Publications

infectivity assays of foot-and-mouth disease virus: contact transmission between cattle and buffalo (bubalus bubalis) in the early stages of infection.	no differences were observed between cattle and indian buffalo (bubalus bubalis) in terms of temperature, viraemia or virus replication in the pharyngeal area, during the acute phase of foot-and-mouth disease. like cattle, the indian buffalo became infected and excreted virus before any clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease developed. the disease was transmitted from cattle to buffalo and vice versa, during the acute stage of infection, as if the animals had been of the same species, presumab ...	1997	9123797
genetic variation within and relationships among populations of asian water buffalo (bubalus bubalis).	genetic variation at 53 protein-coding loci (25 polymorphic) was analysed for 17 water buffalo populations-12 swamp, three lankan and two of the murrah breed (river type), to determine the magnitude of genetic differentiation and the genetic relationships among the populations. in accord with previous cytological studies, the lankan buffalo clearly are river type. significant deviations from hardy-weinberg equilibrium were shown for a number of locus-population combinations, with all populations ...	1997	9124701
a preliminary comparison of plasma fibrinogen concentrations, leukocyte numbers and erythrocyte sedimentation rate as non-specific indicators of inflammatory conditions in buffalo (bubalis bubalis).	the plasma fibrinogen concentration (fib), total leukocyte count (tlc), neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte numbers, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (esr) were determined in 153 buffaloes suffering from different clinical conditions. fib increased significantly (p < 0.05) in chronic mastitis, pyrexia, pyometra, cutaneous abscesses, tail gangrene and acute indigestion, whereas in most of the other conditions studied it varied non-significantly. tlc increased significantly in chronic mastit ...	1997	9151410
chromosomal assignment of six muscle-specific genes in cattle.	six genes expressed in skeletal or smooth muscle were assigned to bovine chromosomes using rodent, human or bovine cdna probes. myogenic determination factor (myod1) was 100% concordant with bos taurus chromosome (bta) 15, and myogenin (myog) was 95% concordant with bta 16. smooth muscle caldesmon (cald1) and the skeletal muscle chloride channel gene (clcn1) were 100% concordant with bta 4. myogenic factor 5 (myf5) was 90% concordant with bta 5; this assignment was confirmed by fluorescence in s ...	1997	9172305
genetic diversity of asian water buffalo (bubalus bubalis): microsatellite variation and a comparison with protein-coding loci.	twenty-one microsatellite loci in 11 populations of asian water buffalo (eight swamp, three river type) were analysed and, within and among populations, genetic variability was compared with results from 25 polymorphic protein-coding loci. within-population mean heterozygosity ranged from 0.380-0.615, approximately twice that estimated from the protein-coding loci (0.184-0.346). only eight significant departures from hardy-weinberg equilibrium (involving four loci) were detected; global tests sh ...	1997	9172308
characterization of strains of leuconostoc mesenteroides by analysis of soluble whole-cell protein pattern, dna fingerprinting and restriction of ribosomal dna.	of 215 leuconostocs isolated from field grass, natural whey cultures and water-buffalo milk, 178 were identified as leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides while 37 strains could not be identified. biochemical characterization allowed seven groups to be defined. representative strains of each group and different habitat and nine reference strains were selected for further analyses. protein profiles appeared suitable for species discrimination, but did not differentiate between the three sub ...	1997	9172399
nocardia asteroides as a cause of pneumonia in a buffalo calf.	pulmonary nocardiosis has been described in a four-month-old male buffalo calf (bubalus bubalis) with a history of respiratory distress lasting ten days. microscopic examination of tissue imprints from the infected lungs revealed numerous gram-positive, acid-fast, fine, branched, filamentous organisms which were morphologically identical with those of nocardia spp. cultures of pneumonic lung specimens on plain sabouraud medium yielded pure growth of nocardia asteroides at 37 degrees c. lungs fro ...	1997	9567313
spontaneous rate of sister chromatid exchanges (sces) in mitotic chromosomes of sheep (ovis aries l.) and comparison with cattle (bos taurus l.), goat (capra hircus l.) and river buffalo (bubalus bubalis l.).	the spontaneous level of sister chromatid exchanges (sces) in the sheep, estimated by exposing peripheral blood lymphocytes in 0.1 microgram/ml of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (brdu), was 4.08 +/- 2.47 sce/cell, 2.04 sce/cell cycle, 0.038 sce/chromosome. the dose-response relationships, observed by exposing the cells to 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 micrograms/ml of brdu, rose rapidly from 0.1 to 0.25 microgram/ml, and less rapidly at higher concentrations, thus reaching a saturation level. the anal ...	1997	9474905
high salt method: a simple and rapid procedure for isolation of genomic dna from buffalo (bubalus bubalis) white blood cells.	three different methods, namely guanidine hydrochloride, phenol-chloroform extraction and high salt method, were compared in order to develop a simple method for the extraction of high yield of dna from buffalo blood suitable for genome analysis. both phenol-chloroform and high salt methods produced good yields of high molecular weight dna as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. the yield and quality of dna extracted by high salt method was comparable to that of phenol-chloroform method. t ...	1997	9475068
biochemical responses in mixed chronic psoroptic and sarcoptic mange of buffaloes (bubalus bubalis).		1997	9493304
gene mapping in the river buffalo (bubalus bubalis l.): five syntenic groups.	summary: forty-five somatic buffalo-hamster hybrid clones were analysed for the presence or absence of pcr products of 10 primers. five syntenic groups were identified: cga-d9s1; cd18-d1s4; oxt-prnp; ldlr-d7s3; bspn-d14s2. these same syntenic groups were reported to be syntenic in cattle and were assigned to u2 (bta 9), u10 (bta 1), u11 (bta 13), u22 (bta 7), and u24 (bta 14), respectively. based on chromosomal homology between cattle and river buffalo chromosomes, these syntenic groups are expe ...	1997	21395805
use of molecular markers for the identification of river buffalo chromosomes: chromosome one.	a standard karyotype for the river buffalo has recently been established. the largest five chromosomes are biarmed and, based on the banding homology between cattle and buffalo chromosomes, were suggested to originate from the fusion of cattle acrocentric chromosomes. the origin of buffalo chromosome 1 is controversial due to the difficulty in differentiating between the small acrocentric cattle chromosomes. using molecular markers assigned to cattle chromosomes, synteny between cd18, a marker f ...	1997	21395839
