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isolation and characterization of cr (vi) tolerant bacteria from tannery waste and its bioremediation potential.the east kolkata wetland, situated in west bengal, india, is presently being exploited by housing many leather complexes surrounding the zone in and around. high amount of either untreated or partially treated liquid tannery wastes are discharged in the wetland. treated effluent from some common effluent treatment plant (cetp) showed the presence of cr (vi) exceeding the limiting concentration. three different bacterial strains (l1, l2, and l3) were isolated from the treated effluent. morphologi ...201224749383
characterization of a spore-specific protein of the bacillus cereus group.bc1245 is a monocistronic chromosomal gene of bacillus cereus atcc 14579 encoding a putative protein of 143 amino acids identified in this study to have a spore-related function in b. cereus. bc1245 is highly conserved in the genome of members of the b. cereus group, indicating an important function of the gene in this group of bacteria. quantitative pcr revealed that bc1245 is transcribed late in sporulation (upon formation of phase-bright spores) and at the same time as the mother cell-specifi ...201222458449
characterization of zinc-solubilizing bacillus isolates and their potential to influence zinc assimilation in soybean seeds.one hundred thirty-four putative bacillus isolates were recovered from soybean rhizosphere soils of nimar region to select effective zinc solubilizers for increased assimilation of zinc (zn) in soybean seeds. these isolates were screened in vitro for zinc-solubilization ability on tris-minimal agar medium supplemented separately with 0.1% zinc in the form of zinc oxide, zinc phosphate, and zinc carbonate. of all, 9 isolates and a reference bacillus cereus atcc 13061 were characterized and identi ...201222450791
structural analysis of the leptospiral sphingomyelinases: in silico and experimental evaluation of sph2 as an mg-dependent sphingomyelinase.leptospiral sphingomyelinases are candidate virulence factors present only in pathogenic leptospira spp. leptospira interrogans serovar lai encodes sph1, sph2, sph3, sph4 and sphh. except for sph4, they all possess the exo-endo-phosphatase domain that groups them under the dnase i superfamily.201222441407
impact of intestinal microbiota and gastrointestinal conditions on the in vitro survival and growth of bacillus cereus.ingestion of b. cereus can result in diarrhea, if these bacteria survive gastrointestinal passage and achieve growth and enterotoxin production in the small intestine. the gastrointestinal survival of vegetative cells and spores of the diarrheal food poisoning strain b. cereus nvh 1230-88 was investigated during in vitro batch experiments simulating the stomach, duodenum and ileum using simulation media and competing intestinal microbiota. all spores and approx. 30% of the vegetative b. cereus c ...201222436640
'candidatus arthromitus' revised: segmented filamentous bacteria in arthropod guts are members of lachnospiraceae.the name arthromitus has been applied collectively to conspicuous filamentous bacteria found in the hindguts of termites and other arthropods. first observed by joseph leidy in 1849, the identity of these filaments has remained contentious. while margulis and colleagues declared them to be a life stage of bacillus cereus, others have assumed them to belong to the same lineage as the segmented filamentous bacteria (sfb) from vertebrate guts, a group that has garnered much attention due to their u ...201222436008
spectroscopic studies of the iron and manganese reconstituted tyrosyl radical in bacillus cereus ribonucleotide reductase r2 protein.ribonucleotide reductase (rnr) catalyzes the rate limiting step in dna synthesis where ribonucleotides are reduced to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides. class ib rnrs consist of two homodimeric subunits: r1e, which houses the active site; and r2f, which contains a metallo cofactor and a tyrosyl radical that initiates the ribonucleotide reduction reaction. we studied the r2f subunit of b. cereus reconstituted with iron or alternatively with manganese ions, then subsequently reacted with mole ...201222432022
antiproliferative, antimicrobial and apoptosis inducing effects of compounds isolated from inula viscosa.the antiproliferative and antimicrobial effects of thirteen compounds isolated from inula viscosa (l.) were tested in this study. the antiproliferative activity was tested against three cell lines using the mtt assay. the microdilution method was used to study the antimicrobial activity against two gram positive bacteria, two gram negative bacteria and one fungus. the apoptotic activity was determined using a tunel colorimetric assay. scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphologi ...201222418930
characterization of lysb4, an endolysin from the bacillus cereus-infecting bacteriophage b4.bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen that causes emetic or diarrheal types of food poisoning. the incidence of b. cereus food poisoning has been gradually increasing over the past few years, therefore, biocontrol agents effective against b. cereus need to be developed. endolysins are phage-encoded bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases and have received considerable attention as promising antibacterial agents.201222416675
molecular and toxigenic characterization of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from commercial ground roasted coffee.thirty samples of roasted ground coffee beans from 10 different commercial brands were analyzed to investigate the occurrence and levels of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains. strains were evaluated for their genetic diversity by repetitive element sequence polymorphism pcr (rep-pcr) and for their toxigenic profiles, i.e., the presence of hbla, hblc, hbld, nhea, nheb, nhec, cytk, ces, and entfm. survival and multiplication of b. cereus sensu lato in the ready-to-drink coffee was ...201222410226
psychrotolerant paenibacillus tundrae isolates from barley grains produce new cereulide-like depsipeptides (paenilide and homopaenilide) that are highly toxic to mammalian cells.paenilide is a novel, heat-stable peptide toxin from paenibacillus tundrae, which colonizes barley. p. tundrae produced 20 to 50 ng of the toxin mg(-1) of cells (wet weight) throughout a range of growth temperatures from +5°c to +28°c. paenilide consisted of two substances of 1,152 da and 1,166 da, with masses and tandem mass spectra identical to those of cereulide and a cereulide homolog, respectively, produced by bacillus cereus ns-58. the two components of paenilide were separated from those ...201222407690
semisynthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel guttiferone-a derivatives.six derivatives of guttiferone-a (lfqm-79, 80, 81, 82, 113 and 114) were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the opportunistic or pathogenic fungi candida albicans (atcc 09548), candida glabrata (atcc 90030), candida krusei (atcc 6258), candida parapsilosis (atcc 69548), candida tropicalis (atcc 750), cryptococcus neoformans (atcc 90012), trichophyton tonsurans, microsporum gypseum and also against the opportunistic and pathogenic gram-positive bacteria staphylococ ...201222401914
