis of the larger cluster of hrp genes of pseudomonas solanacearum strain gmi1000 allowed the definition of the borders of this cluster, which now extends about 2 kb to the left of the insert of the previously described plasmid pvir2 (boucher et al. 1987, j. bacteriol. 169:5626-5632). the size of the cluster has also been expanded 3 kb to the right to include a region previously described as dsp; our present data demonstrate that insertions occurring in these 3 kb l ...19921617200
use of trna consensus primers to indicate subgroups of pseudomonas solanacearum by polymerase chain reaction amplification.polymerase chain reaction amplification of dna from 112 pseudomonas solanacearum strains with the trna consensus primers t3a and t5a divided the species into three fingerprint groups. these groups correspond well with previous divisions made by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. this polymerase chain reaction test is a facile method for rapidly classifying p. solanacearum strains.19921482194
hrp genes of pseudomonas solanacearum are homologous to pathogenicity determinants of animal pathogenic bacteria and are conserved among plant pathogenic bacteria.the majority of bacterial plant diseases are caused by members of three bacterial genera, pseudomonas, xanthomonas, and erwinia. the identification and characterization of mutants that have lost the abilities to provoke disease symptoms on a compatible host and to induce a defensive hypersensitive reaction (hr) on an incompatible host have led to the discovery of clusters of hrp genes (hypersensitive reaction and pathogenicity) in phytopathogenic bacteria from each of these genera. here, we repo ...19921472716
role of the two-component leader sequence and mature amino acid sequences in extracellular export of endoglucanase egl from pseudomonas solanacearum.the egl gene of pseudomonas solanacearum encodes a 43-kda extracellular endoglucanase (megl) involved in wilt disease caused by this phytopathogen. egl is initially translated with a 45-residue, two-part leader sequence. the first 19 residues are apparently removed by signal peptidase ii during export of egl across the inner membrane (im); the remaining residues of the leader sequence (modified with palmitate) are removed during export across the outer membrane (om). localization of egl-phoa fus ...19921735723
the structure of o-specific polysaccharide from pseudomonas solanacearum icmp 4157. 19921381280
extracellular polysaccharide is required for wild-type virulence of pseudomonas solanacearum.several pseudomonas solanacearum strains which produced no detectable extracellular polysaccharide (eps) in planta had been reported to remain highly virulent when tested at high inoculum concentrations (p. xu, m. iwata, s. leong, and l. sequeira, j. bacteriol. 172:3946-3951, 1990; p. xu, s. leong, and l. sequeira, j. bacteriol. 170:617-622, 1988). two of these mutants, kd700 and kd710, have now been molecularly and genetically mapped to the epsi gene cluster described by denny and baek (mol. pl ...19921732200
proposal of burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus pseudomonas homology group ii to the new genus, with the type species burkholderia cepacia (palleroni and holmes 1981) comb. nov.based on the 16s rrna sequences, dna-dna homology values, cellular lipid and fatty acid composition, and phenotypic characteristics, a new genus burkholderia is proposed for the rna homology group ii of genus pseudomonas. seven species in this group were transferred to the new genus. thus seven new combinations, burkholderia cepacia (palleroni and holmes 1981), burkholderia mallei (zopf 1885), burkholderia pseudomallei (whitmore 1913), burkholderia caryophylli (burkholder 1942), burkholderia gla ...19921283774
leukotriene b4 omega-oxidation by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is inhibited by pyocyanin, a phenazine derivative produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa.human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) metabolize the potent chemotaxin leukotriene b4 (ltb4) by omega-oxidation to 20-hydroxyl-ltb4 and 20-carboxy-ltb4. the ability of unstimulated human pmnl to metabolize exogenous ltb4 was found to be inhibited by pyocyanin, a phenazine derivative produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa, in a dose-dependent manner. 1-hydroxyphenazine (1-ohp), a metabolite of pyocyanin, was not inhibitory under identical conditions. the initial enzymic step in the conversion of ...19921316878
evidence that the hrpb gene encodes a positive regulator of pathogenicity genes from pseudomonas solanacearum.the hrp gene cluster of pseudomonas solanacearum gmi1000 strain encodes functions that are essential for pathogenicity on tomato and for the elicitation of the hypersensitive response on tobacco. in this study, we present the nucleotide sequence of one of the hrp genes (hrpb) located at the left-hand end of the cluster and we show that hrpb encodes a positive regulator controlling the expression of hrp genes. hrpb has a coding capacity for a 477-amino-acid polypeptide, which shows significant si ...19921479894
