Publications

progress in aminocyclitol biosynthesis.	a stream of genetic and biochemical information available for the biosynthesis of aminocyclitols over the past few years has provided the foundation to study the modes of formation of this clinically important class of natural products. in addition to work on the identification and functional analysis of aminocyclitol biosynthetic gene clusters, a contingent of recent studies has focused on the detailed analysis of unique enzymatic and catalytic mechanisms inherent to these pathways. the results ...	2009	19321377
evolution of dna ligases of nucleo-cytoplasmic large dna viruses of eukaryotes: a case of hidden complexity.	eukaryotic nucleo-cytoplasmic large dna viruses (ncldv) encode most if not all of the enzymes involved in their dna replication. it has been inferred that genes for these enzymes were already present in the last common ancestor of the ncldv. however, the details of the evolution of these genes that bear on the complexity of the putative ancestral ncldv and on the evolutionary relationships between viruses and their hosts are not well understood.	2009	20021668
phenotypic and molecular characterization of brachyspira spp. isolated from wild rodents.	the occurrence of intestinal spirochaetes of genus brachyspira in wild rodents was studied by cultivating 209 caecal samples. spirochaetal cultures were obtained from 83% of rats and 33% of house mice. biochemical characterization and six different species-specific pcr methods were applied to 101 of 118 isolates and a selection of 34 brachyspiras were further studied by sequencing of the 16s rrna gene. the results showed that isolates representing all the established biochemical phenotypes could ...	2010	23766276
characterization and epidemiological relationships of spanish brachyspira hyodysenteriae field isolates.	this research aimed to describe the genetic and phenotypic diversity of 74 spanish brachyspira hyodysenteriae field isolates, to establish epidemiological relationships between the isolates and to confirm the presence of tiamulin-resistant isolates in spain. for these purposes, we performed biochemical tests in combination with diagnostic pcr analysis for the identification of brachyspira spp. and for detection of the smpa/smpb gene. we also used antimicrobial susceptibility tests, random amplif ...	2010	19480724
identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of porcine bacteria that inhibit the growth of brachyspira hyodysenteriae in vitro.	to identify bacilli, lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria that inhibit the growth of brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	2010	19778354
glycerol enhances the antifungal activity of dairy propionibacteria.	dairy propionibacteria are widely used in starter cultures for swiss type cheese. these bacteria can ferment glucose, lactic acid, and glycerol into propionic acid, acetic acid, and carbon dioxide. this research examined the antifungal effect of dairy propionibacteria when glycerol was used as carbon source for bacterial growth. five type strains of propionibacteria were tested against the yeast rhodotorula mucilaginosa and the molds penicillium commune and penicillium roqueforti. the conversion ...	2010	21331381
glycerol enhances the antifungal activity of dairy propionibacteria.	dairy propionibacteria are widely used in starter cultures for swiss type cheese. these bacteria can ferment glucose, lactic acid, and glycerol into propionic acid, acetic acid, and carbon dioxide. this research examined the antifungal effect of dairy propionibacteria when glycerol was used as carbon source for bacterial growth. five type strains of propionibacteria were tested against the yeast rhodotorula mucilaginosa and the molds penicillium commune and penicillium roqueforti. the conversion ...	2010	21331381
cofactor requirement of hpyav restriction endonuclease.	helicobacter pylori is the etiologic agent of common gastritis and a risk factor for gastric cancer. it is also one of the richest sources of type ii restriction-modification (r-m) systems in microorganisms.	2010	20140205
application of a pig ligated intestinal loop model for early lawsonia intracellularis infection.	porcine proliferative enteropathy in pigs is caused by the obligate, intracellular bacterium lawsonia intracellularis. in vitro studies have shown close bacterium-cell interaction followed by cellular uptake of the bacterium within 3 h post inoculation (pi). however, knowledge of the initial in vivo interaction between porcine intestinal epithelium and the bacterium is limited. the aims of the present study were to evaluate the usefulness of a ligated small intestinal loop model to study l. intr ...	2010	20181246
human intestinal spirochetosis--a review.	human intestinal spirochetosis (is) is a condition defined histologically by the presence of spirochetal microorganisms attached to the apical cell membrane of the colorectal epithelium. intestinal spirochetes comprise a heterogeneous group of bacteria. in humans, brachyspira aalborgi and brachyspira pilosicoli predominate. prevalence rates of is are low where living standards are high, in contrast to poorly developed areas where is is common. homosexuals and hiv-infected individuals are at high ...	2010	20200654
detection and quantification of 14 campylobacter species in pet dogs reveals an increase in species richness in feces of diarrheic animals.	the genus campylobacter includes many species, some of which are known human and animal pathogens. even though studies have repeatedly identified domestic dogs as a risk factor for human campylobacteriosis, our understanding of campylobacter ecology in this reservoir is limited. work to date has focused primarily on a limited number of species using culture-based methods. to expand our understanding of campylobacter ecology in dogs, a collection of fecal samples from 70 healthy and 65 diarrheic ...	2010	20219122
differential regulation of the multiple flagellins in spirochetes.	the expression of flagellin genes in most bacteria is typically regulated by the flagellum-specific sigma(28) factor flia, and an anti-sigma(28) factor, flgm. however, the regulatory hierarchy in several bacteria that have multiple flagellins is more complex. in these bacteria, the flagellin genes are often transcribed by at least two different sigma factors. the flagellar filament in spirochetes consists of one to three flab core proteins and at least one flaa sheath protein. here, the genetica ...	2010	20304988
isolation of scfv fragments specific for monokine induced by interferon-gamma (mig) using phage display.	iterative affinity selection procedures were used to isolate a number of single chain fv (scfv) antibody fragment clones from naïve tomlinson i+j phage display libraries that specifically recognize and bind a chemokine, monokine induced by interferon-gamma (mig/cxcl9). mig is an important transplant rejection/biology chemokine protein. elisa-based affinity characterization results indicate that selectants preferentially bind to mig in the presence of key biopanning component materials and closel ...	2010	20382151
prophylactic treatment with hypoxis hemerocallidea corm (african potato) methanolic extract ameliorates brachyspira hyodysenteriae-induced murine typhlocolitis.	brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the causative agent of swine dysentery and induces a characteristic mucosal inflammation resulting in pronounced typhlocolitis in swine and mice. hypoxis hemerocallidea corm (african potato) is a traditional medicine in southern africa. an african potato methanolic extract (apme) and one of its major constituents, hypoxoside, have been shown in vitro to possess an anti-inflammatory property. the aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of apme to prevent or amel ...	2010	20404038
