Publications

neutralizing antibodies in human serum after influenza a : the lack of strain specificity in the immunological response.	the increased concentrations of neutralizing antibodies against influenza a virus in human serum which occur after influenza a do not differentiate between antigenically different strains of this virus or swine influenza virus but instead appear to possess equal reactivity against these agents. the decrease in antibody levels which occurs with time is also independent of the strain of virus used to measure it.	1941	19871146
neutralization of influenza a virus by human serum.	a linear relationship exists between the quantity of human serum used and the quantity of influenza a virus neutralized. by means of this relationship it is possible to determine the maximum quantity of virus which a given human serum can neutralize. this quantity, the neutralizing capacity, is a fixed value and, unlike the serum dilution end point, is independent of the amount of virus used in the neutralization test.	1941	19871081
studies on the etiology of primary atypical pneumonia : iii. specific neutralization of the virus by human serum.	significant increases in neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in 42 of a total of 69 persons with a clinical diagnosis of primary atypical pneumonia. detailed titrations of virus-neutralizing antibodies in a representative group of 28 patients are presented. increases of four- to 64-fold were demonstrated. acute-phase titers were 4 or less in 83 per cent and convalescent titers were 16 or over in 86 per cent of these cases. only about half of the number of patients having increases in neutr ...	1945	19871504
epidemic of influenza a among a recently vaccinated population; isolation of a new strain of influenza a virus.		1947	20344616
rapid diagnosis of the sub-group of influenza-a virus strains isolated during the epidemic of 1949 in the netherlands.		1949	15390383
isolation of the virus of newcastle disease from human beings.		1949	18150790
persistent antigenic variation of influenza a viruses after incomplete neutralization in ovo with heterologous immune serum.	antigenic variants of influenza a virus strains emerge on serial passage in ovo in the presence of immune serum against different but related strains. an old laboratory strain (pr8) which had been through hundreds of animal passages was as readily modified by this procedure as recently recovered strains. such variants apparently can be obtained at will and show antigenic patterns which are reproducible and appear to be predictable in terms of the immune serum used for their selection. variant st ...	1950	14778924
the influence of acth on the course of experimental influenza virus type a infections.		1950	14795034
studies on the pathogenesis of fever with influenzal viruses. iii. the relation of tolerance to the production of endogenous pyrogen.	tolerance to the pyrogenic action of intravenously injected virus has been studied in rabbits given either pr8 strain of influenza a virus or newcastle disease virus (ndv). the following findings suggest that the capacity of the animal to release an endogenous pyrogen is a critical factor. (a) viruses produce fever by the release of endogenous pyrogen. (b) tolerance to the pyrogenic effect of reinjected virus is associated with a decrease or absence of endogenous pyrogen production. (c) toleranc ...	1958	13513910
the early interaction of animal viruses and cells.		1963	14159145
ascites tumours from bhk.21 cells transformed in vitro by polyoma virus.		1964	14161203
[experiments on organ localization of microorganisms. influenza a virus and staphylococci].		1964	14297252
inhibition of neuraminidase by polyanions.		1966	4291123
human responses to experimental infection with influenza a/equi 2 virus.		1967	4951557
antigenic variation among avian influenza a viruses.	a total of 16 strains of influenza a virus isolated in 1965-66 from quail, ducks, turkeys, pheasants and chickens bred in poultry farms situated in pavia and surrounding districts in northern italy were investigated from the point of view of antigenic grouping by the complement-fixation test.all strains were antigenically related but not identical to each other. most but not all strains were antigenically related to virus n and some to duck/england/62, turkey/canada/63 and turkey/massachussets/6 ...	1967	5301736
propagation of type a myxovirus influenzae in diploid cell strain wi-38. i. adaptation experiments with strains of human and animal origin.		1968	4386017
decay of influenza a viruses of human and avian origin.	the decay rate of six strains of influenza virus type a of human origin and eight strains of avian origin were examined in aerosol form under fixed conditions of temperature and humidity. strains of avian origin were demonstrated to have greater resistance to decay of viability.	1968	4234786
