Publications

rapid isolation of brachyspira hyodysenteriae and brachyspira pilosicoli from pigs.	the aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the time required to isolate brachyspira hyodysenteriae and brachyspira pilosicoli from porcine faeces. this was done using previously described selective media (spectinomycin) s400, (colistin, vancomycin and spectinomycin) cvs and (spectinomycin, vancomycin, colistin, spiramycin and rifampin with swine faecal extract) bj, compared with the method based on blood agar modified medium, with spectinomycin and rifampin (bam-sr), including a pre-treat ...	2004	15708820
identification of a new borrelia species among small mammals in areas of northern spain where lyme disease is endemic.	the role of small mammals as reservoir hosts for borrelia burgdorferi was investigated in several areas where lyme disease is endemic in northern spain. a low rate of infestation by ixodes ricinus nymphs was found in the small mammal populations studied that correlated with the near-absence of b. burgdorferi sensu lato in 184 animals tested and with the lack of transmission of b. burgdorferi sensu lato to i. ricinus larvae that fed on them. in contrast, questing ticks collected at the same time ...	2005	15746336
cd4+ t-cell responses and distribution at the colonic mucosa during brachyspira hyodysenteriae-induced colitis in pigs.	the spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae causes swine dysentery, a severe colitis characterized by mucosal enlargement as a result of crypt elongation and epithelial necrosis. most efforts to understand the pathogenesis of this disease have focused on the aetiological agent and its virulence factors. however, the host immune response has been considered an important factor in disease development. previous research has shown that b. hyodysenteriae induces systemic cd4(+) and gammadelta t-cell r ...	2005	15819705
application of nox-restriction fragment length polymorphism for the differentiation of brachyspira intestinal spirochetes isolated from pigs and poultry in australia.	sixty-nine intestinal spirochetes isolated from pigs and poultry in eastern australia were selected to evaluate the effectiveness of a species-specific pcr-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the brachyspira nox gene. for comparative purposes, all isolates were subjected to species-specific pcrs for the pathogenic species brachyspira hyodysenteriae and brachyspira pilosicoli, and selected isolates were examined further by sequence analysis of the nox and 16s ribosom ...	2005	15825489
the distribution of bmpb, a gene encoding a 29.7 kda lipoprotein with homology to metq, in brachyspira hyodysenteriae and related species.	the distribution of the bmpb gene encoding bmpb, a 29.7 kda outer membrane lipoprotein of the intestinal spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae, was investigated. using pcr, the gene was detected in all the 48 strains of b. hyodysenteriae examined and in brachyspira innocens strain b256t, but not in 11 other strains of b. innocens nor in 42 strains of other brachyspira spp. the gene was sequenced from b. innocens strain b256t and from 11 strains of b. hyodysenteriae. the b. hyodysenteriae genes ...	2005	15863284
the brachyspira hyodysenteriae ftna gene: dna vaccination and real-time pcr quantification of bacteria in a mouse model of disease.	the nucleotide sequence of the brachyspira hyodysenteriae ftna gene, encoding a putative ferritin protein (ftna), was determined. analysis of the sequence predicted that this gene encoded a protein of 180 amino acids. rt-pcr and western blot showed that the ftna gene was expressed in b. hyodysenteriae, and evidence suggests that ftna stores iron rather than haem. ftna was delivered as dna and recombinant protein vaccines in a mouse model of b. hyodysenteriae infection. vaccine efficacy was monit ...	2005	15968507
assessment of diagnostics and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of brachyspira species using a ring test.	there is no ring test for quality assessment available in europe for diagnostics and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the fastidious, anaerobic bacteria of the genus brachyspira. therefore, an international ring test for brachyspira spp. was performed once a year during 2002-2004. two sets of coded samples were prepared and distributed on each occasion. one set comprised six swabs dipped in pig faeces spiked with brachyspira spp. intended for diagnostics. the other set comprised two pure ...	2005	15982833
identification of genes of vsh-1, a prophage-like gene transfer agent of brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	vsh-1 is a mitomycin c-inducible prophage of the anaerobic spirochete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. purified vsh-1 virions are noninfectious, contain random 7.5-kb fragments of the bacterial genome, and mediate generalized transduction of b. hyodysenteriae cells. in order to identify and sequence genes of this novel gene transfer agent (gta), proteins associated either with vsh-1 capsids or with tails were purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the n-terminal amino ...	2005	16109929