isolation of a pseudomonas solanacearum-specific dna probe by subtraction hybridization and construction of species-specific oligonucleotide primers for sensitive detection by the polymerase chain reaction.a subtraction hybridization technique was employed to make a library enriched for pseudomonas solanacearum-specific sequences. one cloned fragment, ps2096, hybridized under stringent conditions to dna of 82 p. solanacearum strains representing all subgroups of the species. other plant-associated bacteria, including closely related species such as pseudomonas capacia, pseudomonas picketti, or pseudomonas syzygii, did not hybridize to ps2096. a minimum number of between 4 x 10(5) and 4 x 10(6) p. ...19921482193
tyrosine phosphorylation of a membrane protein from pseudomonas solanacearum.we have investigated a tyrosine kinase activity from pseudomonas solanacearum, an economically important plant pathogen. in vitro incubation of membrane fractions with [gamma-32p]atp and subsequent sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed an 85-kda phosphoprotein. phosphorylation of this protein on tyrosine residues was demonstrated by phosphoamino acid analysis of base hydrolysis products and by immunoanalysis of western blots (immunoblots) with antiphosphotyrosine mon ...19921624430
homology between the hrpo protein of pseudomonas solanacearum and bacterial proteins implicated in a signal peptide-independent secretion mechanism.a region of approximately 22 kb of dna defines the large hrp gene cluster of strain gmi1000 of pseudomonas solanacearum. the majority of mutants that map to this region have lost the ability to induce disease symptoms on tomato plants and are no longer able to elicit a hypersensitive reaction (hr) on tobacco, a non-host plant. in this study we present the complementation analysis and nucleotide sequence of a 4772 bp region of this hrp gene cluster. three complete open reading frames (orfs) are p ...19938316211
phenotype conversion in pseudomonas solanacearum due to spontaneous inactivation of phca, a putative lysr transcriptional regulator.phenotype conversion (pc) in pseudomonas solanacearum is the coordinated change in production of extracellular polysaccharide and a variety of extracellular proteins, some of which contribute to virulence. although pc is normally spontaneous, it is mimicked by transposon inactivation of the phca locus (s. m. brumbley and t. p. denny, j. bacteriol. 172:5677-5685, 1990). the dna sequence of a 1.8-kb region from strain aw1 that contains phca revealed one open reading frame that should encode a poly ...19938366033
differentiation of pseudomonas solanacearum, pseudomonas syzygii, pseudomonas pickettii and the blood disease bacterium by partial 16s rrna sequencing: construction of oligonucleotide primers for sensitive detection by polymerase chain reaction.the sequence of a 292 bp segment of the dna encoding 16s rrna (corresponding to positions 44-337 of the escherichia coli 16s rrna sequence) was determined for each of 40 pseudomonas solanacearum, four banana blood disease bacterium, three p. syzygii and two p. pickettii strains. phylogenetic relationships derived from comparison of these sequences to each other, and to equivalent 16s rrna gene sequences from other bacteria present in the embl databank, conform well with those obtained previously ...19938371118
purification and antipathogenic activity of lipid transfer proteins (ltps) from the leaves of arabidopsis and spinach.two homogeneous proteins active in vitro against the bacterial pathogen clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus were obtained from a crude cell-wall preparation from the leaves of columbia wild-type arabidopsis. the n-terminal amino acid sequences of these proteins allowed their identification as lipid transfer proteins (ltp-a1, ltp-a2); the ltp1-a1 sequence was identical to that deduced from a previously described cdna (embl m80566) and ltp-a2 was quite divergent (44% identical positions). ...19938405465
vsrb, a regulator of virulence genes of pseudomonas solanacearum, is homologous to sensors of the two-component regulator family.pseudomonas solanacearum, an important wilt pathogen of many plants, produces several extracellular proteins (exps) and extracellular polysaccharides (epss) that contribute to its virulence. using tnphoa mutagenesis, we discovered a new gene, vsrb, that when inactivated causes a major reduction in the virulence and production of an eps. analysis of eps::lacz reporters showed that vsrb is required for maximal expression (transcription) of eps, whose products are required for production of eps i, ...19938407789