prevalence, phenotypic traits and molecular characterization of emetic toxin-producing bacillus cereus strains isolated from human stools in korea.to investigate the prevalence and genotypic/phenotypic characters of emetic toxin-producing bacillus cereus strains isolated from sporadic food poisoning cases in korea.201222394210
detection and expression of enterotoxin genes in endophytic strains of bacillus cereus.the aim of this study was to determine whether endophytic bacillus cereus isolates from agronomic crops possessed genes for the nonhaemolytic enterotoxin (nhe) and haemolysin bl (hbl) and, therefore, have the potential to cause diarrhoeal illness in humans.201222394121
inhibition of cytotoxicity by the nhe cytotoxin of bacillus cereus through the interaction of dodecyl maltoside with the nheb component.nhe ('nonhaemolytic enterotoxin') is a three-component cytotoxin implicated in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea by bacillus cereus. nhe forms pores in pure lipid bilayers, but the function of the individual components (nhea, nheb and nhec) remains unclear. nheb and nhec are structural homologues of clya, a pore-forming cytotoxin of escherichia coli. the non-ionic detergent dodecyl maltoside (ddm) has been shown to inhibit haemolysis of clya. we used ddm as a probe to examine the response of the nhe ...201222385099
x-ray absorption spectroscopy of metal site speciation in the metallo-β-lactamase bcii from bacillus cereus.cobalt and zinc binding by the subclass b1 metallo-β-lactamase bcii from bacillus cereus is examined by x-ray absorption spectroscopy, at various levels of metal loading. the data show that a significant amount of the dinuclear enzyme is formed, even at substoichiometric levels of metal loading, whether the added metal is zn(ii) or co(ii). increasing metal addition, from 0.5 to 1.0 to 2.0eq/mol of enzyme, are shown to result in a more ordered active site. while zn(ii) appears to show no preferen ...201222381913
occurrence of sulfonamide and tetracycline-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in aquaculture environment.the occurrence of sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance and their pollution profile in the aquaculture environment of tianjin, northern china, were investigated. the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was identified and the corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (args) were quantified at 6 aquaculture farms in tianjin. sulfonamide-resistance genes were prevalent and their concentrations were the highest detected (3.0 × 10(-5) to 3.3 × 10(-4) for sul1/16s rdna, 2.0 × 10(-4) to 1.8 × 1 ...201222377146
complete genome sequence of the highly hemolytic strain bacillus cereus f837/76.highly hemolytic strain bacillus cereus f837/76 was isolated in 1976 from a contaminated prostate wound. the complete nucleotide sequence of this strain reported here counts nearly 36,500 single-nucleotide differences from the closest sequenced strain, bacillus thuringiensis al hakam. f827/76 also contains a 10-kb plasmid that was not detected in the al hakam strain.201222374959
genome organization of temperate phage 11143 from emetic bacillus cereus nctc11143.a temperate phage was isolated from emetic bacillus cereus nctc 11143 by mitomycin c and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dna and protein analyses. whole genome sequencing of bacillus phage 11143 was performed by gs-flx. the phage has a dsdna genome of 39,077 bp and a 35% g+c content. bioinformatic analysis of the phage genome revealed 49 putative orfs involved in replication, morphogenesis, dna packaging, lysogeny, and host lysis. bacillus phage 11143 could be classified as ...201222561859
a urea channel from bacillus cereus reveals a novel hexameric structure.urea is exploited as a nitrogen source by bacteria, and its breakdown products, ammonia and bicarbonate, are employed to counteract stomach acidity in pathogens such as helicobacter pylori. uptake in the latter is mediated by urei, a uac (urea amide channel) family member. in the present paper, we describe the structure and function of uacbc, a homologue from bacillus cereus. the purified channel was found to be permeable not only to urea, but also to other small amides. cd and ir spectroscopy r ...201222553922
antibacterial anthraquinone derivatives from a sea anemone-derived fungus nigrospora sp.chemical investigation of a marine-derived fungus nigrospora sp., isolated from an unidentified sea anemone, yielded two new hydroanthraquinone analogues, 4a-epi-9α-methoxydihydrodeoxybostrycin (1) and 10-deoxybostrycin (2), together with seven known anthraquinone derivatives (3-9). the structures of the two new compounds were established through extensive nmr spectroscopy as well as a single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis using cu kα radiation. the antibacterial activities of compounds 1-9 ...201222545792
two piperazic acid-containing cyclic hexapeptides from streptomyces alboflavus 313.two novel cyclic hexapeptides, designated nw-g10 (1) and nw-g11 (2), were isolated from the fermentation broth of streptomyces alboflavus 313. their relative structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations of several constituent amino acids were determined by marfey's method. nw-g10 (1) and nw-g11 (2) exhibited significant activity against gram-positive bacteria, such as bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus, inc ...201222543750
cody, a pleiotropic regulator, influences multicellular behaviour and efficient production of virulence factors in bacillus cereus.in response to nutrient limitation in the environment, the global transcriptional regulator cody modulates various pathways in low g+c gram-positive bacteria. in bacillus subtilis cody triggers adaptation to starvation by secretion of proteases coupled to the expression of amino acid transporters. furthermore, it is involved in modulating survival strategies like sporulation, motility, biofilm formation, and cody is also known to affect virulence factor production in pathogenic bacteria. in this ...201222540344
global mrna decay analysis at single nucleotide resolution reveals segmental and positional degradation patterns in a gram-positive bacterium.recent years have shown a marked increase in the use of next-generation sequencing technologies for quantification of gene expression (rna sequencing, rna-seq). the expression level of a gene is a function of both its rate of transcription and rna decay, and the influence of mrna decay rates on gene expression in genome-wide studies of gram-positive bacteria is under-investigated.201222537947
on the active site of mononuclear b1 metallo β-lactamases: a computational study.metallo-β-lactamases (mβls) are zn(ii)-based bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics, hampering their beneficial effects. in the most relevant subclass (b1), x-ray crystallography studies on the enzyme from bacillus cereus point to either two zinc ions in two metal sites (the so-called '3h' and 'dch' sites) or a single zn(ii) ion in the 3h site, where the ion is coordinated by asp120, cys221 and his263 residues. however, spectroscopic studies on the b1 enzyme from b. cereus in the ...201222532071