simultaneous detection of lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira hyodysenteriae and salmonella spp. in swine intestinal specimens by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.	a multiplex pcr assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of the etiologic agents associated with porcine proliferative enteropathies (ppe), swine dysentery (sd) and porcine salmonellosis (ps) in a single reaction using dna from swine intestinal samples. single and multiplex pcr amplification of dna from lawsonia intracellularis, salmonella typhimurium and brachyspira hyodysenteriae with each primer set produced fragments of the predicted size without any nonspecific amplification, 210- ...	2005	16131827
the prevalences of brachyspira spp. and lawsonia intracellularis in swedish piglet producing herds and wild boar population.	the aim of the present study was to survey the prevalences of the enteric pathogens brachyspira hyodysenteriae, brachyspira pilosicoli and lawsonia intracellularis in swedish growing pigs and in the swedish wild boar population and to relate these findings to clinical signs. the study included 105 randomly selected herds, constituting approximately one third of swedish herds with a herd size of >100 sows. the herds were located all over the country. in these herds, growth promoters were not used ...	2005	16283917
chex is a phosphorylated chey phosphatase essential for borrelia burgdorferi chemotaxis.	motility and chemotaxis are believed to be important in the pathogenesis of lyme disease caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. controlling the phosphorylation state of chey, a response regulator protein, is essential for regulating bacterial chemotaxis and motility. rapid dephosphorylation of phosphorylated chey (chey-p) is crucial for cells to respond to environmental changes. chey-p dephosphorylation is accomplished by one or more phosphatases in different species, including chez, che ...	2005	16291669
demonstration of cotranscription and 1-methyl-3-nitroso-nitroguanidine induction of a 30-gene operon of borrelia burgdorferi: evidence that the 32-kilobase circular plasmids are prophages.	the borrelia genome is comprised of linear and circular elements, including a group of 32-kb circular plasmids (cp32s). earlier analyses identified a bacteriophage, varphibb-1, that may package cp32s, suggesting that these plasmids are prophages. cp32-8, cp32-9, and cp32-1 (plasmids l, n, and p, respectively) encode virulence factors such as the factor h binding, ospe proteins (bbl39, bbn38, and bbp38). here the expression patterns of cp32-8 open reading frames (orfs) in in vitro-cultivated 1-me ...	2005	16291672
prevalence of lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira hyodysenteriae and salmonella in swine herds.	the prevalence of lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira hyodysenteriae and salmonella spp. were investigated by multiplex pcr using fecal samples of pigs with diarrhea or a history of diarrhea. the overall herd prevalence of l. intracellularis, b. hyodysenteriae and salmonella spp. were 46.5%, 37.2% and 51.1%, respectively. also, the prevalence of l. intracellularis, b. hyodysenteriae and salmonella spp. among all sampled pigs were 19.9%, 10.8% and 17.7%, respectively. seventeen of 43 herds were ...	2005	16293991
characterization of brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates from korea.	this study was done to characterize diversity in 10 brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates in korea. the isolates were compared with 14 well-characterized non-korean strains of various brachyspira species. all korean isolates showed strong beta haemolysis and had blunt cell ends with 7-14 periplasmic flagella. they produced indole, and did not ferment fructose. they were alpha-glucosidase positive and alpha-galatosidase negative using the apizym kit. using polyclonal antisera raised in rabbits agai ...	2005	16293998
neither hippurate-negative brachyspira pilosicoli nor brachyspira pilosicoli type strain caused diarrhoea in early-weaned pigs by experimental infection.	a hippurate-negative biovariant of brachyspira pilosicoli (b. pilosicolihipp-) is occasionally isolated in diarrhoeic pigs in finland, often concomitantly with hippurate-positive b. pilosicoli or lawsonia intracellularis. we studied pathogenicity of b. pilosicolihipp- with special attention paid to avoiding co-infection with other enteric pathogens. pigs were weaned and moved to barrier facilities at the age of 11 days. at 46 days, 8 pigs were inoculated with b. pilosicolihipp- strain br1622, 8 ...	2005	16398337
observational study of factors associated with nursery pig performance.	the objective of this study was to determine the association between body weight of pigs at 7 wk of age, specific management factors, and previous body weight. among 3736 pigs from 8 commercial farms, greater 7-wk weight was associated with greater birth weight (p = 0.001), greater weaning weight (p = 0.001), and earlier age at weaning (p = 0.001). farms with the earliest average weaning age had the highest health status. farms with later weaning ages tended to use nurse sows for light-weight pi ...	2005	16479720