simultaneous identification of antibodies to brucella abortus and staphylococcus aureus in milk samples by flow cytometry.	two flow cytometric assays are described herein. the single cytometric test (sct) detects antibodies to either brucella abortus or staphylococcus aureus in the serum or milk of a cow or water buffalo. the double cytometric test (dct) detects both anti-b. abortus and anti-s. aureus antibodies concurrently. in the sct, the sample to be tested is incubated in succession with the antigen (either b. abortus or s. aureus) and the proper secondary antiserum (fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled rabbit a ...	1998	9508316
effect of culture conditions on the hatching ability of in vitro produced buffalo (bubalus bubalis) embryos.		1998	9519431
zfx and zfy loci in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis): potential for sex identification.	in the present study a small region of zfx and zfy loci in buffalo have been amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) was also uncovered that can distinguish between male and female buffalo dna. the study also found a second copy of the zfx loci (zfxr) present in both male and female. sequence analysis showed that zfxr has a single base deletion that results in a redundant putative protein.	1998	9526699
seroprevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) from egypt.	sera from 75 water buffaloes from egypt were examined using a direct agglutination test incorporating mercaptoethanol for antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii. antibodies to n. caninum were found in 51 (68%) of 75 buffaloes in titres of 1:20 (six buffaloes), 1:40 (15 buffaloes), 1:160 (one buffalo), 1:320 (one buffalo) and > or = 1:640 (28 buffaloes), using n. caninum formalin-preserved whole tachyzoites as antigen. antibodies to t. gondii were not found in a 1:100 dilution of se ...	1998	9559371
prevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in cattle and water buffaloes in southern vietnam.	serum samples from 200 dairy cattle and 200 beef water buffaloes were collected in southern vietnam during may to september 1995. the sera were analysed for antibodies to neospora caninum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the indirect fluorescent antibody test, and for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by the direct agglutination test. significant levels of n. caninum antibodies were detected in 5.5% of the cattle sera and in 1.5% of the water buffalo sera. 10.5% of the cattle sera and 3 ...	1998	9566094
laboratory production of buffalo (bubalus bubalis) embryos.	there is an increasing interest in large-scale in vitro production (ivp) of buffalo embryos through in vitro maturation (ivm), fertilization (ivf) and culture (ivc) of oocytes for faster multiplication of superior germplasm. the recovery of total and usable quality oocytes from slaughterhouse ovaries is low in this species. the nuclear maturation rates of buffalo oocytes matured in the presence of follicular fluid or serum and hormones like luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and o ...	1998	10461670
influence of cumulus cells and sperm concentration on cleavage rate and subsequent embryonic development of buffalo (bubalus bubalis) oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro.	the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of sperm concentration and presence or absence of cumulus cells on fertilization, cleavage rate and subsequent embryonic development upto the blastocyst stage in buffalo. cumulus-oocyte-complexes (cocs) obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured in vitro in tcm-199 + 10% fbs + 5 micrograms/ml fsh-p for 24 h. after maturation the cocs were either used as such (cumulus-intact) or freed from attached cumulus cells by repeated ...	1998	10734439
effect of presence of a dominant follicle on the superovulatory response in buffalo (bubalus bubalis).	ten buffalo were superovulated by administration of 8 doses of fsh in a descending schedule spread over 4 d (5.5/5.5, 4.5/4.5, 3.5/3.5 and 2.5/2.5 ml, i.m.; total dose of 64 au in 32 ml) beginning on day 10 of an unstimulated estrous cycle, and 30 and 20 mg lutalyse was given alongwith the 5th and 6th injections of fsh, respectively, to induce luteolysis. the number of corpora lutea (cl) was determined on 6 d post estrus. the ovaries were examined daily by ultrasonography from day -5 to day 5 (d ...	1998	10734457
the potential of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry in the quality control of water buffalo mozzarella cheese.	adulteration by addition of bovine milk to water buffalo milk employed for mozzarella cheese production is often observed. water buffalo milk and mozzarella cheese were analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry in order to achieve their rapid and accurate characterization and to evaluate possible fraudulence in mozzarella cheese production.	1998	9654754
trematode hemoglobins show exceptionally high oxygen affinity.	ligand binding studies were made with hemoglobin (hb) isolated from trematode species gastrothylax crumenifer (gc), paramphistomum epiclitum (pe), explanatum explanatum (ee), parasitic worms of water buffalo bubalus bubalis, and isoparorchis hypselobagri (ih) parasitic in the catfish wallago attu. the kinetics of oxygen and carbon monoxide binding show very fast association rates. whereas oxygen can be displaced on a millisecond time scale from human hb at 25 degrees c, the dissociation of oxyge ...	1998	9675199
igf-ii stimulation of in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilisation and subsequent development of buffalo (bubalus bubalis) oocytes in vitro.		1998	9682434
a microsatellite sequence showing polymorphism in sheep, goat, cattle and water buffalo.		1998	9682454
ontogeny, postnatal development and ageing of endocrine pancreas in bubalus bubalis.	the ontogenesis, postnatal development and ageing of the endocrine pancreas in mammals have not been extensively studied. in order to improve understanding of this organ, we studied the buffalo pancreas during fetal and postnatal development. glucagon, insulin and somatostatin immunoreactive cells (i.c.) were first seen in 2-mo-old embryos. pancreatic polypeptide (pp) i.c. were observed during the 3rd month of gestation. the early embryo pancreas was almost totally composed of endocrine tissue. ...	1998	9688507
kappa-casein polymorphisms in indian dairy cattle and buffalo: a new genetic variant in buffalo.	we screened 57 sahiwal cattle (bos indicus) and 53 murrah, 19 nili-ravi and 11 egyptian buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) to detect the polymorphisms at kappa-casein (csn3) gene using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). csn3 a and b alleles were identified by pcr-rflp using the restriction enzymes that detect the underlying nucleotide changes at codon 136 (taql) and at codon 148 (hindiii or hinfi) in cattle. the frequency of csn3 b allele in the sahiwal cattle was estimated as 0.16 with no homozygous ...	1998	9713674