the antigenic relationship of the neuraminidase of hong kong virus to that of other human strains of influenza a virus.	segregation of the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of 6 representative influenza a2 viruses and the hong kong virus by genetic recombination permitted a precise analysis of the antigenic constitution of each virus. although cross-reactivity of the hong kong influenza virus and all 6 influenza a2 strains was demonstrated, the cross-reactivity was shown to be entirely dependent upon and mediated through the viral neuraminidase and not the haemagglutinin. the neuraminidase of the hong kon ...	1969	5309451
antigenic composition of recombinant virus strains produced from human and avian influenza a viruses.		1969	4980901
the roles of early alert and of adjuvant in the control of hong kong influenza by vaccines.	the major antigenic changes in influenza a virus that occur at 10-year intervals reduce the effectiveness of existing vaccines and pose a problem for the control of pandemics by vaccination. these difficulties may be obviated in two ways. first, by detecting the emergence of a new variant sufficiently ahead of its general spread for it to be possible to produce a corresponding vaccine in good time; the world health organization is widely depended upon for this early warning. secondly, by the imp ...	1969	4985377
[kinetic and chemical experiments on the decay of di-n-acetylneuraminosyl-lacto-n-tetraose by neuraminidases of myxoviruses and vibrio cholerae].		1971	4401630
recombinant influenza-a viruses as live vaccines for man. report to the medical research council's committee on influenza and other respiratory virus vaccines.	the infection of volunteers with five hybrid influenza-a viruses is described. four of these were produced in great britain by recombining an ao virus, non-infective for man, with a wild hong kong like strain. the fifth was the american recombinant, x-31, derived from similar parents and widely used in the manufacture of killed vaccines. all five viruses had the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of a2/hong kong/68. two of the viruses were not attenuated and induced symptoms of clinical influenza. ...	1971	4143531
relationship between human and animal infections with a2 /hong kong/68 - like strains of influenza virus.		1972	4681052
substrate specificities of the neuraminidases of newcastle disease and fowl plague viruses.		1972	5028199
[peculiarities of the properties of the surface components of influenza virus determined in comparative strains passed through homologous and heterologous human tissue].		1973	4808381
[defective particles in a virus population].		1973	4358704
fowl plague virus adapted to human epithelial tumor cells and human myeloblasts in vitro. ii. replication in human leukemic myoloblast cultures.		1973	4512529
the efficacy of the a2/aichi/68 strain in inhaled influenza immunisation against the a/england/42/72 variant.		1973	4283732
fowl plague virus adapted to human epithelial tumor cells and human myeloblasts in vitro. i. characteristics and replication in monolayer cultures.		1973	4571170
antigenic variation in current influenza a viruses: evidence for a high frequency of antigenic 'drift' for the hong kong virus.	a new antigenic variant of the hong kong (h3n2) subtype of influenzavirus type a is described. the variant, a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2), was first isolated in australasia in the autumn of 1973 and subsequently became the predominant influenza a variant in most areas of the world, replacing the previously prevalent strain a/england/42/72 (h3n2). the 1973 variant shows antigenic differences from former hong kong variants in both haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. the application of immuno- ...	1974	4218138
laboratory and clinical investigation of the 1974 influenza epidemic in nigeria.	altogether 13 strains of virus were isolated during the 1974 influenza epidemic in nigeria. these a/nigeria/1/74 strains were shown by haemagglutination-inhibition tests to be closely related to the a/port chalmers/1/73 virus. antibody to the epidemic strains developed rapidly in the population and 80-95% of all age groups tested possessed high antibody levels; of 145 paired sera tested, 133 (92%) showed sero-conversion to a/nigeria/1/74 virus.	1974	4549036
[virological and serological observations on an outbreak of influenza in rio de janeiro].		1974	4549845
human placental alkaline phosphatase, an inhibitor of hemagglutination by pr8-influenza a virus.		1974	4837607