interaction of pleuromutilin derivatives with the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center.	tiamulin is a pleuromutilin antibiotic that is used in veterinary medicine. the recently published crystal structure of a tiamulin-50s ribosomal subunit complex provides detailed information about how this drug targets the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome. to promote rational design of pleuromutilin-based drugs, the binding of the antibiotic pleuromutilin and three semisynthetic derivatives with different side chain extensions has been investigated using chemical footprinting. the nuc ...	2006	16569865
reclassification of serpulina intermedia and serpulina murdochii in the genus brachyspira as brachyspira intermedia comb. nov. and brachyspira murdochii comb. nov.	a reassessment was undertaken of published characteristics of the five species of anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes in the genus brachyspira (brachyspira aalborgi, brachyspira alvinipulli, brachyspira hyodysenteriae, brachyspira innocens and brachyspira pilosicoli) and the two species in the genus serpulina (serpulina intermedia and serpulina murdochii). comparisons were made of published descriptions, including phenotypic properties, grouping by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, dna base compo ...	2006	16627646
spherical body formation in the spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	when cultures of brachyspira hyodysenteriae were grown under a wide range of in vitro conditions, at least 1% of the cells formed spherical bodies different to the normal helical form. this percentage increased considerably in aging cultures or following their incubation in caramelized media. spherical body formation was initiated from a terminal localized swelling of the outer sheath followed by a retraction of the protoplasmic cylinder into the resulting swollen vesicle. as this occurred, the ...	2006	16684096
lawsonia intracellularis infection in the large intestines of pigs.	in this study we examined the proliferative enteropathy, caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium lawsonia intracellularis, in colon of naturally infected pigs, using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridisation and scanning confocal laser microscopy. when 396 pigs submitted for routine laboratory examination were investigated, large intestinal gross lesions were seen in 93, including 74 cases of l. intracellularis colitis (proliferative enteropathy). fifty-one pigs without recorded colonic ...	2006	16689824
induction of differential immune reactivity to members of the flora of gnotobiotic mice following colonization with helicobacter bilis or brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	aberrant host immune responses to bacterial components of the resident microflora may initiate and perpetuate gastrointestinal inflammation. to investigate how microbial perturbation promotes host immunological responsiveness to commensal bacteria and contributes to the development of typhlocolitis, we selectively colonized defined (altered schaedler) flora c3h mice with either helicobacter bilis or brachyspira hyodysenteriae. following selective colonization, tissues were analyzed for gross/his ...	2006	16698302
differential expression of the bhmp39 major outer membrane proteins of brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	the enteric, anaerobic spirochete brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the causative agent of swine dysentery, a severe mucohemorrhagic diarrheal disease of pigs that has economic significance in every major pork-producing country. recent investigation into potential vaccine candidates has focused on the outer membrane proteins of b. hyodysenteriae. bhmp39 (formerly vsp39) is the most abundant surface-exposed outer membrane protein of b. hyodysenteriae; its predicted gene sequence has previously been s ...	2006	16714554
immunological alterations during the clinical and recovery phases of experimental swine dysentery.	the aim of this study was to examine changes in the systemic immune response during the incubation period and following the onset of clinical swine dysentery, including the recovery period. ten healthy conventional pigs were inoculated with brachyspira hyodysenteriae. blood was sampled at pre-inoculation, at days 4 and 14 post-inoculation, during the first 4 days with clinical signs of dysentery and at days 1, 3, 7, 11 and 15 of the recovery period. eight pigs developed haemorrhagic diarrhoea. f ...	2006	16772410
risk factors associated with brachyspira hyodysenteriae pcr-positivity in east-european pig production units.	the objective of the present study was to determine the risk factors for swine dysentery in east-european middle-to-large sized, farrow-to-finish units, with separate breeding and grower-finisher facilities. samples of faeces from 10 breeding animals (3-10% of the female inventory) and 10 grower finisher pigs (80-140 days of age) were collected for polymerase chain reaction testing (pcr) for brachyspira hyodysenteriae (b. hyo). of 139 farrow-to-finish units, 51 (36.7%) were positive, 49 (35.3%) ...	2006	16800228