biochemical analysis and investigation on the prospective applications of alkaline protease from a bacillus cereus strain.proteases have prospective financial and environment-friendly applications; hence attention is focused currently on the finding of new protease producing microorganism so as to meet the requirements of industry. a thermophilic bacterial strain producing extracellular protease activity was isolated from soil and identified as bacillus cereus by analysis of 16s rrna. protease production by the microorganism was improved by studying the impact of the type of nitrogen and carbon source, fermentation ...201222528469
characterization of an endolysin, lysbps13, from a bacillus cereus bacteriophage.use of bacteriophages as biocontrol agents is a promising tool for controlling pathogenic bacteria including antibiotic-resistant bacteria. not only bacteriophages but also endolysins, the peptidoglycan hydrolyzing enzymes encoded by bacteriophages, have high potential for applications as biocontrol agents against food-borne pathogens. in this study, a putative endolysin gene was identified in the genome of the bacteriophage bps13, which infects bacillus cereus. in silico analysis of this endoly ...201222524239
iron regulates expression of bacillus cereus hemolysin ii via global regulator fur.the capacity of pathogens to respond to environmental signals, such as iron concentration, is key to bacterial survival and establishment of a successful infection. bacillus cereus is a widely distributed bacterium with distinct pathogenic properties. hemolysin ii (hlyii) is one of its pore-forming cytotoxins and has been shown to be involved in bacterial pathogenicity in a number of cell and animal models. unlike many other b. cereus pathogenicity factors, hlyii is not regulated by pleiotropic ...201222522892
development of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of cronobacter muytjensii (formerly called enterobacter sakazakii).this study aimed to produce a polyclonal antibody against cronobacter muytjensii (c. muytjensii, formerly called enterobacter sakazakii) and to develop an immunoassay for its detection. the optimum production of rabbit anti-c. muytjensii immunoglobulin g (igg) and chicken anti-c. muytjensii igy was reached in weeks 8 and 9, respectively. purification of rabbit anti-c. muytjensii igg from immunized rabbit sera was accomplished using the caprylic acid and ammonium sulfate precipitation method. as ...201222519814
partitioning studies of l-glutaminase production by bacillus cereus mtcc 1305 in different peg-salt/dextran.partitioning studies of l-glutaminase production by bacillus cereus mtcc 1305 was carried out in different peg-salt/peg-dextran system. the partitioning value of l-glutaminase increased with increasing molecular weight of peg from 2000-4000 kda and decreased with higher molecular weight of 6000 kda. phase system of peg 4000 (8.5%)/dextran t500 (9.5%) was selected for the extractive fermentative production of l-glutaminase on the basis maximum partition coefficient (1.31). the production of l-glu ...201222513254
foodborne outbreaks surveillance in the piedmont region, italy (2002-2009).this article summarises the results of eight years (2002-2009) of investigations on food borne disease outbreaks carried out the regional agency for public health in piedmont, which is an italian region (4,432,571 citizens, 2008).201222508645
inactivation kinetics of spores of bacillus cereus strains treated by a peracetic acid-based disinfectant at different concentrations and temperatures.the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a commercial peracetic acid-based disinfectant against spores of bacillus cereus, to identify the most influential factor for the final number of microorganisms after different disinfection procedures, and to evaluate the nature of the inactivation kinetics. the spores of four different strains of b. cereus (dsm 318, 4312, 4313, and 4384) were treated with five different disinfectant concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% [w/v]) at ...201222506696
microbiological and physicochemical characterisation of caxiri, an alcoholic beverage produced by the indigenous juruna people of brazil.caxiri is a traditional fermented alcoholic beverage produced from cassava and sweet potatoes by the indigenous juruna or yudjá people in brazil. our results showed that caxiri fermentation is invariably associated with the following: (i) an increase in the total microbial population, with yeast being the largest group detected; (ii) a decrease in reducing sugars, malic, tartaric, succinic, oxalic and propionic acid; and (iii) a final product characterised by a high content of ethanol and a high ...201222497838
[screening and identification of a microcystin-degrading bacterium strain and its enzymatic degradation of microcystin-lr by intracellular extract of bacillus cereus].to provide effective microorganisms for the treatment of water polluted by microcystins (mcs), the strains capable of biodegrading microcystin lr (mc-lr) were isolated from the sediment of chaohu lake. the degradation of microcystin-lr by the intracellular extracts of the strains were studied.201222489466
microbiological performance of a food safety management system in a food service operation.the microbiological performance of a food safety management system in a food service operation was measured using a microbiological assessment scheme as a vertical sampling plan throughout the production process, from raw materials to final product. the assessment scheme can give insight into the microbiological contamination and the variability of a production process and pinpoint bottlenecks in the food safety management system. three production processes were evaluated: a high-risk sandwich p ...201222488059
antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles against bacterial cells adhered to stainless steel surfaces.given the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the need to synthesize new antimicrobials, silver has attracted interest in the scientific community because of its recognized antimicrobial activity. this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles (np) obtained by a new method and tested at concentrations of 6 μg/ml and 60 μg/ml against the species staphylococcus aureus, listeria innocua, salmonella choleraesuis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia ...201222488058
survival of bacillus cereus vegetative cells and spores during in vitro simulation of gastric passage.the enteric pathogen bacillus cereus must survive gastric passage in order to cause diarrhea by enterotoxin production in the small intestine. the acid resistance and the survival after gastric passage were assessed by in vitro experiments with acidified growth medium and gastric simulation medium with b. cereus nvh 1230-88 vegetative cells and spores. first, batch incubations at constant ph values for 4 h, which represented different physiological states of the stomach, showed that spores were ...201222488056
[antibacterial activity of rare streptomyces species against clinical resistant bacteria].in the search for new antibiotics from steptomyces, investigating extremes habitats enhances the probability of isolating novel producers. in this context, the antibacterial activity of four streptomyces strains isolated from ezzmoul saltpans was studied. two of them showed antibacterial activity against antibiotic's resistant bacteria (bacillus cereus: β-lactamines and sulfamides resistant, streptococcus faecalis: penicillin, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole resistant, and staphylococcus aureus m ...201222484527