glycoconjugates in small antral ovarian follicles of the river buffalo (bubalus bubalis l.).	types and distribution patterns of glycoconjugates in antral ovarian follicles were investigated in the buffalo, using periodic-acid schiff (pas), high iron diamine (hid), low ion diamine (lid) and lectin histochemical staining methods. hid and lid staining procedures were preceded in some cases by digestion with testicular hyaluronidase, streptomyces hyaluronidase, chondroitinase abc and heparitinase (heparinase iii). lectin staining was performed with the use of 12 horseradish peroxidase (hrp) ...	1998	9717561
comparative fish-mapping of the prion protein gene (prnp) on cattle, river buffalo, sheep and goat chromosomes.	comparative fish-mapping of the prion protein gene (prnp) was performed on cattle (bta), river buffalo (bbu), sheep (oar) and goat (chi) chromosomes using a pcr-product as a probe and r-banding. prnp was mapped to bta13q17, bbu14q15, oar13q15 and chi13q15 according to standard nomenclatures. these chromosomes and bands were homoeologous among the four species, confirming the high degree of gene and chromosome banding conservation among bovids. furthermore, the assignment of prnp to river buffalo ...	1998	9730603
genetic diversity of asian water buffalo (bubalus bubalis): mitochondrial dna d-loop and cytochrome b sequence variation.	swamp and river buffalo mitochondrial dna (mtdna) was sequenced for 303 bp of the cytochrome b gene for 54 animals from 14 populations, and for 158 bp of the d-loop region for 80 animals from 11 populations. only one cytochrome b haplotype was found in river buffalo. of the four haplotypes identified in swamp buffalo, one found in all populations is apparently ancestral both to the other swamp haplotypes and to the river haplotype. the phylogenetic relationships among the 33 d-loop haplotypes, w ...	1998	9745663
in vitro maturation and fertilization, and subsequent development of buffalo (bubalus bubalis) embryos: effects of oocyte quality and type of serum.	in experiment 1, to determine the developmental potential of buffalo oocytes of different qualities, compact cumulus-oocyte complexes (cocs) with an unexpanded cumulus mass, and with homogeneous ooplasm were classified as grade 1 (with > or =5 layers of cumulus cells) and grade 2 less than 4 layers of cumulus cells). grade-3 oocytes were either without cumulus cells or with expanded cumulus mass, and with irregular ooplasm. the oocytes were matured for 24 h at 38.5 degrees c, 5% co2 in air in ma ...	1998	9801269
follicular fluid immunoreactive-inhibin concentrations in relation to follicular diameter and estradiol-17 beta, progesterone and testosterone concentrations in individual ovarian follicles in buffalo, bubalus bubalis.	the objective of this study was to measure the concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin (ir-inhibin) in follicular fluid from individual ovarian follicles and relate them to follicular diameter and follicular fluid concentrations of estradiol-17 beta, progesterone and testosterone in buffalo. follicular size was measured with an ultrasound machine and follicles were categorized as small (4 to 5 mm diam.), medium (6 to 9 mm diam.) and large (10 mm and above in diam.). ir-inhibin concentrations va ...	1998	9838877
reversal of sedative and clinicophysiological effects of epidural xylazine and detomidine with atipamezole and yohimbine in buffaloes (bubalus bubalis).	the sedative and clinicophysiological effects of either xylazine (0.1 mg/kg) or detomidine (50 micrograms/kg) administered epidurally to groups of five buffaloes were reversed by the intravenous administration of either yohimbine (0.125 mg/kg) or atipamezole (10 micrograms/kg). epidural xylazine or detomidine produced bradycardia, respiratory depression, ruminal stasis and hypothermia and these effects were completely reversed within five to 15 minutes after the intravenous administration of ati ...	1998	9839365
a serological survey of bovine brucellosis in india.	a serological survey of brucellosis in cattle and buffalo was performed in 23 states of india. a total of 30,437 bovine samples, comprising 23,284 cattle and 7,153 buffalo (bubalus bubalis), were screened. the screening initially used the rose bengal plate test: doubtful and positive samples were then titrated in the serum tube agglutination test. the overall prevalence rate of antibodies was 1.9% in cattle and 1.8% in buffalo. in a detailed study of 47 organised farms in the southern state of k ...	1998	9850550
zoo-fish and r-banding reveal extensive conservation of human chromosome regions in euchromatic regions of river buffalo chromosomes.	commercially available human chromosome (hsa) painting probes were hybridized on river buffalo (bubalus bubalis, 2n = 50) chromosomes by using fish and r-banding techniques. clear hybridization fitc-signals revealed extensive conservation of human chromosome regions in this species and demonstrated that human chromosome probes primarily paint euchromatic regions (r-bands). the present results are discussed in the light of previous gene mapping data obtained in river buffalo and zoo-fish data in ...	1998	9858819
abortion in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) associated with bacillus licheniformis.		1998	9881445
immunohistochemical study of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the philippine carabao (bubalus bubalis).	the distribution and frequency of occurrence of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the philippine carabao (bubalus bubalis) were studied by immunohistochemistry. fourteen types of immunoreactive (ir) endocrine cells were revealed. among the cell types, only chromogranin, serotonin, and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (bpp) were present in the entire gut, while the others showed restricted distribution: somatostatin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin in the abomasum and small intestine; me ...	1998	9972649
the primary structure of water buffalo alpha(s1)- and beta-casein identification of phosphorylation sites and characterization of a novel beta-casein variant.	the primary structure of water buffalo alpha(s1)-casein and of beta-casein a and b variants has been determined using a combination of mass spectrometry and edman degradation procedures. the phosphorylated residues were localized on the tryptic phosphopeptides after performing a beta-elimination/thiol derivatization. water buffalo alpha(s1)-casein, resolved in three discrete bands by isoelectric focusing, was found to consist of a single protein containing eight, seven, or six phosphate groups. ...	1998	9988530
eight molecular markers from bovine syntenic groups u2, u5, u24, u14, u12, u28, x and y were fluorescence in situ mapped to eight river buffalo chromosomes.		1998	10099882