effects of griseoviridin and viridogrisein against swine dysentery in experimental infection by using mice and pigs.	griseoviridin, a known antibiotic produced by streptomyces cacaoi subsp. cacaoi, was found to be active against brachyspira hyodysenteriae--the bacterium causing swine dysentery. an in vitro synergism is observed when it is used in combination with viridogrisein--a simultaneously produced antibiotic. in mouse experiments, the effect of griseoviridin alone was less than that of lincomycin--a commercially available swine dysentery medication. however, a 1:1 mixture of griseoviridin and viridogrise ...	2006	16820711
the 23s rrna gene pcr-rflp used for characterization of porcine intestinal spirochete isolates.	using three reference strains of brachyspira hyodysenteriae (b204, b234, b169), one b. pilosicoli (p43/6/78), one b. murdochii (56-150), one b. intermedia (pws/a), one b. innocens (b256) and ten korean isolates, pcr-rflp analysis of dna encoding 23s rrna was performed to establish a rapid and accurate method for characterizing porcine intestinal spirochetes. consequently, b. hyodysenteriae and b. pilosicoli revealed different restriction patterns; however, the other three species shared the same ...	2006	16871023
human inflammatory bowel disease does not associate with lawsonia intracellularis infection.	there is increasing evidence that bacterial infection of the intestinal mucosa may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd). in pigs, an obligate intracellular bacterium, lawsonia intracellularis (li), was shown to cause proliferative enteropathy (pe) of which some forms display histological and clinical similarities to human ibd. since li-similar desulfovibrio spp. may infect human cells, we hypothesized that li might be associated with the development of human ibd.	2006	16984651
quality-control ranges for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by broth dilution of the brachyspira hyodysenteriae type strain (atcc 27164t).	there are no approved standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the fastidious spirochete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. an interlaboratory study was performed to establish mic quality control ranges for six antimicrobial agents for the type strain of b. hyodysenteriae using broth dilution. the results showed that b. hyodysenteriae b78t atcc 27164t is a suitable quality control strain. this is a first step toward standardization of methods regarding this anaerobe.	2006	17002550
identification of a novel, invasive, not-yet-cultivated treponema sp. in the large intestine of pigs by pcr amplification of the 16s rrna gene.	laser capture microdissection in combination with fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to identify an unknown species of spirochetes from the pig colonic mucosa. the 16s rrna gene was pcr amplified, and the closest related type strain was treponema bryantiit (90.1%). the spirochete, here named "candidatus treponema suis," was associated with colitis, including invasion of the surface epithelium as well as superficial parts of the mucosa.	2006	17005743
single- and multistep resistance selection studies on the activity of retapamulin compared to other agents against staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes.	retapamulin had the lowest rate of spontaneous mutations by single-step passaging and the lowest parent and selected mutant mics by multistep passaging among all drugs tested for all staphylococcus aureus strains and three streptococcus pyogenes strains which yielded resistant clones. retapamulin has a low potential for resistance selection in s. pyogenes, with a slow and gradual propensity for resistance development in s. aureus.	2006	16436741
antimicrobial susceptibility testing of brachyspira intermedia and brachyspira pilosicoli isolates from australian chickens.	susceptibilities of predominantly australian isolates of the pathogenic intestinal spirochaetes brachyspira intermedia (n = 25) and brachyspira pilosicoli (n = 17) from chickens were tested in agar dilution against four concentrations each of the antimicrobials tiamulin, lincomycin, tylosin, metronidazole, tetracycline and ampicillin. based on available minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) breakpoint values for brachyspira hyodysenteriae or other gram-negative enteric veterinary pathogens, iso ...	2006	16448937
comparison of culture and biochemical tests with pcr for detection of brachyspira hyodysenteriae and brachyspira pilosicoli.	traditional culture and biochemical tests (cbt) were compared with pcr for sensitivity and detection of brachyspira hyodysenteriae and brachyspira pilosicoli in seeded faeces and clinical samples from diarrhoeic pigs. a duplex pcr system was developed based on primers detecting the tlya-gene of b. hyodysenteriae and the 16s rrna-gene of b. pilosicoli. sensitivities for the pcr system were determined on seeded faeces, using dna that had been recovered from primary cultures or extracted directly f ...	2006	16457900