[age profile of the antihemagglutinins and antineuraminidase antibodies in type a influenza (author's transl)].	antineuraminidase and antihemagglutinating antibody studies were carried out in parallel in sera from subjects born in bulgaria in 1968-1972, 1956-1960, 1946-1950, 1925-1935 and 1917-1920. it was found that the amount of both antineuraminidase and antihemagglutinating antibody in sera from normal subjects could vary depending upon the year of birth and the strain used for the test. the antibody spectrum was most narrow in children under 4 and wider in subjects born before 1925. serograms of the ...	1975	54996
[similarity and difference in the antigenic composition of hemagglutinins isolated from influenza a2 viruses at different time intervals].		1975	56816
antigenic variation of neuraminidase of human type a influenza (h3n2) viruses isolated in berlin (west).	after the emergence of the a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) strain of influenza virus antigenic variation of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens have been demonstrated leading to the identification of the variants a/england/42/72,a/port chalmers/1/73 and a/scotland/840/74. this study describes antigenic changes of neuraminidases in influenza viruses isolated since 1968 in berlin (west). a collection of 13 isolates of human type a influenza was studied in neuraminidase inhibition tests. the resul ...	1975	56831
characteristics of antigenic and biological properties of influenza a viruses isolated different epidemics of the same cycle.	the antigenic character of the haemagglutinin and of the neuraminidase from myxovirus influenzae strains isolated in the ussr during the 1968, 1970, 1971-1972 and 1972-1973 epidemics, are studied. the haemagglutinins were, at first, relatively, homogenous and constant, but subsequently changed gradually newer isolates became less and less reactive against a specific serum prepared with a/hong kong/68. however, this druft up to 1972-1973, did go beyond the limits of the h3 subtype. there were als ...	1975	59567
[respiratory tract infections of viral origin in infants. examination of 103 serum pairs in autumn and following spring].	in autumn 1973 und about four months later in spring 1974 blood samples were taken from the same 103 children aged from a few months to five years and coming from different parts of bavaria. we examined the samples for complement-fixing antibodies against the influenza virus types a, b and c, the parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3, the adenoviruses and the respiratory-syncytial virus, and for neutralising antibodies against the echo virus type 25. at the commencement of the investigation the m ...	1975	172769
studies of the genetic susceptibility of individuals to infection with influenza viruses.	nearly three and a half thousand sera obtained from various populations were tested serologically to obtain evidence of past infection with influenza a viruses that were prevalent from 1947 to 1972. no significant difference was found between the distributions of the levels of these antibodies of individuals of blood groups a and o, a1 and o, rh (d+) and rh (d-) and mm, mn and nn. the significance of these findings is discussed.	1975	810403
a therapeutic study of an adamantane spiro compound in experimental influenza a infection in man.		1975	1107299
[hypotheses and facts on the origin of pandemic strains of influenza a virus].		1975	1121849
inhibition of the replication of influenza a and b viruses by a nucleoside analogue (ribavirin).	a synthetic nucleoside analogue 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboamide (ribavirin or rtca) inhibits the replication of tissue culture of influenza b virus and also a wide range of influenza a viruses of human, animal and avian origin. the synthesis of influenza virus-induced antigens and also structural and non-structural polypeptides is inhibited by rtca as detected by immunofluorescence and by pulse labelling experiments with [35s]-methionine. the inhibitory effects of rtca on infl ...	1975	1176969
[changes in affinity to mucoprotein receptors of influenza a2-strains after mouse adaptation (author's transl)].	the aim of the study was to establish the relationship between mouse-virulence and affinity of influenza a2-viruses to certain naturally occurring mucoprotein receptor substances. mouse adaptation of 4 egg adapted cloned h2n2-strains, sensitive to rde-resistant horse serum inhibitor (psi), and rde-sensitive chick serum inhibitor (hsi) in the haemagglutination inhibition and neutralisation test (e+-strains) resulted in mouse virulent strains with diminished psi-sensitivity (m+-strains, (table 2). ...	1975	1179877
[virus diagnostics during 1972-1973 and 1973-1974 influenza epidemics].		1975	1181520