parentage assessment of an ivf calf from bubalus bubalis by dna fingerprinting.	we used two synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes, oat18 and oms1 comprising (tgg)6 and (ggta)4 repeat motifs, respectively, in combination with hinfi enzyme for dna fingerprinting of a calf born from embryo transfer technology, its surrogate mother (sm) and the sperm donor (bull). of the two polymorphic probes, oat18 was found to be more informative for correctly establishing the parentage status of the in-vitro fertilized (ivf) calf and demonstrated the genetic relationship of the sm with ...	1998	9469934
cytogenetics of three breeds of river buffalo (bubalus bubalis l.), with evidence of a fragile site on the x chromosome.	the cytogenetic study of 182 river buffalo (bubalus bubalis l., 2n = 50) of murrah, mediterranean and jaffarabadi breeds, from the state of são paulo, was carried out to characterize their chromosomes and to detect possible chromosomal abnormalities. the karyotypes were indistinguishable with conventional staining as well as with c and replication r banding techniques. in about 44% of the sample (8 males and 72 females), an x marker chromosome due to a fragile site was shown. the frequency of me ...	1998	10732032
early development and location of embryos in the reproductive tract of nili ravi buffalo (bubalus bubalis): a retrospective analysis.	one year data on embryo recovery were analyzed to study the development and descent of preimplantation embryos in nili ravi water buffalo. forty-five superovulatory attempts were performed on 23 buffalo. a total of 45 embryos were recovered either nonsurgically or after slaughtering the animals at various time intervals (85 to 176 h) post estrus. embryos were located in the oviducts at 85 h after estrus. at 108 h post estrus, most of them (78%) were recovered from the uteri. the embryos had 8 to ...	1998	10732056
rate of transport and development of preimplantation embryo in the superovulated buffalo (bubalus bubalis).	this study was designed to ascertain the rate of transport and development of preimplantation embryo in the superovulated buffalo in order to determine the optimum time for their nonsurgical collection. eighteen murrah-type buffalo were superovulated with 600 mg nih-fsh-p1. luteolysis was induced by administration of pgf2 alpha at 72 (pg + 72) and 84 h (pg + 84) after initiating gonadotrophin treatment and fixed-time ai was done beginning at 36 h post pg + 72 administration and at 12-h intervals ...	1998	10732154
heterochromia iridis in water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis).	this study included 45 unaffected animals and 593 animals affected with heterochromia irides, and 85 enucleated eyeballs with heterochromia irides. the classification of heterochromia irides, morphology of normal and heterochromic irides, and the histology, ultrastructure, and scanning electron microscopy are presented. the incidence of heterochromia irides in water buffaloes was 7.62% affecting either one or both eyes. both complete and partial heterochromia irides occurred. complete heterochro ...	1998	11397231
sequential pathological studies in asian water buffaloes infected intratracheally with absidia corymbifera.	zygomycosis was produced experimentally in asian water buffalo calves (bubalus bubalis) by intratracheal inoculation of sporangiospores of absidia corymbifera. infected animals exhibited dullness, depression, partial anorexia, initial pyrexia, mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge and coughing during the first week. there was no mortality at any stage of the experiment, which continued for 30 days. the gross and microscopic lesions were restricted to the lungs and there was no dissemination of ...	1998	18473535
bull-specific effect on fertilization rate and viable embryo recovery in the superovulated buffalo (bubalus bubalis).	this study was conducted to compare fertilization rate and viable embryo recovery rate in superovulated buffalo (n = 64) following insemination with semen from buffalo bulls (n = 5) having different fertility rates as determined by ai. frozen-thawed semen from fertile bulls with similar post-thaw progressive motility and sperm morphology was used to inseminate buffalo at superovulatory estrus. fertilization and viable embryo recovery rates differed among bulls, but this bull-specific effect was ...	1999	10734367
effect of treatment with recombinant bovine somatotropin on responses to superovulatory treatment in swamp buffalo (bubalus bubalis).	the objective of this study was to determine the effect of treatment with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbst) on the response to superovulatory treatment in swamp buffalo. estrous cycles of 16 buffalo cows were synchronized by intravaginal administration of progesterone and estradiol benzoate, and the cows were then randomly divided into 2 groups. the rbst-treated group received 250 mg of a sustained-release formula of rbst on day 4 after progesterone implantation, whereas the control group d ...	1999	10734373
factors affecting pregnancy rate following nonsurgical embryo transfer in buffalo (bubalus bubalis): a retrospective study.	the objectives of this study were to determine the pregnancy rate and factors affecting it following nonsurgical embryo transfer in buffalo. donor buffalo were superovulated with fsh, and embryos collected nonsurgically were evaluated for stage of development and quality. they were transferred nonsurgically to 91 recipients on days 5 to 7 of the natural (n = 52) or induced (n = 39) estrus (estrus = day 0). the overall pregnancy rate of 24/91(26.4%) was higher than in earlier reports for buffalo ...	1999	10734401
isolation of immunologically active uterine luminal proteins associated with follicular and luteal phases of the ovary in buffalo (bubalus bubalus).	uterine luminal proteins (ulp) collected from the genital tract of buffalo during the follicular (group f) and luteal (group l) phases of the estrous cycle were chromatographed using sephacryl s-200 gel. five peaks were detected in each group. different protein concentrations (10 to 200 microg) from peaks i and v in each group were examined for immunological activity on polymorph nuclear leukocytic cells (pmnl) in vitro. all concentrations except 10 microg of ulp peak i (< or = 250 kda) in group ...	1999	10729036
[observation on the clinical symptoms and sporocyst excretion in human volunteers experimentally infected with sarcocystis hominis].	to investigate the excretion of sporocysts and clinical manifestations in humans experimentally infected of sarcocystis hominis.	1999	12563811
functional differentiation in trematode hemoglobin isoforms.	the hbs and the major electrophoretic hb components (isohbs) were isolated from three species of the trematodes, explanatum explanatum (ee), gastrothylax crumenifer (gc) and paramphistomum epiclitum (pe), that parasitise the common indian water buffalo bubalus bubalis. the hbs are monomeric and resemble the so-called nonfunctional mutant hemoglobins that have tyr at b10 or e7 positions (replacing leu and the his residues, respectively). however, they are capable of binding with o2 and co. o2 equ ...	1999	10103000