phyto-synthesis of silver nanoscale particles using morinda citrifolia l. and its inhibitory activity against human pathogens.leaf extract of morinda citrifolia l. was assessed for the synthesis of silver nanoscale particles under different temperature and reaction time. synthesized nanoscale (mcagnps) particles were confirmed by analysing the excitation of surface plasmon resonance (spr) using uv-visible spectrophotometer at 420 nm. further sem, hrtem analysis confirmed the range of particle size between 10 and 60 nm and sead pattern authorizes the face centered cubic (fcc) crystalline nature of the mcagnps. fourier t ...201222483838
bacterial contamination of an automated pharmacy robot used for intravenous medication preparation.multiple cultures were positive for bacillus cereus during routine quality assurance testing of a pharmacy robot that prepares intravenous medications. an investigation confirmed bacterial contamination of the robot as well as drug product made by the robot. the process and outcomes of the investigation are described in this report.201222476280
bacteriophages bcp1-1 and bcp8-2 require divalent cations for efficient control of bacillus cereus in fermented foods.bacillus cereus is a foodborne bacterial pathogen that causes diarrhea and vomiting. in this study, the usefulness of bacteriophages to eradicate b. cereus from fermented foods was investigated. a total of 13 phages were isolated from korean fermented food products, and 2 (bcp1-1 and bcp8-2) were further characterized. transmission electron microscopy (tem), restriction enzyme digestion pattern analysis, and sds-page of the structural proteins suggest that both phages belong to the family myovir ...201222475937
localization of new peptidoglycan at poles in bacillus mycoides, a member of the bacillus cereus group.bacillus mycoides is a sporogenic gram-positive soil bacillus of the b. cereus group. this bacillus, which forms hyphal colonies, is composed of cells connected in filaments that make up bundles and turn clock- or counterclockwise depending on the strain. a thick peptidoglycan wall gives the rod cells of these bacilli strength and shape. one approach used to study peptidoglycan neoformation in gram positives exploits the binding properties of antibiotics such as vancomycin and ramoplanin to nasc ...201222773111
antibacterial activity of pseudoalteromonas in the coral holobiont.corals harbor diverse and abundant prokaryotic populations. bacterial communities residing in the coral mucus layer may be either pathogenic or symbiotic. some species may produce antibiotics as a method of controlling populations of competing microbial species. the present study characterizes cultivable pseudoalteromonas sp. isolated from the mucus layer of different coral species from the northern gulf of eilat, red sea, israel. six mucus-associated pseudoalteromonas spp. obtained from differe ...201222767125
antibiotic resistance and probiotic properties of dominant lactic microflora from tungrymbai, an ethnic fermented soybean food of india.the present investigation was conducted to assess lactic acid bacteria present in traditionally fermented food of ethnic tribes in india for probiotic properties, antibacterial activity, and antibiotic tolerance behavior. enterococcus sp., lactobacillus sp., and lactococcus sp. showed antibacterial activity against bacillus cereus mtcc 430, staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus mtcc 740, and salmonella enterica ser. paratyphi a mtcc 735. lactococcus sp. and lactobacillus sp. could tolerate acidic ...201222752919
identification of a new bacillus licheniformis strain producing a bacteriocin-like substance.the emergence of antibiotic resistance has spurred a great number of studies for development of new antimicrobials in the past decade. the purpose of this study was to screen environmental samples for bacillus strains producing potent antimicrobial agents. a new strain, which showed strong antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus and salmonella enterica ser. pullorum, was isolated from soil and designated as b116. this new isolate was identified as bacillus licheniformis by morpholog ...201222752909
bacillus cereus fnr binds a [4fe-4s] cluster and forms a ternary complex with resd and plcr.bacillus cereus is a facultative anaerobe that causes diarrheal disease in humans. diarrheal syndrome may result from the secretion of various virulence factors including hemolysin bl and nonhemolytic enterotoxin nhe. expression of genes encoding hbl and nhe is regulated by the two redox systems, resde and fnr, and the virulence regulator plcr. b. cereus fnr is a member of the crp/fnr family of iron-sulfur (fe-s) proteins. only its apo-form has so far been studied. a major goal in deciphering th ...201222731107
alternative approach to modeling bacterial lag time, using logistic regression as a function of time, temperature, ph, and sodium chloride concentration.the objective of this study was to develop a probabilistic model to predict the end of lag time (λ) during the growth of bacillus cereus vegetative cells as a function of temperature, ph, and salt concentration using logistic regression. the developed λ model was subsequently combined with a logistic differential equation to simulate bacterial numbers over time. to develop a novel model for λ, we determined whether bacterial growth had begun, i.e., whether λ had ended, at each time point during ...201222729541
bacillus spp. toxicity against haemonchus contortus larvae in sheep fecal cultures.the gastrointestinal nematode haemonchus contortus is a major productivity constraint in sheep. in this study, the nematicidal effects of bacillus circulans, bacillus cereus, bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, bt. var. osvaldocruzi, bt. var. morrisoni, and bt. var. kurstaki were assessed in free-living larval stages of h. contortus. a spore-crystal suspension containing approximately 2×10(8)ufc/ml of each strain was added to sheep feces that were naturally infected with h. contortus eggs, ...201222728159
reduction of bacillus cereus spores in sikhye, a traditional korean rice beverage, by modified tyndallization processes with and without carbon dioxide injection.the objective of this study was to inactivate bacillus cereus spores in sikhye using a modified tyndallization process involving injection with carbon dioxide (co₂).201222725610
gegenees: fragmented alignment of multiple genomes for determining phylogenomic distances and genetic signatures unique for specified target groups.the rapid development of next generation sequencing technologies leads to the accumulation of huge amounts of sequencing data. the scientific community faces an enormous challenge in how to deal with this explosion. here we present a software tool, 'gegenees', that uses a fragmented alignment approach to facilitate the comparative analysis of hundreds of microbial genomes. the genomes are fragmented and compared, all against all, by a multithreaded blast control engine. ready-made alignments can ...201222723939