lymphocyte reactivity to influenza virus in man.	dermal delayed hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte reactivity, both to purified influenza antigens, have been observed in man. a correlation between these two indices of delayed hypersensitivity was found in subjects without known recent exposure to the virus, but neither correlated with levels of circulating haemagglutination-inhibiting (hai) antibody. results suggest that in man immunological sensitization of lymphocytes to influenza virus antigen is long-lived.	1975	1184119
the tecumseh study of respiratory illness. ix. occurence of influenza in the community, 1966--1971.	the occurrence of types a and b influenza infections was determined by isolation and serology over six years among residents of tecumseh, michigan. by isolation, there was evidence of type a infection for a limited period during each year of the study; most rises in titer were detected during the periods of viral isolation, but some also occurred out of season. outbreaks of type b infection were encountered three times during the six-year period and out of season infections were less frequently ...	1975	1202957
[tolerance and immunogenicity of an attenuated live influenza virus vaccine in man (author's transl)].	the attenuated influenza-a-virus strain "alice" (h3n2) - a recombination from a2/england/72 and a/pr8 mount sinai/34 - was given intransally in drops (10(7,2) id50 per dose), twice seven days apart. in a similar fashion, 25 healthy persons received placebos. local antibodies were determined before and three weeks after the first vaccination from nasal irrigation fluid. the fluid was concentrated and adjusted to an iga amount of 50 mg/l. blood samples were obtained at similar intervals. systemic ...	1975	1204500
[pathogenesis and clinical aspects of myocarditis].		1975	1210394
clinical and serologic effects of alice strain live attenuated influenza a (h3n2) virus vaccine in an adult population.	alice strain live attenuated influenza a (h3n2) virus was evaluated in prison volunteers. by random double blind allocation, 94 volunteers received alice strain vaccine (as) intranasally and 97 received placebo. the vaccine was well tolerated, and there was no serious morbidity. the number, type, duration, and severity of symptoms was not significantly different between the vaccine and placebo groups. seventy-five per cent of vaccines with initial hai titers less than or equal to 1:8 had 4 fold ...	1975	1214706
plaque assay and primary isolation of influenza a viruses in an established line of canine kidney cells (mdck) in the presence of trypsin.	a wide variety of influenza a viruses, comprising human, equine, porcine, and avian strains, grew productively in an established line of canine kidney cells (mdck) under an overlay medium containing trypsin, and formed well-defined plaques regardless of their prior passage history. plaquing efficiency was comparable to the efficiency of infection in fertile eggs via allantoic route. mdck cells have also been successfully employed for the primary isolation of influenza a virus from throat washing ...	1975	1214709
[variability of influenza a2 viruses in nature].	a comparative study of variability of the properties of influenza a2 viruses isolated in different epidemic years (1964-1965, 1968-1969, 1972-1973) showed that in the course of influenza virus evolution changes occurred not only in the antigenic properties of surface proteins (hemagglutinins and neuraminidase) but in a number of other properties as well. in contrast to previously circulating strains, influenza a2 virus strains isolated in the epidemic of 1971-1972 were found to have higher repro ...	1975	1216834
[comparative studies in influenza vaccines].		1975	1226778
[determination of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against influenza virus a/port chalmers/1/73 in samples from the roman population (1962-1974). relation of antibody titers to those obtained against previous influenza a strains].	the h.i.a. titer has been determined against the strain of the a/port chalmers/1/73 influenza virus in 805 serum samples obtained in rome from as many adults during six distinct periods between spring 1962 and summer-autumn 1974.	1975	1227406
the immune adherence receptor: dissociation between the expression of erythrocyte and mononuclear cell c3b receptors.	human erythrocytes have a surface receptor for the third component of complement (c3b). this receptor mediates the immune adherence (ia) reaction. in this study, erythrocytes from over 100 normal donors and from donors with rare blood group types were examine for ia reactivity. all donors had red cells with high titer ia activity, with the exception of one rh null individual whose erythrocytes had barely detectable ia activity. five other rh null donors had normal ia titers. because of the appar ...	1975	1100727