sarcocystis dubeyi n. sp. (protozoa: sarcocystidae) in the water buffalo (bubalus bubalis).	sarcocystis dubeyi n. sp. is proposed for a species forming thick-walled, microscopic sarcocysts in striated muscular tissues of the water buffalo (bubalus bubalis). sarcocysts of s. dubeyi were found in histological sections of skeletal muscles and esophagus, but not in heart and tongue, of 8 (13%) of 60 water buffaloes examined in ho chi minh city, vietnam. sarcocysts of s. dubeyi were up to 600 microns long and up to 200 microns wide. the cyst wall was 4.5-9 microns thick and was composed of ...	1999	10207372
an evaluation of tuberculin skin tests used to diagnose tuberculosis in swamp buffaloes (bubalus bubalis).	three types of tuberculin tests were evaluated in swamp buffaloes in two herds of known tuberculosis-positive and tuberculosis-negative status, and the results were compared with postmortem records of 73 tuberculous and 12 non-tuberculous buffaloes from a different herd. of the 73 tuberculous swamp buffaloes, 30 (41%), 46 (63%) and 56 (77%) animals were detected by the caudal-fold skin test, the cervical skin test and the stormont test, respectively. of the 12 non-tuberculous buffaloes, 5 (42%), ...	1999	10223316
seminal-type ribonuclease genes in ruminants, sequence conservation without protein expression?	bovine seminal ribonuclease (bs-rnase) is an interesting enzyme both for functional and structural reasons. the enzyme is the product of a gene duplication that occurred in an ancestral ruminant. it is possible to demonstrate the presence of seminal-type genes in all other investigated ruminant species, but they are not expressed and show features of pseudogenes. in this paper we report the determination of two pancreatic and one seminal-type ribonuclease gene sequences of swamp-type water buffa ...	1999	10231579
characterization and chromosomal distribution of satellite dna sequences of the water buffalo (bubalus bubalis).	satellite dna sequences were isolated from the water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) after digestion with two restriction endonucleases, bamhi and stui. these satellite dnas of the water buffalo were classified into two types by sequence analysis: one had an approximately 1,400 bp tandem repeat unit with 79% similarity to the bovine satellite i dna; the other had an approximately 700 bp tandem repeat unit with 81% similarity to the bovine satellite ii dna. the chromosomal distribution of the satellite ...	1999	10355126
atypical cilia in the tracheal epithelium of healthy water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis).	samples of tracheal mucosa were obtained from 10 healthy adult water buffaloes and 50 000 cilia were examined ultrastructurally. ciliary abnormalities were found in all 10 subjects. atypical cilia occurred as compound cilia (up to 1.5%), intracytoplasmic cilia (0.07%) and swollen cilia (0.05%). the microtubular pattern was determined in 5000 cross-sectioned cilia, with about 7% showing axonemal abnormalities in which peripheral defects prevailed. some electron-dense plugs appeared inside the cyl ...	1999	10373294
cdna cloning and sequence analysis of bubaline growth hormone.	the cdna for bubalus bubalis growth hormone (gh) has been cloned and sequence determined through rt-pcr approach. the nucleotide sequence of bubaline gh cdna was in a single reading frame coding for a protein of 191 residues comprising a putative signal sequence of 27 amino acids. homology comparison of the sequence with other mammalian gh cdnas showed a very high degree of evolutionary conservation. bubaline gh sequence shared a homology of 99.5%, 99.5%, 98.6%, 87.6% and 61.9% with that of ovin ...	1999	10376211
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the cdna encoding beta-lactoglobulin in bubalus bubalis.	the cdna for bubaline beta-lactoglobulin (beta lg) has been cloned through rt-pcr approach and sequenced. sequence data showed a single open reading frame coding for a protein of 180 amino acids with a signal sequence of 18 amino acid residues. comparison with other ruminant beta lg sequences revealed a high homology indicating the protein to be conserved through evolution. the degree of homology, at amino acid level, is 96.1%, 95.6%, 93.9% and 63.7% with goat, sheep, cow and pig, respectively.	1999	10376212
comparison of the human with the sheep genomes by use of human chromosome-specific painting probes.	human chromosome specific painting probes were hybridized on sheep (ovis aries, 2n = 54) chromosomes by fish. the painting results on sequentially stained rba-banded preparations demonstrated high degree of conserved regions between human and sheep genomes. a total of 48 human chromosome segments were detected in sheep chromosomes. comparisons with sheep gene mapping data available and previous zoo-fish data obtained in sheep, cattle, and river buffalo were performed.	1999	10384047
health and growth of water-buffalo calves in nueva ecija, the philippines.	this prospective observational study was undertaken in the province of nueva ecija in the philippines to assess current levels of health and growth achieved by a defined cohort of water-buffalo calves raised by smallholder farmers and to identify factors associated with the performance of these animals during the first 6 months following birth. seventy two animals were enrolled, including 16 philippine native water-buffalo and 54 crossbred (f1, f2 or backcrosses) animals. dullness (which was ass ...	1999	10384946
analysis of conserved microsatellite sequences suggests closer relationship between water buffalo bubalus bubalis and sheep ovis aries.	the distribution and evolutionary pattern of the conserved microsatellite repeat sequences (ca)n, (tgg)6, and (ggat)4 were studied to determine the divergence time and phylogenetic position of the water buffalo, bubalus bubalis. the mean allelic frequencies of these repeat loci showed a high level of heterozygosity among the euartiodactyls (buffalo, cattle, sheep, and goat). genetic distances calculated from the allelic frequencies of these microsatellites were used to position bubalus bubalis i ...	1999	10390160
comparative fish-mapping of six expressed gene loci to river buffalo and sheep chromosomes.	six expressed gene loci (nf1, cryb1, chrnb1, tp53, p4hb and gh1), recently assigned to cattle chromosome 19 by both radiation hybrid analysis and fish-mapping, were comparatively fish-mapped to river buffalo chromosome (bbu) 3p and sheep chromosome (oar) 11, extending the physical map in these two important bovids. the six loci mapped to the same homoeologous chromosome bands of bbu 3p and oar 11, and their gene order was centromere-nf1-cryb1-chnrb1-tp53-(gh1, p4hb).	1999	10393419