a multiplex real-time pcr for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of brachyspira hyodysenteriae, brachyspira pilosicoli and lawsonia intracellularis in pig faeces.	a multiplex real-time pcr assay was developed to detect and quantify b. hyodysenteriae, b. pilosicoli, and l. intracellularis in pig faeces. specific probes and primers were directed against the nadh oxidase (nox) gene of brachyspira and the aspartate ammonia lyase (aspa) gene of l. intracellularis, respectively. the analytical sensitivity for the real-time pcr assay, expressed as limit of detection (lod) was below 10 dna copies for l. intracellularis, 14 dna copies for b. pilosicoli and 26 dna ...	2010	20496826
diets containing inulin but not lupins help to prevent swine dysentery in experimentally challenged pigs.	swine dysentery is a contagious mucohemorrhagic diarrheal disease caused by the intestinal spirochete brachyspira hyodysenteriae that colonizes and induces inflammation of the cecum and colon. it has been reported that a diet containing chicory root and sweet lupin can prevent swine dysentery. this experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inulin in the chicory root rather than galactans in lupins was responsible for protective effects. an experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement ...	2010	20525927
multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis of the swine dysentery pathogen, brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	the spirochete brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the causative agent of swine dysentery, a severe colonic infection of pigs that has a considerable economic impact in many swine-producing countries. in spite of its importance, knowledge about the global epidemiology and population structure of b. hyodysenteriae is limited. progress in this area has been hampered by the lack of a low-cost, portable, and discriminatory method for strain typing. the aim of the current study was to develop and test a mu ...	2010	20554811
characterization of autonomic nerve markers and lymphocyte subsets in the ileal peyer's patch of pigs infected experimentally with brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	the aim of the present study was to investigate potential interrelationships between immune and neural elements of peyer's patches in normal pigs (n=8) and in pigs infected experimentally with brachyspira hyodysenteriae and suffering from swine dysentery (n=8). assessment of tissue concentration of neuropeptides by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay revealed increased levels of galanin (gal) and substance p (sp) in samples from the infected animals. in contrast, concentrations of vasoactive intes ...	2010	20605161
the complete genome sequence of the pathogenic intestinal spirochete brachyspira pilosicoli and comparison with other brachyspira genomes.	the anaerobic spirochete brachyspira pilosicoli colonizes the large intestine of various species of birds and mammals, including humans. it causes "intestinal spirochetosis", a condition characterized by mild colitis, diarrhea and reduced growth. this study aimed to sequence and analyse the bacterial genome to investigate the genetic basis of its specialized ecology and virulence.	2010	20625514
mutations in 23s rrna at the peptidyl transferase center and their relationship to linezolid binding and cross-resistance.	the oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid targets the peptidyl transferase center (ptc) on the bacterial ribosome. thirteen single and four double 23s rrna mutations were introduced into a mycobacterium smegmatis strain with a single rrna operon. converting bacterial base identity by single mutations at positions 2032, 2453, and 2499 to human cytosolic base identity did not confer significantly reduced susceptibility to linezolid. the largest decrease in linezolid susceptibility for any of the intr ...	2010	20696869
in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains isolated in japan from 1985 to 2009.	the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 72 brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates collected from clinical cases of swine dysentery (sd) in 11 prefectures in japan between 1985 and 2009 were investigated by an agar dilution method using five antimicrobial agents. there is a tendency of japanese field isolates of b. hyodysenteriae to acquire resistance to the main antimicrobials used in sd treatment such as tiamulin, valnemulin, and efrotomycin. a responsible approach for selection and use of antimicro ...	2010	20697185
genome scanning of amazonian plasmodium falciparum shows subtelomeric instability and clindamycin-resistant parasites.	here, we fully characterize the genomes of 14 plasmodium falciparum patient isolates taken recently from the iquitos region using genome scanning, a microarray-based technique that delineates the majority of single-base changes, indels, and copy number variants distinguishing the coding regions of two clones. we show that the parasite population in the peruvian amazon bears a limited number of genotypes and low recombination frequencies. despite the essentially clonal nature of some isolates, we ...	2010	20829224
cellular architecture of treponema pallidum: novel flagellum, periplasmic cone, and cell envelope as revealed by cryo electron tomography.	high-resolution cryo electron tomography (cryo-et) was utilized to visualize treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, at the molecular level. three-dimensional (3d) reconstructions from 304 infectious organisms revealed unprecedented cellular structures of this unusual member of the spirochetal family. high-resolution cryo-et reconstructions provided detailed structures of the cell envelope, which is significantly different from that of gram-negative bacteria. the 4-nm lipid bilayer ...	2010	20850455
molecular characterization of tlya gene product, rv1694 of mycobacterium tuberculosis: a non-conventional hemolysin and a ribosomal rna methyl transferase.	mycobacterium tuberculosis is a virulent bacillus causing tuberculosis, a disease responsible for million deaths each year worldwide. in order to understand its mechanism of pathogenesis in humans and to help control tuberculosis, functions of numerous mycobacterium tuberculosis genes are being characterized. in this study we report the dual functionality of tlya gene product of mycobacterium tuberculosis annotated as rv1694, a 268 amino acid long basic protein.	2010	20854656
leptospira as an emerging pathogen: a review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses.	leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonosis in the world, is an emerging public health problem, particularly in large urban centers of developing countries. several pathogenic species of the genus leptospira can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations, from a mild, flu-like illness to a severe disease form characterized by multiorgan system complications leading to death. however, the mechanisms of pathogenesis of leptospira are largely unknown. this article will address the animal models ...	2010	20860485