hl-a antigens and antibody response after influenza a vaccination. decreased response associated with hl-a type w16.	we investigated possible associations of hl-a types and antibody-response patterns during clinical trials with a live, attenuated intranasal influenza a vaccine. after vaccination, subjects with hl-a type w16 had, as a group, a mean convalescent-phase hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer of 14, which was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than the mean titer of 36 in subjects without type w16. of 25 subjects with a poor antibody response, 32 per cent had hl-a type w16, whereas only 5 ...	1976	1105178
editorial: pandemic and interpandemic influenza a.		1976	1260303
use and withdrawal of amantadine chemoprophylaxis during epidemic influenza a.	a controlled investigation of chemoprophylaxis with amantadine hydrochloride during an epidemic of influenza a was performed in nonimmune students. illness was significantly decreased and serologic evidence of infection reduced by treatment. during the post-treatment period, while influenza was still prevalent, an accelerated rate of infection occurred among persons previously protected by chemotherapy. when used, chemoprophylaxis should be continued until influenza is no longer prevalent or, pr ...	1976	1267254
the swine-influenza decision.	we analyzed the economic aspects of mass immunization against swine-like influenza in 1976-1977, and have used the delphi technic for estimating the likelihood and characteristics of an epidemic. if an epidemic occurs and no preventive efforts are made, total costs could exceed $6 billion for the whole population and $3 billion for those in the high-risk group. expected net benefits from immunization vary with (1) the target population, (2) costs of vaccine administration and (3) vaccine accepta ...	1976	822331
alkaline-extracted influenza subunit vaccine.	treatment of influenza virus concentrates with alkaline solvents releases a major fraction of the viral structural protein content. as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the surface glycoprotein substructures, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are the primary solubilized products. two forms of hemagglutinin antigen are recovered, a 39s active hemagglutinin and a 23s blocking antigen. dose-response assays in mice demonstrate that hemagglutination-inhibiting and neuraminidase antibod ...	1976	826484
[etiopathogenetic approach to the treatment of viral-bacterial pneumonias].	the efficacy of aerosols of leukocytal interferon used in complex with antibacterial and other medicamentous agents was studied during influenza epidemic in 1975 due to port-chalmers virus of influenza a with increased numbers of viral-bacterial pneumonia. the viral-sta-phylococcal etiology of the infection was confirmed in 80 per cent of the cases under stationary conditions. various microorganism and most often staph aureus were isolated in addition to the viruses from the patient's sputum and ...	1976	828482
the medical letter on drugs and therapeutics.		1976	934021
respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. practical community surveillance.	concurrent and sequential outbreaks of infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza a virus were studied, utilizing a local surveillance system for infectious diseases that involved weekly reports from primary care physicians. the patterns of illness in the community and in hospital admissions were relatively specific for these two viruses, and differed according to whether rsv and influenza a virus occurred together or separately. this surveillance system appeared to be a prac ...	1976	937281
editorial: the quandaries of mass immunization.		1976	958266
[influenza 1976].		1976	959700
ability of temperature-sensitive mutants of the recombinant influenza s/n (h2n1) virus to induce immunity to parental (h0n1 and h2n2) viruses.	the behavior in mice of two thermosensitive (ts) mutants (denoted ts217 and ts700) of the recombinant influenza virus s/n (h2n1) was studied. the parental thermoresistant (tr) virus and both of the mutants were capable of inducing protection against pneumotropic a/singapore (h2n2) and a/ws (h0n1) challenge viruses. immunity against the singapore virus, with which the s/n virus shared the hemagglutinin, developed earlier than against the ws virus, with which the s/n virus shared the neuraminidase ...	1976	965084
longitudinal studies of types a and b influenza among seattle schoolchildren and families, 1968-74.	longitudinal studies of influenza were conducted by postepidemic collection of sera and illness information among seattle schoolchildren from 1968 to 1974 and in family groups from 1972 to 1974. the rate of infection with a/hong kong (h3n2) virus was lowest in the 1968-1969 epidemic; rates were twice as high in the epidemics of 1970 and 1972, and in the a/england (h3n2) epidemic of 1973. the introduction of a new strain of influenza type a or type b caused higher rates of infection in junior hig ...	1976	978003