properties of bac w42, a bacteriocin produced by bacillus subtilis w42 isolated from cheonggukjang.ten bacillus strains with antimicrobial activities were isolated from cheonggukjang produced at different parts in korea. they all inhibited listeria monocytogenes atcc 19111 and nine inhibited bacillus cereus atcc 14579. four isolates (w42, h27, ske 12, and k21) showing strong inhibiting activities were identified as b. subtilis. b. subtilis w42 was the most inhibiting strain. the antimicrobial activity of culture supernatant from b. subtilis w42 was destroyed completely by proteinase k treatme ...201222713985
the phytochemical content and antimicrobial activities of malaysian calophyllum canum (stem bark).recently there was huge increase in using of 'herbal products'. these can be defined as plants, parts of plants or extracts from plants that are used for curing disease. however, calophyllum species is a tropical plant and it has been used in traditional medicine, the limitation in safety and effectiveness information could lead to serious health problems. providing information for communities by evaluating the phytochemical contents, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities will impr ...201222713941
[screening, identification, and promoting effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in rhizosphere of taxus chinensis var. mairei].phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (psb) were isolated, screened and identified from the rhizosphere of taxus chinensis var. mairei, and growth-promoting effects on t. chinensis var. mairei by high effective psb were determined.201222712399
impact of processing method on recovery of bacteria from wipes used in biological surface sampling.environmental sampling for microbiological contaminants is a key component of hygiene monitoring and risk characterization practices utilized across diverse fields of application. however, confidence in surface sampling results, both in the field and in controlled laboratory studies, has been undermined by large variation in sampling performance results. sources of variation include controlled parameters, such as sampling materials and processing methods, which often differ among studies, as wel ...201222706055
hot and steamy: outbreak of bacillus cereus in singapore associated with construction work and laundry practices.a sudden increase in invasive infections caused by bacillus cereus group organisms prompted an investigation at the national university hospital in singapore.201222704635
growth of enterotoxigenic bacillus cereus on salmon (oncorhynchus nerka).we previously demonstrated the widespread presence of enterotoxigenic bacillus cereus in marine foods. in view of the widespread consumption of raw fish, we sought to determine the ability of this organism to grow on the surface of wild alaskan salmon at abusive temperatures (12, 16, and 20°c), using an isolate able to produce elevated levels of hemolysin bl enterotoxin and nonhemolytic enterotoxin. an incubation temperature of 37°c for colony formation was found to be selective for b. cereus gr ...201222691488
draft genome sequence of bacillus cereus strain lct-bc244.bacillus cereus is a prevalent, soil-dwelling, gram-positive bacterium. some strains are harmful to humans and cause food-borne illness, while other strains can be beneficial as probiotics for animals. to gain insight into the bacterial genetic determinants, we report the genome sequence of a strain, lct-bc244, which was isolated from cgmcc 1.230.201222689237
generation of thiocillin ring size variants by prepeptide gene replacement and in vivo processing by bacillus cereus.the thiocillins from bacillus cereus atcc 14579 are natural products from the broader class of thiazolyl peptides. their biosynthesis proceeds via extensive post-translational modification of a ribosomally encoded precursor peptide. this post-translational tailoring involves a key step formal cycloaddition between two distal serine residues. in the wild-type structure, this cycloaddition forms a major macrocycle circumscribed by 26-atoms (shortest path). results presented herein demonstrate the ...201222686940
structure, biosynthesis, and properties of kurstakins, nonribosomal lipopeptides from bacillus spp.a new family of lipopeptides produced by bacillus thuringiensis, the kurstakins, was discovered in 2000 and considered as a biomarker of this species. kurstakins are lipoheptapeptides displaying antifungal activities against stachybotrys charatum. recently, the biosynthesis mechanism, the regulation of this biosynthesis and the potential new properties of kurstakins were described in the literature. in addition, kurstakins were also detected in other species belonging to bacillus genus such as b ...201222678024
association of bacillus cereus infection with contaminated alcohol prep pads.bacillus species have caused healthcare-associated outbreaks of invasive disease as well as pseudo-outbreaks. we report an outbreak investigation of blood cultures positive for bacillus cereus associated with alcohol prep pads (apps) contaminated with b. cereus and bacillus species resulting in a rapid internal product recall and subsequent international product recall.201222669227
efficient isolation and identification of bacillus cereus group.bacillus cereus is a group of ubiquitous facultative anaerobic sporeforming gram-positive rods commonly found in soil. the spores frequently contaminate a variety of foods, including produce, meat, eggs, and dairy products. foodborne illnesses associated with toxins produced by b. cereus can result in self-limiting diarrhea or vomiting. plate enumeration methods recommended by recognized food authorities to detect the presence of b. cereus in potentially contaminated food products do not inhibit ...201222649932
genome characteristics of a novel phage from bacillus thuringiensis showing high similarity with phage from bacillus cereus.bacillus thuringiensis is an important entomopathogenic bacterium belongs to the bacillus cereus group, which also includes b. anthracis and b. cereus. several genomes of phages originating from this group had been sequenced, but no genome of siphoviridae phage from b. thuringiensis has been reported. we recently sequenced and analyzed the genome of a novel phage, btcs33, from a b. thuringiensis strain, subsp. kurstaki cs33, and compared the gneome of this phage to other phages of the b. cereus ...201222649540
fluorescence-based comparative evaluation of bactericidal potency and food application potential of anti-listerial bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from indigenous samples.the aim of the present study was to ascertain the potency of anti-listerial bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from indigenous samples of dahi, dried fish, and salt-fermented cucumber. a total of 231 lab isolates were obtained from the samples, of which 51 isolates displayed anti-listerial activity. the anti-listerial lab were identified by pcr as lactobacillus sp., pediococcus sp., enterococcus sp., and lactococcus sp. pcr also enabled the detection of class iia bacteri ...201226781854