the major surface vsp proteins of brachyspira hyodysenteriae form antigenic protein complexes.	the vsp proteins are the major outer membrane proteins of brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery. eight vsp genes have been identified in b. hyodysenteriae strain b204, arranged into two four-gene loci, and at least two of the corresponding proteins are produced in vitro. the aims of this study were to characterise the vsp genes of the virulent australian b. hyodysenteriae strain x576 and their corresponding proteins, genomic sequence comparison with strains b204 and ...	2010	21036493
characterization of novel bovine gastrointestinal tract treponema isolates and comparison with bovine digital dermatitis treponemes.	this study aimed to isolate and characterize treponemes present in the bovine gastrointestinal (gi) tract and compare them with bovine digital dermatitis (bdd) treponemes. seven spirochete isolates were obtained from the bovine gi tract, which, on the basis of 16s rrna gene comparisons, clustered within the genus treponema as four novel phylotypes. one phylotype was isolated from several different gi tract regions, including the omasum, colon, rumen, and rectum. these four phylotypes could be di ...	2010	21057019
characterization of novel bovine gastrointestinal tract treponema isolates and comparison with bovine digital dermatitis treponemes.	this study aimed to isolate and characterize treponemes present in the bovine gastrointestinal (gi) tract and compare them with bovine digital dermatitis (bdd) treponemes. seven spirochete isolates were obtained from the bovine gi tract, which, on the basis of 16s rrna gene comparisons, clustered within the genus treponema as four novel phylotypes. one phylotype was isolated from several different gi tract regions, including the omasum, colon, rumen, and rectum. these four phylotypes could be di ...	2010	21057019
evolution of the kdo2-lipid a biosynthesis in bacteria.	lipid a is the highly immunoreactive endotoxic center of lipopolysaccharide (lps). it anchors the lps into the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria. lipid a can be recognized by animal cells, triggers defense-related responses, and causes gram-negative sepsis. the biosynthesis of kdo2-lipid a, the lps substructure, involves with nine enzymatic steps.	2010	21106097
global challenge of antibiotic-resistant treponema pallidum.	syphilis is a multistage infectious disease that is usually transmitted through contact with active lesions of a sexual partner or from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus. despite elimination efforts, syphilis remains endemic in many developing countries and has reemerged in several developed countries, including china, where a widespread epidemic recently occurred. in the absence of a vaccine, syphilis control is largely dependent upon identification of infected individuals and treatment o ...	2010	19805553
global challenge of antibiotic-resistant treponema pallidum.	syphilis is a multistage infectious disease that is usually transmitted through contact with active lesions of a sexual partner or from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus. despite elimination efforts, syphilis remains endemic in many developing countries and has reemerged in several developed countries, including china, where a widespread epidemic recently occurred. in the absence of a vaccine, syphilis control is largely dependent upon identification of infected individuals and treatment o ...	2010	19805553
attraction of brachyspira pilosicoli to mucin.	the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira pilosicoli colonizes the large intestine of various species, including humans. in the colon this spirochaete can penetrate the overlying mucus layer, attach by one cell end to the underlying enterocytes, and initiate localized colitis and diarrhoea. the aim of this study was to investigate whether, as part of the colonization process, b. pilosicoli is attracted to mucin. fifteen b. pilosicoli strains isolated from humans, pigs, chickens and dogs, ...	2010	19833772
transmission of swine pathogens: different means, different needs.	there seems to be two main types of pathogens that cause diseases in swine: those that are mainly introduced through direct pig contacts, and those that are often, and in some situations mainly introduced by indirect transmission means. in this review, the mange mite (sarcoptes scabiei), toxigenic pasteurella multocida and brachyspira hyodysenteriae will be used as examples of the first type, and foot and mouth disease virus, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory synd ...	2011	21241537
faecal excretion of intestinal spirochaetes by urban dogs, and their pathogenicity in a chick model of intestinal spirochaetosis.	this study aimed to obtain information about the types of spirochaetes colonising urban dogs in thailand, and to investigate their pathogenic potential in a day-old chick model of intestinal spirochaetosis. spirochaetes were isolated from the faeces of six of 47 (12.8%) healthy dogs and 11 of 104 (10.6%) dogs with diarrhoea. their biochemical properties and 16s ribosomal dna sequences were analysed. four isolates were identified as brachyspira pilosicoli, three resembled "brachyspira pulli", nin ...	2011	21320714
typhlocolitis associated with spirochaetes in duck flocks.	the aetiology of increased mortality observed in two breeder duck flocks (flock a consisting of 3500 laying ducks and flock b comprising 4300 laying ducks) during the first egg-laying season was studied. in flocks a and b, 773 ducks and 715 ducks (18.4% and 16.6%) died within a 24-week and a 20-week period, respectively. death was preceded by clinical signs including movement difficulties, lack of appetite and depression lasting for 1 to 2 days. diarrhoea was not observed. on gross pathological ...	2011	21331945
molecular modeling and in silico characterization of mycobacterium tuberculosis tlya: possible misannotation of this tubercle bacilli-hemolysin.	the tlya protein has a controversial function as a virulence factor in mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. tuberculosis). at present, its dual activity as hemolysin and rna methyltransferase in m. tuberculosis has been indirectly proposed based on in vitro results. there is no evidence however for tlya relevance in the survival of tubercle bacilli inside host cells or whether both activities are functionally linked. a thorough analysis of structure prediction for this mycobacterial protein in this st ...	2011	21443791
evidence that the 36kb plasmid of brachyspira hyodysenteriae contributes to virulence.	swine dysentery (sd) results from infection of the porcine large intestine with the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. recently the genome of virulent australian b. hyodysenteriae strain wa1 was sequenced, and a 36kilobase (kb) circular plasmid was identified. the plasmid contained 31 genes including six rfb genes that were predicted to be involved with rhamnose biosynthesis, and others associated with glycosylation. in the current study a set of pcrs was developed to a ...	2011	21458173
development of γδ t cell subset responses in gnotobiotic pigs infected with human rotaviruses and colonized with probiotic lactobacilli.	γδ t cell responses are induced by various viral and bacterial infections. different γδ t cells contribute to activation and regulation of the inflammatory response and to epithelial repair. how γδ t cells respond to rotavirus infection and how the colonization of probiotics influences the γδ t cell response were unknown. in this study, we evaluated by multicolor flow cytometry the frequencies and distribution of total γδ t cells and three major subsets (cd2-cd8-, cd2+cd8- and cd2+cd8+) in ileum ...	2011	21489639