antioxidant defense in the follicular fluid of water buffalo.	oxidative damages to the oocyte or follicular cells were suggested to trigger atresia. in water buffalo, loss of the blood-follicle barrier sieving effect on the diffusion of plasma haptoglobin was previously found to be associated with atretic oocytes. the redox status of water buffalo follicles was evaluated by measuring in follicular fluid both the total antioxidant capacity (tac), expressed as trolox equivalents, and the concentration of specific free radical scavengers, determined by high-p ...	1999	10394004
sequential clinical, haematological, biochemical, immunopathological and histopathological alterations in buffalo calves (bubalus bubalis) intravenously infected with absidia corymbifera.	absidiosis was produced experimentally in 18 buffalo calves by intravenous inoculation of spores of absidia corymbifera. infected animals exhibited dullness, depression, partial anorexia and an initial pyrexia and coughing during the first week and two animals died on each of 9, 13 and 16 days post infection (dpi). the haemoglobin concentration and total erythrocyte count showed no appreciable change from their basal values at any stage of the experiment. however, the erythrocyte sedimentation r ...	1999	10445250
effect of pen size on behavioral, endocrine, and immune responses of water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) calves.	female water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) calves (n = 28) aged 7 to 10 d were divided into four groups of seven animals each to examine the effects of space allowance (group a: 2.6 indoor m2 + 2.0 outdoor m2/calf; group b: 2.6 indoor m2/calf; group c: 1.5 indoor m2/calf; group d: 1.0 indoor m2/calf) on behavioral, endocrine, and immune variables for a period of 60 d. animals were offered 7 l/d of a commercial acidified milk substitute. the calves averaged 45.9 kg initially and 92.4 kg finally. the ...	1999	10461979
paracrystalline structures in the epithelial principal cells of the epididymis of water buffalo (bubalus bubalis).	the ultrastructure of many principal cells in the cauda epididymis of water buffaloes with ages varying between 4, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months, revealed, in many cells, the presence of long, curved paracrystalline structures that are quite large and frequently encountered in the cytoplasm, usually near the nucleus. concomitantly or not, smaller rod-like, hexagonal or curled structures can be found in the nucleus. both structures, cytoplasmic and intranuclear, are made up of a sheath of parallel fil ...	1999	10481305
prevalence of sarcocystis spp. in water buffaloes in vietnam.	muscles from heart, tongue, oesophagus, neck and abdomen from 502 adult water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) slaughtered in ho chi minh city, vietnam, between 1996 and 1997 were examined for sarcocystis cysts by a combination of ocular and histological examination. sarcocysts were present in 396 (79%) of the animals and the prevalence increased with age from a 57% infection rate among 2-3 year old animals to 93% among 6-7 year olds. the prevalence was higher in animals originating from the northern ...	1999	10489200
the ovarian response of prepubertal buffalo (bubalus bubalis) to superovulation with equine chorionic gonadotrophin with and without treatment with gnrh.		1999	10489273
alternative nonallelic deletion is constitutive of ruminant alpha(s1)-casein.	multiple forms of alpha(s1)-casein were identified in the four major ruminant species by structural characterization of the protein fraction. while alpha(s1)-casein phenotypes were constituted by a mixture of at least seven molecular forms in ovine and caprine species, there were only two forms in bovine and water buffalo species. in ovine and caprine forms the main component corresponded to the 199-residue-long form, and the deleted proteins differed from the complete one by the absence of pept ...	1999	10524777
manipulation of milk production and quality by use of somatotropin in dairy ruminants other than cow.	the ability of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bst) to enhance milk production is well established in cows and in other dairy ruminants. in dairy ewes, we found increased milk yield (20-30%) following treatment with bst, which did not negatively affect the gross composition or coagulating properties of milk, except in the advanced stage of lactation, when the percentages of milk protein and fat were reduced and the coagulation time was improved (shorter) compared with untreated animals. in dair ...	1999	10527116
toward three-dimensional analysis of cochlear structure.	recent results from a three-dimensional model of the cochlea are summarized. the features include physically realistic values of basilar membrane stiffness, mass, and fluid viscosity. the simple 'feed-forward' principle for the active process yields results in qualitative agreement with recent measurements in the cochlea. the limitation is a simplified representation of the organ of corti, with two degrees of freedom representing the motion of the pectinate and arcuate zones of the basilar membr ...	1999	10529645
postnatal development of intestinal endocrine cell populations in the water buffalo.	the frequency and distribution of 11 endocrine cell populations were studied in the intestine of differently aged buffalo, grouped on the basis of diet: 2-d-olds (suckling), 5-mo-olds (weaning) and 5-y-olds (ruminant adult diet). the endocrine cell populations were identified immunocytochemically using antisera against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht), somatostatin, gastrin, cholecystokinin (cck), cooh-terminal octapeptide of gastrin/cck, neurotensin, motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (gip), sec ...	1999	10580859
suppressor cell activity of intestinal mucosal leucocytes from buffalo (bubalus bubalis arni).	suppressor activity of buffalo intestinal intraepithelial leucocytes and lamina propria leucocytes was induced by concanavalin a, and was assayed against the mitogenic response of autologous and allogenic leucocytes to mitogens. appreciable suppression was observed with 25 micrograms cona/ml on the proliferative activity of the responder cells cocultured at a ratio of < 2:1 (suppressor:responder cell). mitomycin c treatment of intestinal leucocytes did not totally vanish the viability and functi ...	1999	10641159
expression of growth factor ligand and receptor genes in preimplantation stage water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) embryos and oviduct epithelial cells.	the temporal pattern of expression of genes for several growth factor ligands and receptors was examined in preimplantation water buffalo embryos and oviduct epithelial cells using rt-pcr. the identity of the resulting pcr products was confirmed by their expected size, restriction analysis, southern blot hybridization and nucleotide sequence analysis. preimplantation stage embryos from the one-cell to the blastocyst stage were derived after maturation, fertilization and culture of oocytes in vit ...	1999	10645246