restriction analysis of an amplified polygalacturonase gene fragment differentiates strains of the phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas solanacearum.amplification of a polygalacturonase gene fragment using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) formed a rapid, sensitive and portable method for detecting and differentiating strains of pseudomonas solanacearum, a taxonomically complex bacterial species. primers 5'cag cag aac ccg cgc ctg atc cag 3' and 5'atc gga ctt gat gcg cag gcc gtt 3' were used to amplify a 504 base pair polygalacturonase gene fragment from 57 ps. solanacearum isolates. digestion of these products with hae iii defined groups w ...19937765308
[antigenic polysaccharides of bacteria 38. structure of o-antigens of pseudomonas solanacearum icmp 7942 and icmp 8169].the structures i and ii were established for the o-antigens of pseudomonas solanacearum icmp 7942 and icmp 8169, respectively, by means of nmr-spectroscopy, including 2d homonuclear shift-correlated spectroscopy (cosy), rotating-frame noe spectroscopy (roesy) and heteronuclear 13c, 1h multiquantum correlation spectroscopy (hmqc). in the polysaccharide of the icmp 8169 strain substitution of the main chain by the xylose residue is non-stoichiometric, i.e. this antigen contains also the repeating ...19937506909
studies of o-specific polysaccharide chains of pseudomonas solanacearum lipopolysaccharides consisting of structurally different repeating units.the structures of the o-antigenic polysaccharide chains of lipopolysaccharides of a number of pseudomonas solanacearum strains were elucidated mainly with the help of methylation analysis and 13c nmr spectroscopy, including a computer-assisted 13c nmr-based analysis. six structurally distinct but related polysaccharides were identified. they have a backbone which is built up of three l-rhamnopyranosyl residues and one 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosyl residue, and is unsubstituted or substitu ...19937510579
hrpi of erwinia amylovora functions in secretion of harpin and is a member of a new protein family.hrpi, a 78-kda protein, functions in the secretion of harpin, a proteinaceous elicitor of the hypersensitive response from erwinia amylovora. the predicted amino acid sequence of hrpi is remarkably similar to that of lcrd of yersinia species, the first member of a recently described protein family. other proteins of the family are mixa from shigella flexneri, inva from salmonella typhimurium, flha from caulobacter crescentus, hrpi from pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, hrpo from pseudomonas sol ...19938253684
primary structure of the polysaccharide chain of virulent pseudomonas solanacearum biotype ii lipopolysaccharide. 19938131162
lipid transfer proteins (nsltps) from barley and maize leaves are potent inhibitors of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens.four homogeneous proteins (cw18, cw20, cw21, cw22) were isolated from etiolated barley leaves by extraction of the insoluble pellet from a tris-hcl (ph 7.5) homogenate with 1.5 m licl and fractionation by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. all 4 proteins inhibited growth of the pathogen clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (ec50s = 1-3 x 10(-7) m) and had closely related n-terminal amino acid sequences. the complete amino acid sequences of proteins cw18 and cw21 were d ...19938420795
reduction of phytoparasitic nematodes on tomato by soil solarization and genotype.the effects of soil solarization and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) genotype on populations of plant-parasitic nematodes and bacterial wilt were examined in north florida. maximum soil temperatures achieved under solarization treatments using a photoselective polyethylene mulch were 49.5, 46, and 40.5 c at depths of 5, 15, and 25 cm, respectively. soil solarization reduced (p < 0.05) populations of paratrichodorus minor, rotylenchulus reniformis, and criconemella spp. 85 days after transplanti ...199319279843
hrp mutants of pseudomonas solanacearum as potential biocontrol agents of tomato bacterial wilt.there have been many attempts to control bacterial wilt with antagonistic bacteria or spontaneous nonpathogenic mutants of pseudomonas solanacearum that lack the ability to colonize the host, but they have met with limited success. since a large gene cluster (hrp) is involved in the pathogenicity of p. solanacearum, we developed a biological control strategy using genetically engineered hrp mutants of p. solanacearum. three pathogenic strains collected in guadeloupe (french west indies) were ren ...199416349373
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