characterisation of multiresistant brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates from czech pig farms.	the aim of the present study was to evaluate the importance of clonal spread of brachyspira hyodysenteriae resistant to pleuromutilins (tiamulin, valnemulin) on farms in the czech republic. agar dilution method and macrorestriction fragment profile analysis by pulsed field gel electrophoresis were used to characterise 35 b hyodysenteriae isolates that were obtained from clinical cases of swine dysentery on 32 farms between 2000 and 2005. most isolates showed multiple resistances to tiamulin, val ...	2011	21493555
typing of brachyspira spp. from rodents, pigs and chickens on swedish farms.	the aim of the current study was to look for evidence of possible cross-species transmission of brachyspira species between rodents and farm animals. to do this, previously collected and characterised brachyspira isolates from rodents, pigs and chickens on the same farms were analysed by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd). isolates with similar rapd banding patterns were further typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). identical isolates of brachyspira pilosicoli, brachyspira inter ...	2011	21497461
trends towards lower antimicrobial susceptibility and characterization of acquired resistance among clinical isolates of brachyspira hyodysenteriae in spain.	antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of brachyspira hyodysenteriae in spain was monitored and the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance were investigated. minimal inhibitory concentrations of tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, lincomycin and tylvalosin were determined for 87 b. hyodysenteriae isolates recovered from 2008 to 2009 by broth dilution. domain v of the 23s rrna gene and the ribosomal protein l3 gene were sequenced in 20 isolates with tiamulin mic ≥4 μg/ml, presenting ...	2011	21555771
bloodstream infection due to brachyspira pilosicoli in a patient with multiorgan failure.	brachyspira pilosicoli is an etiological agent of human intestinal spirochetosis. bloodstream infection due to this microorganism is rare. we report a case of b. pilosicoli bacteremia in a 70-year-old patient who presented with multiorgan failure.	2011	21832021
a high dietary concentration of inulin is necessary to reduce the incidence of swine dysentery in pigs experimentally challenged with brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	a total of sixty surgically castrated male pigs (large white-á+ù-álandrace) weighing 31-à2 (sd 4-à3)-ákg were used in a randomised block experiment to examine the effect of added dietary inulin (0, 20, 40 and 80-ág/kg) on the occurrence of swine dysentery (sd) and on fermentation characteristics in the large intestine after experimental challenge with the causative spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. the pigs were allowed to adapt to the diets for 2 weeks before each pig was challenged orall ...	2011	21736788
evaluation of the use of recombinant bhlp29.7 in immunoblotting with pig serum as a means to identify herds infected with brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	aims:ôçé aim of the study is to evaluate the use of recombinant bhlp29.7 in immunoblotting with sera as a means to detect pig herds infected with brachyspira hyodysenteriae. methods and results:ôçé sera samples from 789 sows and rectal swabs from 838 pigs of various categories on 22 farms of different size (median 450 animals), production type and history of swine dysentery (sd) were examined. sera from 378 sows from farms with previous sd history were examined via immunoblotting. specific antib ...	2011	21838749
horizontal gene exchange in environmental microbiota.	horizontal gene transfer (hgt) plays an important role in the evolution of life on the earth. this view is supported by numerous occasions of hgt that are recorded in the genomes of all three domains of living organisms. hgt-mediated rapid evolution is especially noticeable among the bacteria, which demonstrate formidable adaptability in the face of recent environmental changes imposed by human activities, such as the use of antibiotics, industrial contamination, and intensive agriculture. at th ...	2011	21845185
the rela/spot homolog (rsh) superfamily: distribution and functional evolution of ppgpp synthetases and hydrolases across the tree of life.	rela/spot homologue (rsh) proteins, named for their sequence similarity to the rela and spot enzymes of escherichia coli, comprise a superfamily of enzymes that synthesize and/or hydrolyze the alarmone ppgpp, activator of the "stringent" response and regulator of cellular metabolism. the classical "long" rshs rel, rela and spot with the ppgpp hydrolase, synthetase, tgs and act domain architecture have been found across diverse bacteria and plant chloroplasts, while dedicated single domain ppgpp- ...	2011	21858139
phenotypic and genetic diversity among intestinal spirochaetes (genus brachyspira) in free-living wild mallards (anas platyrhynchos) sampled in southern sweden.	brachyspira spp. are anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes that colonize vertebrates. some species cause enteric diseases in pigs, chickens and possibly in humans, whereas others display a commensual relationship with their hosts. the aims were to investigate the prevalence among colonized free-living wild mallards (anas platyrhynchos) of three enteropathogenic brachyspira spp., and to describe the biodiversity of brachyspira spp. isolates. isolates from 150 birds were screened by pcr for 3 pathogen ...	2011	22036527
carbon storage regulator a (csra(bb)) is a repressor of borrelia burgdorferi flagellin protein flab.	the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi lacks the transcriptional cascade control of flagellar protein synthesis common to other bacteria. instead, it relies on a post-transcriptional mechanism to control its flagellar synthesis. the underlying mechanism of this control remains elusive. a recent study reported that the increased level of bb0184 (csra(bb); a homologue of carbon storage regulator a) substantially inhibited the accumulation of flab, the major flagellin protein of b. burgdo ...	2011	21999436
antibiotics in feed induce prophages in swine fecal microbiomes.	antibiotics are a cost-effective tool for improving feed efficiency and preventing disease in agricultural animals, but the full scope of their collateral effects is not understood. antibiotics have been shown to mediate gene transfer by inducing prophages in certain bacterial strains; therefore, one collateral effect could be prophage induction in the gut microbiome at large. here we used metagenomics to evaluate the effect of two antibiotics in feed (carbadox and asp250 [chlortetracycline, sul ...	2011	22128350
Analysis of bacterial load and prevalence of mixed infections with Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and/or Brachyspira pilosicoli in German pigs with diarrhoea.	Lawsonia (L.) intracellularis, Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli are important pathogens in domestic pig production world-wide, responsible for porcine intestinal adenomatosis, swine dysentery, and porcine intestinal spirochetosis, respectively. Conventional PCR is the major diagnostic tool in the detection of the three pathogens, but the sole detection of bacterial DNA might lead to misinterpretations of results with respect to their clinical relevance, especially with mixed inf ...	2011	22059295