development of a multiplex-pcr for rapid detection of the enteric pathogens lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira hyodysenteriae, and brachyspira pilosicoli in porcine faeces.	to develop an assay to simultaneously detect lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira hyodysenteriae and brachyspira pilosicoli in pig faeces.	2006	16478518
dietary carbohydrate source influences molecular fingerprints of the rat faecal microbiota.	a study was designed to elucidate effects of selected carbohydrates on composition and activity of the intestinal microbiota. five groups of eight rats were fed a western type diet containing cornstarch (reference group), sucrose, potato starch, inulin (a long- chained fructan) or oligofructose (a short-chained fructan). fructans are, opposite sucrose and starches, not digestible by mammalian gut enzymes, but are known to be fermentable by specific bacteria in the large intestine.	2006	17137493
the complete genome sequence and comparative genome analysis of the high pathogenicity yersinia enterocolitica strain 8081.	the human enteropathogen, yersinia enterocolitica, is a significant link in the range of yersinia pathologies extending from mild gastroenteritis to bubonic plague. comparison at the genomic level is a key step in our understanding of the genetic basis for this pathogenicity spectrum. here we report the genome of y. enterocolitica strain 8081 (serotype 0:8; biotype 1b) and extensive microarray data relating to the genetic diversity of the y. enterocolitica species. our analysis reveals that the ...	2006	17173484
smpb: a novel outer membrane protein present in some brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains.	a novel outer membrane protein-encoding gene was identified in brachyspira hyodysenteriae. the predicted protein, smpb, was encoded by a gene that contains regions of identity with that encoding the previously identified lipoprotein smpa. however, the majority of the reading frame encoding smpa and smpb share no detectable similarity. analysis of several strains revealed that b. hyodysenteriae harbours either smpa or the newly identified gene smpb, but not both. smpb encodes for a slightly large ...	2006	16310325
lipoprotein computational prediction in spirochaetal genomes.	lipoproteins are of great interest in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of spirochaetes. because spirochaete lipobox sequences exhibit more plasticity than those of other bacteria, application of existing prediction algorithms to emerging sequence data has been problematic. in this paper a novel lipoprotein prediction algorithm is described, designated splip, constructed as a hybrid of a lipobox weight matrix approach supplemented by a set of lipoprotein signal peptide rules allowing for ...	2006	16385121
vitamin e and selenium plasma concentrations in weanling pigs under field conditions in norwegian pig herds.	the status of alpha-tocopherol (vit e) and selenium (se) has been shown to influence disease resistance in pigs, and may be important for the health of weanling pigs.	2007	17201915
identification of specific chemoattractants and genetic complementation of a borrelia burgdorferi chemotaxis mutant: flow cytometry-based capillary tube chemotaxis assay.	measuring the chemotactic response of borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterial species that causes lyme disease, is relatively more difficult than measuring that of other bacteria. because these spirochetes have long generation times, enumerating cells that swim up a capillary tube containing an attractant by using colony counts is impractical. furthermore, direct counts with a petroff-hausser chamber is problematic, as this method has a low throughput and necessitates a high cell density; the latter ...	2007	17172459
identification of specific chemoattractants and genetic complementation of a borrelia burgdorferi chemotaxis mutant: flow cytometry-based capillary tube chemotaxis assay.	measuring the chemotactic response of borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterial species that causes lyme disease, is relatively more difficult than measuring that of other bacteria. because these spirochetes have long generation times, enumerating cells that swim up a capillary tube containing an attractant by using colony counts is impractical. furthermore, direct counts with a petroff-hausser chamber is problematic, as this method has a low throughput and necessitates a high cell density; the latter ...	2007	17172459
consecutive pathological and immunological alterations during experimentally induced swine dysentery - a study performed by repeated endoscopy and biopsy samplings through an intestinal cannula.	the development of intestinal lesions after inoculation with brachyspira hyodysenteriae was followed by repeated endoscopy and biopsy sampling through a caecal cannula. seven eight-week-old pigs were cannulated and inoculated, two were cannulated but not inoculated, and two pigs were inoculated but not cannulated. endoscopy, biopsy, and blood sampling to determine saa (serum amyloid a), haptoglobin, cortisol, and wbc counts were performed at scheduled time-points. at the third day of disease, en ...	2007	17023011