[biological properties of the agents of the influenza epidemic of 1972-1973 in leningrad and other cities of the soviet union].	the novelty of influenza epidemics of 1972-1973 in leningrad and other towns of the soviet union was due to changes in the antigenic profile of influenza viruses neuraminidase which was found to be closely related to that of a/victoria/35/72 virus according to the results of neuraminidase activity inhbition test. the epidemic influenza a virus strains isolated in 1972-1973 were also found to be sensitive to thermostable inhibitors of mouse serum which was not typical for the hong kong group of v ...	1976	982998
influenza a viral infection associated with acute renal failure.	the clinical and laboratory findings in four cases of acute renal failure following the onset of influenza a viral infection (port chalmers/1/73) are presented. although the pathophysiologic mechanisms affecting the kidney in these cases varied, the ensuing renal failure in each patient was severe. findings suggestive of acute myoglobinuria developed in one patient, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) occurred in another. the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of renal disease is r ...	1976	984071
[marginal on preventive influenza vaccination].		1976	995057
[the possible epidemic recrudescence of swine-like influenza virus type a].	an account of the effects of recent influenza epidemics is given from the medical standpoint, and also with respect to their social and economic repercussions. the part played by air travel in the carriage of such epidemics is also examined. the immunity of the population of rome towards an a strain swine fever (a/new jersey 8/76) is assessed in the light of personal research.	1976	995280
antibodies to influenza a/swine-like viruses (hsw1n1) in human sera: antigenic stimulation and changes in antibody status.	human sera collected at the end of 1975 were studied for hi antibodies to influenza a/mayo clinic/103/74 (hsw1n1). the frequent occurrence of these antibodies in subjects born before 1930 suggested that they are present in about 25% of the finnish population. during the h3n2 epidemic in winter 1975-76 a low response of antibodies to a/swine-like viruses was recorded in about half of the influenza patients with a pre-existing titre, but not in any of the patients without pre-existing antibodies. ...	1976	998257
temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza a virus. xii. safety, antigenicity, transmissibility, and efficacy of influenza a/udorn/72-ts-1[e] recombinant viruses in human adults.	the influenza a/hong kong/68-ts-1[e] virus (shutoff temperature, 38 c), which possesses many characteristics desirable in a vaccine virus, was used as a donor of its two temperature-sensitive (ts) lesions to the antigenically divergent influenza a/udorn/72 wild-type virus. two subsets of udorn/72-ts-1[e] recombinant viruses were evaluated in seronegative volunteers (serum titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody, less than or equal 1:8). the first subset, represented by clone 13, possessed ...	1976	1003014
[effect of v antigen of the a-2 hong-kong influenza virus on the in vitro reactivity of human peripheral white blood cells].		1976	1004065
influenza virus: association of mouse-lung virulence with plaque formation in mouse kidney cells.	in genetic recombination experiments with the mouse-lung-adapted human influenza a/engl/1/61 (h2n2) and an avian influenza strain a/rostock/34 (fpv) (hav1n1) which is avirulent for the mouse lung, recombinants in which hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were either segregated (hav1n2; h2n1) or not segregated (hav1n1) were selected. the recombinants were studied for mouse-lung virulence and their ability to propagate in mouse kidney cells, mouse embryo fibroblasts, chick embryo kidney cells and chic ...	1976	1010711
[prevalence of antibodies to a/new jersey/76, a/victoria/3/75 and b/hong kong/5/72 influenza viruses in the population of milan examined in the late spring of 1976 and evaluation of the past experience of the same population with probable agent of the 1918-20 pandemics].	hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies (h.i.a.) to influenza viruses a/new jersey/76, a/victoria/3/75 and b/hong kong/5/72 were titrated in 227 serum samples collected in milan in the late spring 1976 from healthy subjects of 0 to 90 years of age. in 185 of these neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies (n.i.a.) for the type a strains were also titrated. subjects up to 40 years of age lack h.i.a. to a/new jersey/76 strain; antibody levels equal to or greater than 1:40 are occasionally present in the ...	1976	1016579