annotation of protein domains reveals remarkable conservation in the functional make up of proteomes across superkingdoms.	the functional repertoire of a cell is largely embodied in its proteome, the collection of proteins encoded in the genome of an organism. the molecular functions of proteins are the direct consequence of their structure and structure can be inferred from sequence using hidden markov models of structural recognition. here we analyze the functional annotation of protein domain structures in almost a thousand sequenced genomes, exploring the functional and structural diversity of proteomes. we find ...	2011	24710297
identification of surprisingly diverse type iv pili, across a broad range of gram-positive bacteria.	in gram-negative bacteria, type iv pili (tfp) have long been known to play important roles in such diverse biological phenomena as surface adhesion, motility, and dna transfer, with significant consequences for pathogenicity. more recently it became apparent that gram-positive bacteria also express type iv pili; however, little is known about the diversity and abundance of these structures in gram-positives. computational tools for automated identification of type iv pilins are not currently ava ...	2011	22216142
diagnostic investigation of porcine periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome: lack of compelling evidence linking to common porcine pathogens.	porcine periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome (pfts), an increasingly recognized syndrome in the swine industry of north america, is characterized by the anorexia of nursery pigs noticeable within 1 week of weaning, and progressive loss of body condition and lethargy during the next 1-2 weeks. morbidity caused by pfts is moderate, but case fatality is high. the etiology of pfts is presently unknown and may include infectious agent(s), noninfectious factors, or both. pfts was identified in a hig ...	2011	22362939
species characterization and minimum inhibitory concentration patterns of brachyspira species isolates from swine with clinical disease.	typhlocolitis and dysentery due to brachyspira hyodysenteriae infection represent an economically important disease syndrome in growing pigs. largely disappearing from u.s. swine herds in the late 1990 s and early 2000s, brachyspira-associated disease and bacterial isolation from swine with clinical disease has increased in the last several years, and non-b. hyodysenteriae isolates are commonly identified. antimicrobial resistance has been demonstrated in brachyspira spp. isolates from europe an ...	2011	22362794
actinobaculum suis detection using polymerase chain reaction.	actinobaculum suis is an important agent related to urinary infection in swine females. due to its fastidious growth characteristics, the isolation of this anaerobic bacterium is difficult, thus impairing the estimation of its prevalence. the purpose of this study was to develop and test a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection and identification of a. suis and then compare these results with traditional isolation methods. bacterial isolation and pcr were performed on one hundred and ...	2012	23346017
chemotactic behavior of pathogenic and nonpathogenic leptospira species.	we have developed a capillary tube assay in combination with real-time pcr to quantitate the number of chemoattracted leptospira cells. we identified tween 80, glucose, sucrose, and pyruvate as attractants for leptospira cells; amino acids and vitamin b(12) were found to be nonchemotactic or weakly chemotactic. this assay has the general applicability to further our understanding of leptospiral chemotaxis.	2012	23001652
association between faecal load of lawsonia intracellularis and pathological findings of proliferative enteropathy in pigs with diarrhoea.	the study was designed to investigate correlation between histological findings of lawsonia intracellularis in porcine cases of diarrhoea and the quantitative detection of lawsonia intracellularis in faeces. a total of 156 pigs (10 to 70 days post weaning) with diarrhoea were randomly selected from 20 herds: the pigs were subjected to necropsy, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and faecal quantification of lawsonia intracellularis by real time pcr.	2012	23092367
genetics of borrelia burgdorferi.	the spirochetes in the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies group cycle in nature between tick vectors and vertebrate hosts. the current assemblage of b. burgdorferi sensu lato, of which three species cause lyme disease in humans, originated from a rapid species radiation that occurred near the origin of the clade. all of these species share a unique genome structure that is highly segmented and predominantly composed of linear replicons. one of the circular plasmids is a prophage that ex ...	2012	22974303
flaa proteins in leptospira interrogans are essential for motility and virulence but are not required for formation of the flagellum sheath.	spirochetes have periplasmic flagella composed of a core surrounded by a sheath. the pathogen leptospira interrogans has four flab (proposed core subunit) and two flaa (proposed sheath subunit) genes. the flaa genes are organized in a locus with flaa2 immediately upstream of flaa1. in this study, flaa1 and flaa2 mutants were constructed by transposon mutagenesis. both mutants still produced periplasmic flagella. the flaa1 mutant did not produce flaa1 but continued to produce flaa2 and retained n ...	2012	22451522
multilocus sequence typing of total-genome-sequenced bacteria.	accurate strain identification is essential for anyone working with bacteria. for many species, multilocus sequence typing (mlst) is considered the "gold standard" of typing, but it is traditionally performed in an expensive and time-consuming manner. as the costs of whole-genome sequencing (wgs) continue to decline, it becomes increasingly available to scientists and routine diagnostic laboratories. currently, the cost is below that of traditional mlst. the new challenges will be how to extract ...	2012	22238442
the unique paradigm of spirochete motility and chemotaxis.	spirochete motility is enigmatic: it differs from the motility of most other bacteria in that the entire bacterium is involved in translocation in the absence of external appendages. using the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi (bb) as a model system, we explore the current research on spirochete motility and chemotaxis. bb has periplasmic flagella (pfs) subterminally attached to each end of the protoplasmic cell cylinder, and surrounding the cell is an outer membrane. these internal h ...	2012	22994496
the use of elisas for monitoring exposure of pig herds to brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	abstract: background: swine dysentery (sd), a mucohaemorrhagic diarrhoeal disease of pigs, results from infection of the large intestine with the spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. elisa systems using whole spirochaete cells (wc) and the b. hyodysenteriae outer membrane lipoprotein bhlp29.7 previously have been established as potential diagnostic tools for sd. however, their true value in identifying infected herds remains unclear. the present study aimed to compare the performance of whol ...	2012	22248341