reproduction in water buffalo: comparative aspects and implications for management.	the domestic buffalo occupies an important niche in many ecologically disadvantaged agricultural systems, providing milk, meat and draught power. although buffalo can adapt to harsh environments and live on low quality forage, their reproductive efficiency is often compromised by such conditions. climatic stress depresses ovarian cyclicity, oestrous expression and conception rates. poor nutrition, usually related to seasonal fluctuations in availability and quality of feed, delays puberty and in ...	1999	10692852
species origin of milk in italian mozzarella and greek feta cheese.	several animal species such as cattle, goats, sheep, and water buffalo provide milk for dairy products. we describe a simple procedure for detecting the species origin of milk used for cheese production. dna was isolated from italian mozzarella or greek feta by sequential organic extractions and resin purification. this dna was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism as described previously for meat samples. this procedure differentiated mozzarella made fro ...	2000	10716574
chromosomal localization of four hsa2 type i loci in river buffalo (bubalus bubalis, 2n = 50) chromosomes 2q and 12.		2000	10723732
sarcocystis spp infection in philippine water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis).	in a survey of sarcocysts in muscle tissues obtained from 142 water buffaloes, 65% of the carcasses had sarcocysts. macroscopic and two forms of microscopic sarcocysts, the spindle-shaped or fusiform sarcocysts commonly occurring in the muscles of the esophagus, throat and limbs, and the globular to oval-shaped sarcocysts which were the dominant form in the diaphragm and cervical muscle tissues were noted. ultrastructural analysis of macroscopic and microscopic sarcocysts and their cyst wall rev ...	2000	11414458
phenotypic and genotypic diversity of yeasts isolated from water-buffalo mozzarella cheese.	water-buffalo mozzarella (wbm) cheese is one of the several 'pasta filata' or stretched curd cheeses that originated in southern italy, traditionally manufactured from raw milk employing natural whey starter cultures. lactose- and galactose-fermenting yeasts isolated from wbm were studied to evaluate their role in the ripening of this cheese. the kinetic parameters of the growth of the yeasts as well as their principal metabolic end-products showed a great variability depending on the species. m ...	2000	10735250
cytogenetic analysis of the tamaraw (bubalus mindorensis): a comparison of r-banded karyotype and chromosomal distribution of centromeric satellite dnas, telomeric sequence, and 18s-28s rrna genes with domestic water buffaloes.	the karyotype of the tamaraw (bubalus mindorensis, 2n = 46) was investigated by rbg-banding technique and compared with those of the river and the swamp cytotypes of domestic water buffalo (b. bubalis). the tamaraw karyotype consisted of 6 submetacentric and 16 acrocentric autosome pairs (naa = 56), and x and y chromosomes. the rbg-banded karyotype of the three taxa had a high degree of homology, and the tamaraw karyotype could be explained by a robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 7 a ...	2000	10768124
the effect of gnrh supplement of fsh and pmsg treatments for prepubertal swamp buffalo calves (bubalus bubalis).	the objective of the experiment was to improve the multifollicle stimulation technique and the ovarian response examination in prepubertal swamp buffalo calves. six animals were stimulated by gonadotropin hormone 7 days after a progesterone ear-implant. the first stimulation was done by giving 24 mg fsh + 100 microg gnrh (fsh+gnrh) and the second, one month after by giving 2,000 iu pmsg + 100 microg gnrh (pmsg+gnrh). twenty-four hours after gnrh, the ovarian responses were checked using rectal p ...	2000	10770598
infection of bovine immunodeficiency virus and bovine leukemia virus in water buffalo and cattle populations in pakistan.	a survey of antibodies to bovine immunodeficiency virus (biv) known as bovine lentivirus and bovine leukemia virus (blv) was conducted with samples from water buffalo and cattle populations in pakistan. a total of 370 water buffaloes and 76 cattle were tested, and 10.3% and 15.8%, respectively, were found positive for anti-biv p26 antibodies determined by western blotting, while 0.8% of water buffaloes and no cattle were positive for anti-blv antibodies determined by immunodiffusion test. biv-se ...	2000	10770609
vitrification of buffalo (bubalus bubalis) oocytes.	the objective of the present study was to develop a method for the cryopreservation of buffalo oocytes by vitrification. cumulus-oocyte complexes (cocs) were obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries. prior to vitrification of cocs in the vitrification solution (vs) consisting of 4.5 m ethylene glycol, 3.4 m dimethyl sulfoxide, 5.56 mm glucose, 0.33 mm sodium pyruvate and 0.4% w/v bovine serum albumin in dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (dpbs), the cocs were exposed to the equilibration solution ...	2000	10832754
rapid communication: nucleotide sequence of the river buffalo kappa-casein cdna.		2000	10834596
rapid communication: nucleotide sequence of the river buffalo beta-casein cdna.		2000	10834597
detomidine-diazepam-ketamine anaesthesia in buffalo (bubalus bubalis) calves.	eight buffalo calves (8-12 months, 70-100 kg) were randomly assigned to two groups of four animals each. animals of group i were given detomidine (100 micrograms/kg), whereas animals of group ii received a mixture of detomidine (100 micrograms/kg), diazepam (100 micrograms/kg) and ketamine (3 mg/kg) (ddk) intravenously. various clinical parameters, such as weak time, down time, pedal and pinprick reflexes, muscle relaxation and extent of sedation, as well as heart and respiratory rates and elect ...	2000	10842467
the reproductive pattern and efficiency of female buffaloes.	buffaloes play a prominent role in rural livestock production, particularly in asia. reproductive efficiency is the primary factor affecting productivity and is hampered in female buffalo by (i) inherent late maturity, (ii) poor estrus expression in summer, (iii) distinct seasonal reproductive patterns, and (iv) prolonged intercalving intervals. ovarian function is central to these issues; hence, the focal point of this review is ovarian function in bubalus bubalis, particularly, in relation to ...	2000	10844227
naturally occurring bovine leukosis virus in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) in brazil.		2000	10887985
neosporosis in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) in southern italy.	a study was carried on 1377 water buffalo serum samples from 50 farms in southern italy to test the presence of neospora caninum antibodies by indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat). rabbit anti-buffalo immunoglobulins conjugated to fluorescein were used in the test. fluorescence in sera dilutions above 1:200 was considered as indicative of the presence of n. caninum antibodies. the overall prevalence of infection in the animals was 34.6%. the prevalence increased in relation to the age of s ...	2000	10889356