comparison of the potency of the lipid ii targeting antimicrobials nisin, lacticin 3147 and vancomycin against gram-positive bacteria.while nisin (lantibiotic), lacticin 3147 (lantibiotic) and vancomycin (glycopeptides) are among the best studied lipid ii-binding antimicrobials, their relative activities have never been compared. nisin and lacticin 3147 have been employed/investigated primarily as food preservatives, although they do have potential in terms of veterinary and clinical applications. vancomycin is used exclusively in clinical therapy. we reveal a higher potency for lacticin 3147 (mic 0.95-3.8 μg/ml) and vancomyci ...201226781852
detection of foodborne pathogens and analysis of aflatoxin levels in home-made doenjang samples.doenjang is a traditional korean fermented soybean product that provides a major source of protein. in this study, a total of 18 different home-made doenjang samples were examined for the presence of foodborne pathogens and the total aflatoxin levels. using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess microbial quality and potential public health risk, we showed that total coliform levels in the doenjang samples ranged from 0 to 4.43±2.32 ×10(6) cfu/g, and the maximum limit of bacillus cereus ...201224471080
inhibition of macrophage migration by c. botulinum exoenzyme c3.c3-like exoenzymes are produced by various microorganism including clostridium botulinum (c3bot), bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus. c3bot is the prototype of c3-like exoenzymes that specifically adp-ribosylates and thereby inactivates rho(a/b/c). c3-like exoenzymes are not yet regarded as virulence factors, as the lack of cell entry domains results in a poor accessibility of the c3-like exoenzymes to cells. in this study, the sensitivity of various cell lines to c3bot has been reinvesti ...201222644106
production of the antimicrobial peptides caseicin a and b by bacillus isolates growing on sodium caseinate.the aim of this study was to identify bacillus isolates capable of degrading sodium caseinate and subsequently to generate bioactive peptides with antimicrobial activity.201222642665
interplay of rsbm and rsbk controls the σ(b) activity of bacillus cereus.the alternative transcription factor σ(b) of bacillus cereus controls the expression of a number of genes that respond to environmental stress. four proteins encoded in the sigb gene cluster, including rsbv, rsbw, rsby (rsbu) and rsbk, are known to be essential in the σ(b)-mediated stress response. in the context of stress, the hybrid sensor kinase rsbk is thought to phosphorylate the response regulator rsby, a pp2c serine phosphatase, leading to the dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated rsbv. ...201222640257
biologically active steroids from the aerial parts of vernonia anthelmintica willd.a new steroid, vernoanthelsterone a (1), and five known steroids were isolated from the aerial parts of vernonia anthelmintica willd. compound 1 possesses a δ(8(14))-15-one moiety. to our best knowledge, few steroids with this moiety have been reported before. compounds 1-6 were tested for their antibacterial activities and their effects on estrogen biosynthesis in human ovarian granulosa-like cells (kgn cells). compound 2 showed the ability to promote estrogen biosynthesis with ec(50) of 56.95 ...201222634578
novel polymer anchored cr(iii) schiff base complexes: synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial properties.new polymer-bound schiff bases and cr(iii) complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of 4-benzyloxybenzaldehyde, polymer-bound with 2-aminophenol, 2-amino-4-chlorophenol and 2-amino-4-methylphenol. the structure of polymeric-schiff bases and their cr(iii) complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic measurements, ir, uv-vis, tg-dta and (1)h-nmr. all these compounds have also been investigated for antibacterial activity by the well-diffusion method against staphylococcu ...201222622060
bc4707 is a major facilitator superfamily multidrug resistance transport protein from bacillus cereus implicated in fluoroquinolone tolerance.transcriptional profiling highlighted a subset of genes encoding putative multidrug transporters in the pathogen bacillus cereus that were up-regulated during stress produced by bile salts. one of these multidrug transporters (bc4707) was selected for investigation. functional characterization of the bc4707 protein in escherichia coli revealed a role in the energized efflux of xenobiotics. phenotypic analyses after inactivation of the gene bc4707 in bacillus cereus atcc14579 suggested a more spe ...201222615800
a multicomponent sugar phosphate sensor system specifically induced in bacillus cereus during infection of the insect gut.using a previously developed bacillus cereus in vivo expression technology (ivet) promoter trap system, we showed that spsa, a gene of unknown function, was specifically expressed in the larval gut during infection. search for gut-related compounds inducing spsa transcription identified glucose-6-phosphate (g6p) as an activation signal. analysis of the spsa-related 5-gene cluster indicated that spsa is part of a new sugar phosphate sensor system composed of a 2-component system (tcs) encoded by ...201222611084
synthesis and antibacterial activities of 1-alkyl-3-methacryloyl (acryloyl) of benzimidazolone (thione) derivatives.a series of (28) 1-alkyl-3-methacryloyl (acryloyl)-benzimidazolone (thione) deriv-atives were synthesized. the structures of the new derivatives were confirmed by (1)h-nmr, (13)c-nmr and esi-ms spectral analysis. the antibacterial activities of these compounds against several strains of bacteria, such as bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa, were evaluated by methods of paper disc-diffusion and broth mciro-dilution. methacryloyl d ...201222606011
possible contamination of organ preservation fluid with bacillus cereus: the united kingdom response.we describe here the united kingdom (uk) response following the recent international recall of an organ preservation fluid owing to potential bacillus cereus contamination. this fluid is used for the transport of solid organs and pancreatic islet cells for transplant. we detail the response mechanisms, including the initial risk stratification, investigatory approaches, isolate analysis and communications to professional bodies. this report further lays out the potential need for enhanced survei ...201222587955
rapid detection of bacterial contamination of platelet-rich plasma-derived platelet concentrates using flow cytometry.flow cytometry can be used to detect bacterial contamination of platelet products. in this study, we investigated whether the incubation of a minimal volume of platelet-rich plasma (prp)-derived platelet concentrates (pcs) with growth medium improved the analytical sensitivity of flow cytometry. five bacterial strains (staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, bacillus cereus, klebsiella pneumoniae, and escherichia coli) were used. platelets were inoculated with 10, 10(2), and 10(3) cfu ...201222585614
investigations of antimicrobial activity of some cameroonian medicinal plant extracts against bacteria and yeast with gastrointestinal relevance.resistance against antibiotics of many bacteria is accumulating. therefore, searches for new substances with antimicrobial activity have become an urgent necessity. medicinal plants are frequently used in popular medicine as remedies for many infectious diseases (intestinal infection, malaria, tuberculosis, etc.).201222583961