antimicrobial activity of the investigational pleuromutilin compound bc-3781 tested against gram-positive organisms commonly associated with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.	bc-3781 is a novel semi-synthetic pleuromutilin antimicrobial agent which is developed as an intravenous and oral therapy for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (absssi) and respiratory tract infections (rti). bc-3781 and comparator agents were tested against 1,893 clinical gram-positive organisms predominantly causing absssi by broth microdilution method. bc-3781 exhibited potent activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mic(50/90), 0.12/0.25 μg/ml), coagulas ...	2012	22232289
comparative virulence of clinical brachyspira spp. isolates in inoculated pigs.	classical swine dysentery is associated with the presence of the strongly beta-hemolytic brachyspira hyodysenteriae. however, multiple brachyspira spp. can colonize the porcine colon. since 2008, several brachyspira spp. not identified as b. hyodysenteriae by genotypic and/or phenotypic methods have been isolated from the feces of pigs with clinical disease typical of swine dysentery. in the current study, 8 clinical isolates, including 5 strongly beta-hemolytic and 3 weakly beta-hemolytic brach ...	2012	22956484
phenotypic and molecular characterization of a novel strongly hemolytic brachyspira species, provisionally designated "brachyspira hampsonii".	since 2007, outbreaks of severe bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis have been reported in the united states and canada. though the primary causative agent of swine dysentery is brachyspira hyodysenteriae, which is strongly hemolytic, the current report describes the isolation of a novel strongly hemolytic brachyspira sp. this novel brachyspira sp. was identified from clinical submissions at the minnesota veterinary diagnostic laboratory, and 40 of such isolates were obtained from 22 clinical ...	2012	22914820
application of real-time pcr for detection of lawsonia intracellularis and brachyspira hyodysenteriae in fecal samples from pigs.	the aim of the study was to develop and validate real-time pcr method for the quantification of lawsonia intracellularis and brachyspira hyodysenteriae in porcine feces. before the optimization process was performed two different extraction methods were compared to select the more efficient one. based on the results achieved at this stage the boiling procedure was rejected and a commercially available silica-membrane based method was chosen for further analysis. the primers and the taqman probe ...	2012	22844704
antimicrobial susceptibility of brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolated from 21 polish farms.	swine dysentery (sd) is a common disease among pigs worldwide, which contributes to major production losses. antimicrobial susceptibility testing of b. hyodysenteriae, the etiological agent of sd, is mainly performed by the agar dilution method. this method has certain limitations due to difficulties in interpretation of results. the aim of this study was the analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility of brachyspira hyodysenteriae (b. hyodysenteriae) polish field isolates by broth microdilution pr ...	2012	22844703
comparison of atypical brachyspira spp. clinical isolates and classic strains in a mouse model of swine dysentery.	multiple brachyspira spp. can colonize the porcine colon, and the presence of the strongly beta-hemolytic brachyspira hyodysenteriae is typically associated with clinical swine dysentery. recently, several brachyspira spp. have been isolated from the feces of pigs with clinical disease suggestive of swine dysentery, yet these isolates were not identified as b. hyodysenteriae by genotypic or phenotypic methods. this study used a mouse model of swine dysentery to compare the pathogenic potential o ...	2012	22770518
elevated fat skatole levels in immunocastrated, surgically castrated and entire male pigs with acute dysentery.	boar taint is due to androstenone and skatole (3-methyl-indole) accumulation in fat tissues. during a study to investigate the effect of immunocastration on fattening pigs, an outbreak of acute dysentery occurred caused by lawsonia intracellularis and brachyspira hyodysenteriae and resulted in cachexia and high mortality. low androstenone levels in the immunocastrates (0.25 ± 0.04 μg/g liquid fat) suggested that the immunocastration had been effective, but unusually high skatole concentrations i ...	2012	22613221
development of a modified selective medium to enhance the recovery rate of brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other porcine intestinal spirochaetes from faeces.	the aim of this study was to develop a modified selective medium to improve the recovery rate of brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other clinically significant intestinal spirochaetes from porcine faeces.	2012	22283457
genome signature difference between deinococcus radiodurans and thermus thermophilus.	the extremely radioresistant bacteria of the genus deinococcus and the extremely thermophilic bacteria of the genus thermus belong to a common taxonomic group. considering the distinct living environments of deinococcus and thermus, different genes would have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer after their divergence from a common ancestor. their guanine-cytosine (gc) contents are similar; however, we hypothesized that their genomic signatures would be different. our findings indicate ...	2012	22500246
using the noninvasive (13)c-sucrose breath test to measure intestinal sucrase activity in swine.	the sucrose breath test (sbt) is a simple noninvasive technique used currently to determine intestinal absorptive function in humans and rodents. however, to date, the test has not been adapted for use in swine. during weaning, intestinal sucrase activity in piglets temporarily declines in response to stressors and is commonly used as a marker of the intestinal response to weaning. here we assessed the sucrose dose needed for using the sbt in piglets. six randomly allocated piglets were orogastr ...	2012	23561884
association between average daily gain, faecal dry matter content and concentration of lawsonia intracellularis in faeces.	the objective of this study was to investigate the association between average daily gain and the number of lawsonia intracellularis bacteria in faeces of growing pigs with different levels of diarrhoea.	2012	23013807
the effect of infection order of porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on dually infected swine alveolar macrophages.	concurrent infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is known as one of the major causes for porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc). dual infection with pcv2 and prrsv is consistently to have more severe clinical presentations and pulmonary lesions than infection with pcv2 alone or prrsv alone. however, it is not known if dual infections with pcv2 and prrsv in different infection order may lead to different clinical sympto ...	2012	23009687
antimicrobial susceptibility of porcine brachyspira hyodysenteriae and brachyspira pilosicoli isolated in sweden between 1990 and 2010.	the anaerobic spirochetes brachyspira hyodysenteriae and brachyspira pilosicoli cause diarrheal diseases in pigs. their fastidious nature has hampered standardization of methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. for monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility wild type cutoff values are needed to define where the wild type distribution of mics ends and no approved cutoffs are available for brachyspira spp. in this study antimicrobial susceptibility data for both species (in total 906 isol ...	2012	22998753