[clinical control, study of viral shedding and evaluation of circulating and local antibody response after administration of live and attenuated "alice" strain influenza vaccine].	thirty-four young adults were inoculated intranasally by nose drops with two doses, two weeks apart, of inhibitor resistant "alice" vaccine strain of a/england/42/72 (h3n2). by the rate of volunteers with clinical reactions, always mild and short-lasting, the vaccine showed a low degree of reactogenicity. viral shedding was evidenced only the day after the first dose and was limited to two vaccinees. two weeks after the first dose homologous serum h.i.a. appeared in all the 15 volunteers lacking ...	1976	1021151
[possible significance of human patients with "swine" influenza virus in january-february,1976 at fort dix, new jersey, usa, and theories concerning the cause of deaths in the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919].		1976	1024248
swine flu: did uncle sam buy a pig in a poke?		1976	1027540
sequential parkinsonism and chorea following "mild" inluenza.		1976	1028270
the swine flu immunization program.		1976	1028314
flu--1976.		1976	1078091
counteraction of poly(4-vinylpyridine-n-oxide) on the depression of viral interferon induction by coal dust.	the depressive activity of coal dust on interferon induction by influenza was markedly subverted when either coal dust or llc-mk2 cell monolayers were pretreated with poly (4-vinylpyridine-n-oside). the polymer alone neither induced interferon synthesis, inhibited viral induction of interferon, influenced viral multiplication, nor affected cellular-induced resistance by interferon. absorption of the polymer to coal dust not only occurred at a more rapid rate than to cell monolayers, but also les ...	1976	178603
evaluation of 6-azauridine and 5-iododeoxyuridine in the treatment of experimental viral infections.	the potential antiviral activity of 6-azauridine and 5-iododeoxyuridine was evaluated in a coordinated study at five institutions. experimental models in five species, the mouse, rabbit, swine, cat, and ferret, were established with use of 10 viruses: herpesvirus hominis types 1 and 2, murine cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus, shope fibroma virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, swine influenza virus, feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, feline panleukopenia virus, and ferret distemper virus. ...	1976	180189
elevated nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction test response in acute viral respiratory disease.		1976	180486
v irus and lectin agglutination of erythrocytes: spin label study of membrane lipid-protein interactions.	techniques of spin-label electron spin resonance have been used to prove changes in the structure of the lipid phase of erythrocyte membrane after agglutination by viruses and lectins. when chicken erythrocytes are agglutinated by sendai and influenza viruses and by the lectins concanavalin a and wheat germ agglutinin, the membrane lipid phase becomes more fluid, as detected by three different lipophilic spin-laveled probes. colchicine, vinblastine, and tetracaine inhibit the fluidization of chi ...	1976	185616
influenza: its antigenic variation and ecology.	influenza viruses have two surface antigens, the glycoprotein structures hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). antibodies to each of these are associated with immunity, but the structures themselves are antigenically variable. when an antigenic change is gradual over time it is referred to as a drift, while a sudden complete or major change in either or both antigens is termed a shift. the mechanism of antigenic drift is usually attributed to selection of preexisting mutants by pressure fro ...	1976	187273
[abortive myxovirus infection in ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. production of heterokaryons in permissive cells and analysis of virus-specific structures].	hybridization of ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells and chicken fibroblasts using uv-inactivated sendai virus produced the following variants of homo- and heterokaryons: (a) uninfected ehrlich cells, (b) fowl plague virus-infected chicken fibroblasts, (c) uninfected ehrlich cells and uninfected chicken fibroblasts; (d) infected ehrlich cells and infected chicken fibroblasts, (e) infected ehrlich cells and uninfected chicken fibroblasts. the analysis of the material produced by heterokaryons gave th ...	1976	188250
[the fixing complement antibodies to respiratory viruses--influenza a1, b, c, parainfluenza 1 (sendai), syncytial respiratory, adenovirus, echo 11--and "mycoplasma pneumoniae" in healthy persons (author's transl)].	serological research of complement fixation test (kolmer micromethod) into 163 young healthy subjects (18-22 years old) in order to point out the contaminations effects of respiratory viruses and of mycoplasma pneumoniae. in is pointed out serological simultaneous reactions on some subjects, expression of multiple infections; the different frequency of serological tests for each antigen, pointing out the rôll played by the singles diseases, the different titre distribution of the antibodies to 1 ...	1976	190954