membrane interaction and antibacterial properties of chensinin-1, an antimicrobial peptide with atypical structural features from the skin of rana chensinensis.many antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin have been purified and structurally characterized and may be developed as therapeutic agents. here we describe the antibacterial properties and membrane interaction of chensinin-1, a cationic arginine/histidine-rich antimicrobial peptide, from the skin secretions of rana chensinensis. the amino acid composition, sequence, and atypical structure of chensinin-1 differ from other known antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin. chensinin-1 exhibited ...201222581068
dimethyl disulfide is an induced systemic resistance elicitor produced by bacillus cereus c1l.bacillus cereus c1l is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium and can elicit induced systemic resistance (isr) in plants against necrotrophic pathogens. however, little is known about isr elicitors produced by b. cereus c1l, and no isr elicitor has been identified and characterised. therefore, the objective of this study is to identify volatile isr elicitor(s) produced by b. cereus c1l.201222573612
cody orchestrates the expression of virulence determinants in emetic bacillus cereus by impacting key regulatory circuits.bacillus cereus causes gastrointestinal diseases and local and systemic infections elicited by the depsipeptide cereulide, enterotoxins, phospholipases, cytolysins and proteases. the plcr-papr quorum sensing system activates the expression of several virulence factors, whereas the spo0a-abrb regulatory circuit partially controls the plasmid-borne cereulide synthetase (ces) operon. here, we show that cody, a nutrient-responsive regulator of gram-positive bacteria, has a profound effect on both re ...201222571587
characterization of boron resistant and accumulating bacteria lysinibacillus fusiformis m1, bacillus cereus m2, bacillus cereus m3, bacillus pumilus m4 isolated from former mining site, hokkaido, japan.boron is known to be widespread environmental contaminant that is relatively mobile in soil when compared to other metal contaminants. the present study made an attempt to isolate and characterize the boron resistant and accumulating bacteria from former mining site at hokkaido, japan. four potential strains m1, m2, m3 and m4 were selected based on high degree of boron and heavy metal resistances. the morphological, biochemical and 16s rdna sequencing analysis of mining bacteria revealed that th ...201222571522
complete genome sequence of bacillus cereus bacteriophage pbc1.bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous, spore-forming bacterium associated with food poisoning cases. to develop an efficient biocontrol agent against b. cereus, we isolated lytic phage pbc1 and sequenced its genome. pbc1 showed a very low degree of homology to previously reported phages, implying that it is novel. here we report the complete genome sequence of pbc1 and describe major findings from our analysis.201222570248
sequence analysis of inducible prophage phis3501 integrated into the haemolysin ii gene of bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis atcc35646.diarrheic food poisoning by bacteria of the bacillus cereus group is mostly due to several toxins encoded in the genomes. one of them, cytotoxin k, was recently identified as responsible for severe necrotic syndromes. cytotoxin k is similar to a class of proteins encoded by genes usually annotated as haemolysin ii (hlyii) in the majority of genomes of the b. cereus group. the partially sequenced genome of bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis atcc35646 contains several potentially induced proph ...201222567391
role of side-edge site of sphingomyelinase from bacillus cereus.bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase (bc-smase) belongs to the mg(2+)-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase (nsmase) which hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (sm) to produce phosphocholine and ceramide, and acts as an extracellular hemolysin. bc-smase has two metal ion-binding sites in a long horizontal cleft across the molecule, with one mg(2+) in the central region of the cleft and one divalent metal ion at the side-edge of the cleft. the role of the mg(2+) at the side-edge of the long horizontal cleft in bc-s ...201222564743
bacillus cereus can attack the cell membranes of the alga chara corallina by means of hlyii.we studied the influence of bacillus cereus bacteria on cells of the freshwater alga chara corallina. these bacteria and recombinant bacillus subtilis strains are capable of producing the secreted toxin hlyii, which changes the electrophysiological parameters of the algal electrically excitable plasma membrane by forming pores. cooperative incubation of bacterial cells, which carry active hlyii gene, and chara corallina cells caused a decrease in the resting potential (v(m)) and plasma membrane ...201222281415
milk microbiome signatures of subclinical mastitis-affected cattle analysed by shotgun sequencing.metagenomic analysis of milk samples collected from kankrej, gir (bos indicus) and crossbred (bos taurus × b. indicus) cattle harbouring subclinical mastitis was carried out by next-generation sequencing 454 gs-flx technology to elucidate the microbial community structure of cattle milk.201222277077
influence of anaerobiosis and low temperature on bacillus cereus growth, metabolism, and membrane properties.the impact of simultaneous anaerobiosis and low temperature on growth parameters, metabolism, and membrane properties of bacillus cereus atcc 14579 was studied. no growth was observed under anaerobiosis at 12°c. in bioreactors, growth rates and biomass production were drastically reduced by simultaneous anaerobiosis and low temperature (15°c). the two conditions had a synergistic effect on biomass reduction. in anaerobic cultures, fermentative metabolism was modified by low temperature, with a m ...201222247126
critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy caused by bacillus cereus sepsis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.we report a pediatric case of critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy caused by bacillus cereus sepsis during acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. a 15-year-old boy developed b. cereus sepsis and multiple organ failure on the 19th day after initiation of chemotherapy, and multidisciplinary treatment was started. treatment was effective and septic shock with multiple organ failure remitted. he was weaned from a respirator on day 23 after the onset of sepsis, but complete flaccid paralysis o ...201222246161
bacillus cereus, an unusual cause of fulminant liver failure: diagnosis may prevent liver transplantation.bacillus cereus is a well-known cause of foodborne disease usually of benign course. here, we present the case of a 15-year-old boy who developed reversible fulminant liver failure associated with rhabdomyolysis after pasta consumption. suspecting b. cereus as the aetiological agent may prevent unnecessary liver transplantation.201222245788