secretion of immunomodulating neuropeptides (vip, sp) and nitric oxide synthase in porcine small intestine during postnatal development.	immunohistological identification/localization of immunomodulating neuropeptides [vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip) and substance p (sp)] and enzyme nitric oxide synthase (nos) as well as histomorphometric analyses of kinetics of their release and development of respective nerve fibers density during postnatal ontogenesis of porcine intestinal mucosal immune system (imis), were performed in order to assess the role of these molecules involved in maturation of the imis. the kinetcs of react ...	2012	23027346
collateral effects of antibiotics on mammalian gut microbiomes.	antibiotics are an essential component of the modern lifestyle. they improve our lives by treating disease, preventing disease, and in the case of agricultural animals by improving feed efficiency. however, antibiotic usage is not without collateral effects. the development and spread of antibiotic resistance is the most notorious concern associated with antibiotic use. new technologies have enabled the study of how the microbiota responds to the antibiotic disturbance, including how the communi ...	2012	22825498
one for all or all for one: heterogeneous expression and host cell lysis are key to gene transfer agent activity in rhodobacter capsulatus.	the gene transfer agent (rcgta) of rhodobacter capsulatus is the model for a family of novel bacteriophage-related genetic elements that carry out lateral transfer of essentially random host dna. genuine and putative gene transfer agents have been discovered in diverse genera and are becoming recognized as potentially an important source of genetic exchange and microbial evolution in the oceans. despite being discovered over 30 years ago, little is known about many essential aspects of rcgta bio ...	2012	22916305
capreomycin susceptibility is increased by tlya-directed 2'-o-methylation on both ribosomal subunits.	the binding site of the cyclic peptide antibiotics capreomycin and viomycin is located on the ribosomal subunit interface close to nucleotides c1409 in 16s rrna and c1920 in 23s rrna. in mycobacterium tuberculosis, the 2'-hydroxyls of both nucleotides are methylated by the enzyme tlya. loss of these methylations through inactivation of tlya confers resistance to capreomycin and viomycin. we report here that tlya orthologues occur in diverse bacteria and fall into two distinct groups. one group, ...	2012	22779429
dissemination of clonal groups of brachyspira hyodysenteriae amongst pig farms in spain, and their relationships to isolates from other countries.	swine dysentery (sd) is a widespread diarrhoeal disease of pigs caused by infection of the large intestine with the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. understanding the dynamics of sd, and hence being able to develop more effective measures to counter its spread, depends on the ability to characterise b. hyodysenteriae variants and trace relationships of epidemic strains.	2012	22723934
gene transfer agents: phage-like elements of genetic exchange.	horizontal gene transfer is important in the evolution of bacterial and archaeal genomes. an interesting genetic exchange process is carried out by diverse phage-like gene transfer agents (gtas) that are found in a wide range of prokaryotes. although gtas resemble phages, they lack the hallmark capabilities that define typical phages, and they package random pieces of the producing cell's genome. in this review, we discuss the defining characteristics of the gtas that have been identified to dat ...	2012	22683880
the chimeric genome of sphaerochaeta: nonspiral spirochetes that break with the prevalent dogma in spirochete biology.	spirochaetes is one of a few bacterial phyla that are characterized by a unifying diagnostic feature, namely, the helical morphology and motility conferred by axial periplasmic flagella. their unique morphology and mode of propulsion also represent major pathogenicity factors of clinical spirochetes. here we describe the genome sequences of two coccoid isolates of the recently described genus sphaerochaeta which are members of the phylum spirochaetes based on 16s rrna gene and whole-genome phylo ...	2012	22589287
novel plasmids and resistance phenotypes in yersinia pestis: unique plasmid inventory of strain java 9 mediates high levels of arsenic resistance.	growing evidence suggests that the plasmid repertoire of yersinia pestis is not restricted to the three classical virulence plasmids. the java 9 strain of y. pestis is a biovar orientalis isolate obtained from a rat in indonesia. although it lacks the y. pestis-specific plasmid pmt, which encodes the f1 capsule, it retains virulence in mouse and non-human primate animal models. while comparing diverse y. pestis strains using subtractive hybridization, we identified sequences in java 9 that were ...	2012	22479347
molecular mechanisms and biological role of campylobacter jejuni attachment to host cells.	adhesion to host cells is an important step in pathogenesis of campylobacter jejuni, which is the most prevalent bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. in contrast to other bacteria such as e. coli and salmonella, adherence of c. jejuni is not mediated by fimbria or pili. a number of c. jejuni adhesion-related factors have been described. however, the results obtained by different researchers in different laboratories are often contradictory and inconclusive, with only some of the f ...	2012	24611119
xenotransplantation-associated infectious risk: a who consultation.	xenotransplantation carries the potential risk of the transmission of infection with the cells or tissues of the graft. the degree of risk is unknown in the absence of clinical trials. the clinical application of xenotransplantation has important implications for infectious disease surveillance, both at the national and international levels. preclinical data indicate that infectious disease events associated with clinical xenotransplantation from swine, should they occur, will be rare; data in h ...	2012	22497509
rodents on pig and chicken farms - a potential threat to human and animal health.	rodents can cause major problems through spreading various diseases to animals and humans. the two main species of rodents most commonly found on farms around the world are the house mouse (mus musculus) and the brown rat (rattus norvegicus). both species are omnivorous and can breed year-round under favourable conditions. this review describes the occurrence of pathogens in rodents on specialist pig and chicken farms, which are usually closed units with a high level of bio-security. however, wi ...	2012	22957130
phosphate concentration and the putative sensor kinase protein ccka modulate cell lysis and release of the rhodobacter capsulatus gene transfer agent.	the gene transfer agent of rhodobacter capsulatus (rcgta) is a bacteriophage-like genetic element with the sole known function of horizontal gene transfer. homologues of rcgta genes are present in many members of the alphaproteobacteria and may serve an important role in microbial evolution. transcription of rcgta genes is induced as cultures enter the stationary phase; however, little is known about cis-active sequences. in this work, we identify the promoter of the first gene in the rcgta stru ...	2013	23995641