the effect of fermentable carbohydrates on experimental swine dysentery and whip worm infections in pigs.	an experiment was conducted to study the effect of diets with contrasting fermentability in the large intestine on experimental infections with brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery, and the whip worm, trichuris suis, in pigs. two diets with organically grown ingredients were composed. both diets were based on triticale and barley and supplemented with either rape seed cake (diet 1) or dried chicory root and sweet lupins (diet 2). the study had a three-factorial desi ...	2007	17049759
blood concentrations of amino acids, glucose and lactate during experimental swine dysentery.	the aim of this study was to examine blood concentrations of amino acids, glucose and lactate in association with experimental swine dysentery. ten pigs (approximately 23kg) were orally inoculated with brachyspira hyodysenteriae. eight animals developed muco-haemorrhagic diarrhoea with impaired general appearance, changes in white blood cell counts and increased levels of the acute phase protein serum amyolid a. blood samples were taken before inoculation, during the incubation period, during cl ...	2007	17078986
a novel enteropathogenic, strongly haemolytic spirochaete isolated from pig and mallard, provisionally designated 'brachyspira suanatina' sp. nov.	atypical, strongly haemolytic porcine isolates of intestinal spirochaetes differing genetically from brachyspira hyodysenteriae were identified and characterized. the isolates were subjected to culture and biochemical tests, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular analyses. none of four species-specific polymerase chain reaction systems targeting genes of b. hyodysenteriae gave a positive reaction. all the atypical porcine isolates were identical in their partial 16s rrna and nox gene ...	2007	17359270
anaerobic gene expression in staphylococcus aureus.	an investigation of gene expression in staphylococcus aureus after a switch from aerobic to anaerobic growth was initiated by using the proteomic and transcriptomic approaches. in the absence of external electron acceptors like oxygen or nitrate, an induction of glycolytic enzymes was observed. at the same time the amount of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes was very low. nad is regenerated by mixed acid and butanediol fermentation, as indicated by an elevated synthesis level of fermentation enzy ...	2007	17384184
decreased susceptibility to doxycycline associated with a 16s rrna gene mutation in brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	the objective of this study was to assess whether nucleotide substitutions in the 16s rdna sequence of selected brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates could explain differences in doxycycline minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics). the main part of the 16s rrna gene was sequenced and compared for 19 isolates with different doxycycline mics. a mutation in the 16s rrna gene at the position corresponding to 1058 in escherichia coli has been shown to cause tetracycline resistance in other bacteria. i ...	2007	17428623
the organic acid profiles in the feces of pigs at brachyspira hyodysenteriae- or b. pilosicoli-positive farms.	we observed a significant difference in the organic acid profile of diarrheal feces between pigs infected with and free from pathogenic spirochetes. diarrhea and loose feces were collected from growing pigs, held at 15 different commercial farms. a total of 106 samples were measured for organic acid concentration by hplc and were checked for the presence of b. hyodysenteriae and b. pilosicoli by pcr. b. hyodysenteriae was detected in 3 samples collected from one farm. b. pilosicoli was detected ...	2007	17485934
prophage-like gene transfer agents-novel mechanisms of gene exchange for methanococcus, desulfovibrio, brachyspira, and rhodobacter species.	gene transfer agents (gtas) are novel mechanisms for bacterial gene transfer. they resemble small, tailed bacteriophages in ultrastructure and act like generalized transducing prophages. in contrast to functional prophages, gtas package random fragments of bacterial genomes and incomplete copies of their own genomes. the packaged dna content is characteristic of the gta and ranges in size from 4.4 to 13.6kb. gtas have been reported in species of brachyspira, methanococcus, desulfovibrio, and rho ...	2007	17513139
the distribution and chemical coding of intramural neurons supplying the porcine stomach - the study on normal pigs and on animals suffering from swine dysentery.	the present study was designed to investigate the expression of biologically active substances by intramural neurons supplying the stomach in normal (control) pigs and in pigs suffering from dysentery. eight juvenile female pigs were used. both dysenteric (n = 4; inoculated with brachyspira hyodysenteriae) and control (n = 4) animals were deeply anaesthetized, transcardially perfused with buffered paraformalehyde, and tissue samples comprising all layers of the wall of the ventricular fundus wer ...	2007	17535350