phylogenetic analysis of the tribe bovini using microsatellites.	the objective of the present study was to determine if the generally accepted phylogenetic relationships in the tribe bovini correspond to a phylogenetic scheme derived from polymorphisms at 20 bovine microsatellite loci. this study comprises 17 representative populations: eight bos taurus, two bos indicus, one poëphagus, one bibos, one bison, three bubalus and one syncerus. phylogenetic analyses using (delta mu)2 and chord (dc) distances revealed substantial divergence among species. neighbor-j ...	2000	10895308
immunohistochemical study of the neuropeptides in the stellate ganglion of the water buffalo.	the localization of some neuropeptides including neuropeptide y (npy), substance p (sp), calcitonin gene related peptide (cgrp), vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip), galanin (gal), methionine enkephalin (m-enk), tyrosine hydroxylase (th) immunoreactivity was studied in the stellate ganglion (sg) of water buffalo. npy, sp, gal and th immunoreactivities were present in almost all of the ganglion cells. npy, sp, gal, sp, cgrp, vip and m-enk immunoreactive nerve fibers were also seen in the sg. the ...	2000	10916853
storage of buffalo (bubalus bubalis) semen.	characteristics of buffalo semen, diluents used for liquid storage, aspects involved in freezing and thawing of semen are reviewed, and fertility results after artificial insemination (ai) with frozen-thawed semen are given.	2000	10924820
comparison of serological tests for trypanosoma evansi natural infections in water buffaloes from north vietnam.	in the present study, a collection of 415 water buffalo serum samples originating from the north of vietnam was used for evaluation of different diagnostic antibody detection methods available to detect infections with trypanosoma evansi. the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of a direct card agglutination test (catt/t. evansi), an indirect card agglutination test (latex/t. evansi) and a newly developed antibody detection elisa (elisa/t. evansi) was calculated on the basis of parasitologica ...	2000	10946132
comparative fish mapping of bovid x chromosomes reveals homologies and divergences between the subfamilies bovinae and caprinae.	comparative fish mapping of river buffalo (bubalus bubalis, bbu), sheep (ovis aries, oar), and cattle (bos taurus, bta) x chromosomes revealed homologies and divergences between the x chromosomes in the subfamilies bovinae and caprinae. twenty-four and 17 loci were assigned for the first time to bbu x and oar x, respectively, noticeably extending the physical map in these two species. seventeen loci (four of which for the first time) were also fish mapped to bta x and used for comparative mappin ...	2000	10965117
post-vitrification survival and in vitro maturation rate of buffalo (bubalus bubalis) oocytes: effect of ethylene glycol concentration and exposure time.	the present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of ethylene glycol concentration and time of exposure to equilibration solution on the post-thaw morphological appearance and the in vitro maturation rate of buffalo oocytes. vitrification solution-i (vs-i) consisted of 4.5m ethylene glycol (eg), 3.4m dimethyl sulphoxide, 5. 56mm glucose, 0.33mm sodium pyruvate and 0.4% w/v bovine serum albumin in dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (dpbs), whereas vitrification solution-ii (vs-ii) con ...	2000	10989226
sixteen type i loci from six human chromosomes were comparatively fluorescence in-situ mapped to river buffalo (bubalus bubalis) and sheep (ovis aries) chromosomes.		2000	10997785
effect of differential addition of glycerol and pyruvate to extender on cryopreservation of mediterranean buffalo (b.bubalis) spermatozoa.	the composition of the extender in which semen is diluted before freezing plays a major role in successful cryopreservation of spermatozoa. substances of high osmolarity, like glycerol, protect sperm cells during the freezing process and energy-rich compounds, like pyruvate provide extra energy during capacitation and fertilization. since cryopreservation procedures for buffalo spermatozoa have not been adequately defined, the aim of the study was to improve the survival rate of buffalo (bubalus ...	2000	11003301
ovarian responses and oocyte recovery in prepubertal swamp buffalo (bubalus bubalis) calves after fsh or pmsg treatment.	stimulation of follicular growth was examined using two different gonadotropin treatments in 10 prepubertal swamp buffalo calves (8 to 12 mo old). each calf received an ear implant consisting of 3 mg norgestromet and 5 mg estradiol valerate during hormonal treatment. five calves were additionally administered fsh (24 mg, im) and, 2 mo later, pmsg (3,000 iu). the remaining 5 calves were first treated with pmsg followed by fsh. ovarian responses to treatments were examined by laparotomy, 72 h afte ...	2000	11003310
phenotypic and genetic characterization of lactococcus garvieae isolated in spain from lactococcosis outbreaks and comparison with isolates of other countries and sources.	the phenotypic and genetic analysis results for 84 isolates of lactococcus garvieae (including 62 strains from trout with lactococcosis from four different countries, 7 strains from cows and water buffalos with subclinical mastitis, 3 from water, and 10 from human clinical samples) are presented. there was great phenotypic heterogeneity (13 different biotypes) based on the acidification of saccharose, tagatose, mannitol, and cyclodextrin and the presence of the enzymes pyroglutamic acid arylamid ...	2000	11015404
immunochemical evaluation of bovine beta-casein and its 1-28 phosphopeptide in cheese during ripening.	polyclonal antibodies raised against the plasmin-released 1-28 phosphopeptide from bovine beta-casein [i.e., beta-cn(f1-28)4p] specifically recognized the tryptic beta-casein 1-25 and 2-25 peptides, whatever the degree of phosphorylation, but were unresponsive to the shortened beta-casein 16-22 phosphopeptide. these antibodies were able to recognize the parent bovine beta-casein as well as the homologous water buffalo protein, but they could not detect the homologous counterparts from ovine and ...	2000	11052699
[research on constructing phylogenetics trees of ruminants basing on the database of milk protein gene sequences].	primers designed according to the sequences of four milk protein genes of cow bos taurus (alpha-lactoalbumin, beta-lactoglobin, beta- and kappa-casein) were used to amplify the full length gene of alpha-lactalbumin in yak bos grunniens (2999 bp), water buffalo bubalus arnee bubalis (278 bp), partial sequence of this gene in red deer cervus elaphs xanthopygus (1582 bp), 5' and 3' flanking region of beta-lactoglobin gene (2167 bp and 1096 bp in length respectively), 5'-flanking region and exon vii ...	2000	11057044