the pathogenic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira pilosicoli forms a diverse recombinant species demonstrating some local clustering of related strains and potential for zoonotic spread.	brachyspira pilosicoli is an anaerobic spirochaete that can colonizes the large intestine of many host species. infection is particularly problematic in pigs and adult poultry, causing colitis and diarrhea, but it is also known to result in clinical problems in human beings. despite the economic importance of the spirochaete as an animal pathogen, and its potential as a zoonotic agent, it has not received extensive study.	2013	23957888
mutational analysis of cj0183 campylobacter jejuni promoter.	gene-nominated cj0183 was identified in campylobacter jejuni nctc 11168 and in two human isolates 81116 and 81-176. it encodes a protein which shows partial homology to tlyc of brachyspira hyodysenteriae. the aim of this work was to determine the mechanisms of gene regulation by cloning dna fragments lying upstream of the cj0183 gene. the β-galactosidase activity determined for the strain harboring the plasmid with the fragment upstream of cj0183 indicated the presence of a promoter in this dna ...	2013	23884593
fecal shedding of brachyspira spp. on a farrow-to-finish swine farm with a clinical history of "brachyspira hampsonii"-associated colitis.	brachyspira associated diarrhea is a re-emerging concern for canadian swine producers. to identify critical control points for reducing the impact of brachyspira on production, improved diagnostic tools and a better understanding of the on-farm epidemiology of these pathogens are required. a cross-sectional study was conducted for the detection of brachyspira on a commercial, two-site, farrow-to-finish pork production unit in saskatchewan, canada with a clinical history of mucohaemorrhagic colit ...	2013	23844564
swine dysentery: aetiology, pathogenicity, determinants of transmission and the fight against the disease.	swine dysentery (sd) is a severe mucohaemorhagic enteric disease of pigs caused by brachyspira hyodysenteriae, which has a large impact on pig production and causes important losses due to mortality and sub-optimal performance. although b. hyodysenteriae has been traditionally considered a pathogen mainly transmitted by direct contact, through the introduction of subclinically infected animals into a previously uninfected herd, recent findings position b. hyodysenteriae as a potential threat for ...	2013	23665849
nutritional protective mechanisms against gut inflammation.	inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a debilitating and widespread immune-mediated illness characterized by excessive inflammatory and effector mucosal responses leading to tissue destruction at the gastrointestinal tract. interactions among the immune system, the commensal microbiota and the host genotype are thought to underlie the pathogenesis of ibd. however, the precise etiology of ibd remains unknown. diet-induced changes in the composition of the gut microbiome can modulate the induction o ...	2013	23541470
structures and properties of naturally occurring polyether antibiotics.	polyether ionophores represent a large group of natural, biologically active substances produced by streptomyces spp. they are lipid soluble and able to transport metal cations across cell membranes. several of polyether ionophores are widely used as growth promoters in veterinary. polyether antibiotics show a broad spectrum of bioactivity ranging from antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, and tumour cell cytotoxicity. recently, it has been shown that some of these compounds are a ...	2013	23586016
reproduction of mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea and colitis indistinguishable from swine dysentery following experimental inoculation with "brachyspira hampsonii" strain 30446.	mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea caused by brachyspira hyodysenteriae, swine dysentery, is a severe production limiting disease of swine. recently, pigs in western canada with clinical signs indistinguishable from swine dysentery were observed. despite the presence of spirochetes on fecal smears, recognized brachyspira spp. including b. hyodysenteriae could not be identified. a phylogenetically distinct brachyspira, called "b. hampsonii" strain 30446, however was isolated. the purpose of this study was ...	2013	23460829
movers and shakers: influence of bacteriophages in shaping the mammalian gut microbiota.	the human intestinal microbiota is one of the most densely populated ecosystems on earth, containing up to 10 ( 13) bacteria/g and in some respects can be considered an organ itself given its role in human health. bacteriophages (phages) are the most abundant replicating entities on the planet and thrive wherever their bacterial hosts exist. they undoubtedly influence the dominant microbial populations in many ecosystems including the human intestine. within this setting, lysogeny appears to be ...	2013	23022738
assessment of viral community functional potential from viral metagenomes may be hampered by contamination with cellular sequences.	although the importance of viruses in natural ecosystems is widely acknowledged, the functional potential of viral communities is yet to be determined. viral genomes are traditionally believed to carry only those genes that are directly pertinent to the viral life cycle, though this view was challenged by the discovery of metabolism genes in several phage genomes. metagenomic approaches extended these analyses to a community scale, and several studies concluded that microbial and viral communiti ...	2013	24335607
motility is crucial for the infectious life cycle of borrelia burgdorferi.	the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, exists in a zoonotic cycle involving an arthropod tick and mammalian host. dissemination of the organism within and between these hosts depends upon the spirochete's ability to traverse through complex tissues. additionally, the spirochete outruns the host immune cells while migrating through the dermis, suggesting the importance of b. burgdorferi motility in evading host clearance. b. burgdorferi's periplasmic flagellar filaments are composed p ...	2013	23529620
phylogenetic analysis of pbp genes in treponemes.	β-lactamases are the main cause of bacterial resistance to penicillin, cephalosporins, and related β-lactam compounds. the presence of the novel penicillin-binding protein (pbp) tp47 in treponema pallidum has been reported to be a well-known mechanism for turnover of b-lactam antibiotics. although, t. pallidum remains sensitive to penicillin, clinically significant resistance to macrolides has emerged in many developing countries. the genome sequence of t. pallidum has shown the presence of gene ...	2013	23330059
functional analysis of the gene sco1782 encoding streptomyces hemolysin (s-hemolysin) in streptomyces coelicolor m145.	in the process of evaluating the growth of streptomyces coelicolor on rich media such as blood agar, we found that s. coelicolor a non-pathogenic, well-known antibiotic producer had the ability to grow and produce a prominent hemolytic zone. by comparing the growth with an agarase gene mutant of s. coelicolor, a similar prominent hemolytic zone was found to develop due to the organism's hemolytic activity. after the confirmation of hemolytic activity from s. coelicolor, the genome was searched f ...	2013	23747275
antibacterial activity and mode of action of a commercial citrus fruit extract.	this study addresses the antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of bioll(+®), a commercial extract obtained from citrus fruits.	2013	23581704