cereulide produced by bacillus cereus increases the fitness of the producer organism in low-potassium environments.cereulide, produced by certain bacillus cereus strains, is a lipophilic cyclic peptide of 1152 da that binds k(+) ions with high specificity and affinity. it is toxic to humans, but its role for the producer organism is not known. we report here that cereulide operates for b. cereus to scavenge potassium when the environment is growth limiting for this ion. cereulide-producing b. cereus showed higher maximal growth rates (µ(max)) than cereulide non-producing b. cereus in k(+)-deficient medium (k ...201222241046
microbial biodiversity, quality and shelf life of microfiltered and pasteurized extended shelf life (esl) milk from germany, austria and switzerland.information on factors limiting the shelf life of extended shelf life (esl) milk produced by microfiltration and subsequent pasteurization is very limited. in this study, three different batches of esl milk were analyzed at different stages of the production process and during storage at 4 °c, 8 °c and 10 °c in order to evaluate the changes in bacterial cell counts, microbial diversity and enzymatic quality. additionally, detailed biodiversity analyses of 250 retail esl milk packages produced by ...201222240060
antimicrobial prenylated acetophenones from berries of harrisonia abyssinica.the ripe berries of harrisonia abyssinica yielded two new prenylated acetophenones, namely 5-(ethan-1'''-one)-4,6-dihydroxy-7-(3'',3''-dimethylallyl)-2 s-(1' s-hydroxy-1',5'-dimethylhex-4'-enyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (1) and 5-(2'''-hydroxyethan-1'''-one)-4,6-dihydroxy-7-(3'',3''-dimethylallyl)-2 s-(1' s-hydroxy-1',5'-dimethylhex-4'-enyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (2), herein named harronin i and harronin ii, respectively. the compounds were isolated following activity guided fractionation and the s ...201222234410
a comparison of the effects of e-beam irradiation and heat treatment on the variability of bacillus cereus inactivation and lag phase duration of surviving cells.the effects of electron beam irradiation and heat treatments on the variability of inactivation of bacillus cereus spores (cect 131/atcc 10876) and of the lag phase of single surviving cells have been studied. in general, dispersion in the number of survivors increased as the stress became more intense. a polynomial relationship was derived between the coefficient of variation of the survivor number and the inactivation achieved. heat treatments caused wider distributions than irradiation for th ...201222225985
cr(vi) uptake mechanism of bacillus cereus.in this study, we investigated the cr(vi) uptake mechanism in an indigenous cr(vi)-tolerant bacterial strain -bacillus cereus through batch and microscopic experiments. we found that both the cells and the supernatant collected from b. cereus cultivation could reduce cr(vi). the valence state analysis revealed the complete transformation from cr(vi) into cr(iii) by living b. cereus. further x-ray absorption fine structure and fourier transform infrared analyses showed that the reduced cr(iii) wa ...201222225704
regulation of xylanase biosynthesis in bacillus cereus bsa1.microbial xylanases have a promising biotechnological potential to be used in industries. in this study, regulation of xylanase production was examined in bacillus cereus bsa1. xylanase production was induced by xylan. the enzyme production further increased in the presence of xylose and arabinose in very low concentration with addition of xylan (0.5% up to 6.02 u/ml). addition of glucose (about 0.1%) to the media supplemented with xylan repressed xylanase production. even higher concentration ( ...201222222433
isolation, partial purification and evaluation of bioactive compounds from leaves of ageratum houstonianum.the present study deals with the isolation and partial purification of bioactive compounds from the crude methanol extracts of the leaves of ageratum houstonianum (asteraceae). the quantification and the identification of compounds in the crude extract and active bands isolated by preparative tlc were accomplished using gc-ms analysis. the most important compounds identified in the crude extract and active bands (ab-1 and ab-2) were 6-acetyl-7-methoxy-2, 2-dimethylchromene, hexadecanoic acid and ...201227350770
electrochemical biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of magnetically extracted bacterial pathogens.biological defense and security applications demand rapid, sensitive detection of bacterial pathogens. this work presents a novel qualitative electrochemical detection technique which is applied to two representative bacterial pathogens, bacillus cereus (as a surrogate for b. anthracis) and escherichia coli o157:h7, resulting in detection limits of 40 cfu/ml and 6 cfu/ml, respectively, from pure culture. cyclic voltammetry is combined with immunomagnetic separation in a rapid method requiring ap ...201225585629
invasive bacillus cereus infection in a renal transplant patient: a case report and review.bacillus cereus is a common cause of gastrointestinal diseases. the majority of individuals with b cereus-related food poisoning recover without any specific treatment. it can, however, rarely cause invasive disease in immunocompromised patients.201224294281
synthesis, sar and antibacterial activity of hybrid chloro, dichloro-phenylthiazolyl-s-triazines.a series of hybrid novel chloro (1a-9a) and dichloro (10b-18b) phenylthiazolyl-s-triazine were synthesized and subsequently subjected to their antibacterial activity against three gram positive viz. lactobacillus casei (ncim-2651); bacillus cereus (ncim-2458); staphylococcus aureus (ncim-2120) and three gram negative viz salmonella typhimurium (ncim-2501); escherichia coli (ncim-2065); klebsiella aerogenes (ncim-2098). the sar studies around the lead compound revealed that introduction of electr ...201223960775
naturally occurring medicinal mushroom-derived antimicrobials: a case-study using lingzhi or reishi ganoderma lucidum (w. curt.:fr.) p. karst. (higher basidiomycetes).antibacterial activity of lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom, ganoderma lucidum, collected from central india was evaluated against four bacterial pathogens. ethyl alcohol and water extracts of fruit body powder were tested using the disc diffusion method against staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae, bacillus cereus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa. it was noted that the aqueous extract inhibited growth of pathogenic bacteria. the combined effect of fruit body extract with synthetic antibio ...201223510217
[evaluation of the immunochromatography kit for detection of emetic-toxin producing bacillus cereus].we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of an immunochromatography kit, single-path emetic tox mrk (merck), which targets a marker protein for the detection of bacillus cereus that produces emetic toxin. strains were isolated after outbreaks of food poisoning, and from retail prepared foods and food products. the strains were examined for the presence of the emetic toxin-synthetase gene by pcr. all 58 emetic strains isolated from the food poisoning cases showed a positive reaction in the im ...201223470854
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