induction and transcription of vsh-1, a prophage-like gene transfer agent of brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	the anaerobic spirochete brachyspira hyodysenteriae is host to a bacteriophage-like agent known as vsh-1. vsh-1 is a novel gene transfer mechanism which does not self-propagate and transfers random 7.5kb fragments of host dna between b. hyodysenteriae cells. in these investigations early events during vsh-1 induction by mitomycin c were examined. quantitative pcr analysis revealed that vsh-1 hvp38 and hvp53 genes did not detectably increase in copy numbers during induction. based on northern blo ...	2007	17540587
prevalence of selected enteropathogenic bacteria in hungarian finishing pigs.	the aim of this study was to obtain prevalence estimates about the most important enteropathogenic bacteria: lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira hyodysenteriae, brachyspira pilosicoli, salmonella enterica and clostridium perfringens a and c in hungarian farrow-to-finish pig herds. a total of 31 herds were selected, from where six pooled faecal samples, each containing three individual rectal faecal samples were collected from fattening pigs of 5-6 months of age. all 186 samples were examined b ...	2007	17555287
distribution of the clpx gene in brachyspira species and reactivity of recombinant brachyspira pilosicoli clpx with sera from mice and humans.	previously, a clpx gene encoding a predicted 67 kda membrane-associated atpase subunit of the clp protease (clpx) was identified in a porcine strain (95/1,000) of the intestinal spirochaete brachyspira pilosicoli. in the current study, the distribution of this large clpx gene was investigated in a collection of strains representing all seven brachyspira spp. using pcr with internal primers, an 878 bp portion of the gene was detected in 29 of 35 strains (83 %) of b. pilosicoli, 6 of 24 strains (2 ...	2007	17577058
simultaneous detection of brachyspira hyodysenteriae, brachyspira pilosicoli and lawsonia intracellularis in porcine faeces and tissue samples by multiplex-pcr.	diarrhoea in growing and finishing pigs is usually caused by infectious agents and laboratory diagnosis is a prerequisite for efficient therapy. cultivation of brachyspira hyodysenteriae or brachyspira pilosicoli and detection of lawsonia intracellularis by means of immunofluorescence tests (ift) are time-consuming and in some cases lack sensitivity. a multiplex-pcr was designed to detect simultaneously these three pathogens in faeces and tissue samples, allowing the differential diagnosis of dy ...	2007	17931231
increased amount of bifidobacterium thermacidophilum and megasphaera elsdenii in the colonic microbiota of pigs fed a swine dysentery preventive diet containing chicory roots and sweet lupine.	to investigate which specific bacterial species that were stimulated or inhibited in the proximal colon of pigs when a fructan-rich diet was compared with a diet that contained resistant carbohydrates. the study focussed especially on bifidobacterial species by using a noncultureable approach.	2007	17953596
evolution and the complexity of bacteriophages.	the genomes of both long-genome (> 200 kb) bacteriophages and long-genome eukaryotic viruses have cellular gene homologs whose selective advantage is not explained. these homologs add genomic and possibly biochemical complexity. understanding their significance requires a definition of complexity that is more biochemically oriented than past empirically based definitions.	2007	17355641
an evaluation of the immunogenicity and protective responses to brachyspira hyodysenteriae recombinant smpb vaccination.	smpb is an outer membrane protein of brachyspira hyodysentariae that is present in some strains of the bacterium. it shares the same locus as smpa, but all strains tested to date contain either one protein or the other, never both. in this study we have evaluated the efficacy of vaccination with smpb to elicit immune responses in mice and to protect against a subsequent challenge. immunised mice develop humoral and cellular responses to smpb delivered as either a dna vaccine or a recombinant pro ...	2008	18068912
identification of brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other pathogenic brachyspira species in chickens from laying flocks with diarrhea or reduced production or both.	cecal samples from laying chickens from 25 farms with a history of decreased egg production, diarrhea, and/or increased feed conversion ratios were examined for anaerobic intestinal spirochetes of the genus brachyspira. seventy-three samples positive in an immunofluorescence assay for brachyspira species were further examined using selective anaerobic culture, followed by phenotypic analysis, species-specific pcrs (for brachyspira hyodysenteriae, b. intermedia, and b. pilosicoli), and a brachysp ...	2008	18077642