[determination of the diffusion coefficients and average diameters of myxoviruses by laser spectroscopy with optical mixing].		1976	193304
isolation of influenza virus from liver and muscle biopsy specimens from a surviving case of reye's syndrome.	influenza virus (a/ohio/7/76) was demonstrated by haemagglutination and by direct electron microscopy in chick embryo fluids inoculated with liver, muscle, cerebrospinal fluid, and nasotracheal secretions obtained from a boy with reye's syndrome, 8 days after the onset of the upper-respiratory-tract symptoms and at the height of neurological and hepatic involvement. this finding accords with the hypothesis that reye's syndrome may be an epiphenomenon of influenza-virus infection. it is postulate ...	1976	61342
[antigenic structure of the neuraminidases of vaccinal strains of influenza virus type a used in the production of live anti-influenza oral vaccine].		1976	62454
[ways to increase the specific activity of anti-influenzal donor gamma-globulin].		1976	80044
swine influenza virus in man. zoonosis or human pandemic?		1976	59086
swine influenza virus and the recycling of influenza-a viruses in man.	sera collected in 1967 and 1972 from people in the 0-100 age-group showed haemagglutination-inhibition (h.i.) antibody to swine virus a/iowa/15/30 (hsw1n1) in greatest number and with highest titre in people born before 1918. a slight decrease was observed from 1967 to 1972 in the number of sera with antibody to swine virus and in the height of the titres. the recently isolated a/new jersey/10/76 (hsw1n1) virus showed a result comparable to that of the swine/1930 virus in sera of 1972. on the an ...	1976	59252
the value of complement fixation and haemagglutination inhibition tests in the diagnosis of influenza a.	antibody response of 133 influenza a patients from three outbreaks since 1972-73 was analyzed by complement fixation (cf) and haemagglutination inhibition (hi) methods. during the first outbreak, a significant response was more often measured by cf than by hi. during the last outbreak hi appeared more useful than cf for routine serological diagnosis; 23% of cases verified by hi were missed by cf. the poor response of cf antibodies was associated with the high level of pre-infection antibodies.	1976	7943
the epidemiology of influenza.	although unpredictable, influenza outbreaks are known to occur in three patterns: pandemics every 30 to 40 years, with high excess mortality; epidemics much more frequently, with lower excess mortality; and usually mild sporadic outbreaks. the possibility of a swine-flu pandemic this winter, resembling that of 1918-20, is the result of a unique deviation in the epidemiology of this fascinating disease.	1976	67988
editorial: influenza-1918, a revisit?		1976	768767
criteria in the evaluation of live intranasal influenza virus vaccines.	live influenza virus vaccines should meet the following criteria: attenuation, immunogenicity, lack of spread, genetic stability, production in a suitable cell substrate, and stability during storage. in addition, they should be able to induce a wide antigenic protection. these various aspects will be discussed with reference to the "alice" strain of live influenza a virus, which possesses all the properties for a good live attenuated virus vaccine.	1976	782962
immunization of man and animals against influenza by oral and intranasal routes.	live human and equine influenza virus strains modified by serial passage on allantois-on-shell system (aos) in the presence of normal horse serum were administered orally or intranasally to volunteers or horses. mostly mild clinical short-lasting reactions, replication in nasal mucosae, transmission to placebo recipients and significant local or circulating antibody rises were observed following administration to volunteers of strains modified by five or less serial passages on aos in the prese ...	1976	782965
natural challenge of subjects vaccinated with wrl 105 strain live influenza vaccine in a residential community.	in the spring of 1975 an outbreak of influenza associated with influenza virus a/scotland/840/74 virus occurred in a residential college where the previous autumn some students had been immunised with a single intranasal dose of recombinant wrl 105 (h3n2) (a/okuda/57xa/finland/4/74) strain live attenuated infleunza virus vaccine. during the outbreak none of seven students who had been vaccinated suffered from influenza but an influenzal illness did occur in four of eleven who had received placeb ...	1976	782969