borrelia burgdorferi uniquely regulates its motility genes and has an intricate flagellar hook-basal body structure.	borrelia burgdorferi is a flat-wave, motile spirochete that causes lyme disease. motility is provided by periplasmic flagella (pfs) located between the cell cylinder and an outer membrane sheath. the structure of these pfs, which are composed of a basal body, a hook, and a filament, is similar to the structure of flagella of other bacteria. to determine if hook formation influences flagellin gene transcription in b. burgdorferi, we inactivated the hook structural gene flge by targeted mutagenesi ...	2008	18192386
genetic and biochemical characterization of oxa-63, a new class d beta-lactamase from brachyspira pilosicoli bm4442.	brachyspira pilosicoli bm4442, isolated from the feces of a patient with diarrhea at the hospital saint-michel in paris, was resistant to oxacillin (mic > 256 microg/ml) but remained susceptible to cephalosporins and to the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. cloning and sequencing of the corresponding resistance determinant revealed a coding sequence of 807 bp encoding a new class d beta-lactamase named oxa-63. the bla oxa-63 gene was chromosomally located and not part of a transpos ...	2008	18212108
occurrence and expression of gene transfer agent genes in marine bacterioplankton.	genes with homology to the transduction-like gene transfer agent (gta) were observed in genome sequences of three cultured members of the marine roseobacter clade. a broader search for homologs for this host-controlled virus-like gene transfer system identified likely gta systems in cultured alphaproteobacteria, and particularly in marine bacterioplankton representatives. expression of gta genes and extracellular release of gta particles ( approximately 50 to 70 nm) was demonstrated experimental ...	2008	18359833
collateral effects of antibiotics: carbadox and metronidazole induce vsh-1 and facilitate gene transfer among brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains.	brachyspira hyodysenteriae is an anaerobic spirochete and the etiologic agent of swine dysentery. the genome of this spirochete contains a mitomycin c-inducible, prophage-like gene transfer agent designated vsh-1. vsh-1 particles package random 7.5-kb fragments of the b. hyodysenteriae genome and transfer genes between b. hyodysenteriae cells. the chemicals and conditions inducing vsh-1 production are largely unknown. antibiotics used in swine management and stressors inducing traditional propha ...	2008	18359835
identification of a novel prophage-like gene cluster actively expressed in both virulent and avirulent strains of leptospira interrogans serovar lai.	dna microarray analysis was used to compare the differential gene expression profiles between leptospira interrogans serovar lai type strain 56601 and its corresponding attenuated strain ipav. a 22-kb genomic island covering a cluster of 34 genes (i.e., genes la0186 to la0219) was actively expressed in both strains but concomitantly upregulated in strain 56601 in contrast to that of ipav. reverse transcription-pcr assays proved that the gene cluster comprised five transcripts. gene annotation of ...	2008	18362131
functional analysis of the campylobacter jejuni cj0183 and cj0588 genes.	the cj0183 and cj0588 genes identified in the campylobacter jejuni nctc 11168 genome encode proteins with amino acid sequences predicted to be homologous to other bacterial hemolysins. the cj0183 protein exhibits homology to brachyspira hyodysenteriae tlyc protein, whereas the cj0588 gene product is homologous to tlya proteins brachyspira hyodysenteriae, helicobacter pylori, and mycobacterium tuberculosis, which play a crucial role in bacterial virulence. the aim of our work was to examine the h ...	2008	18389311
isolated weaning technology: humane benefits and concerns in the production of pork.	the age at which piglets are separated from the sow has been identified as an animal welfare risk in current swine production systems. animal welfare gains of a minimal disease state must be objectively balanced against the welfare costs of early weaning. veterinary practitioners should continue to participate in the development and validation of humane animal production methods.	2008	18390104
genetic analysis of spirochete flagellin proteins and their involvement in motility, filament assembly, and flagellar morphology.	the filaments of spirochete periplasmic flagella (pfs) have a unique structure and protein composition. in most spirochetes, the pfs consist of a core of at least three related proteins (flab1, flab2, and flab3) and a sheath of flaa protein. the functions of these filament proteins remain unknown. in this study, we used a multidisciplinary approach to examine the role of these proteins in determining the composition, shape, and stiffness of the pfs and how these proteins impact motility by using ...	2008	18556797
risk factors for post-weaning diarrhoea on piglet producing farms in finland.	post-weaning diarrhoea (pwd) is a significant gastrointestinal disease in pigs. it is considered a multifactorial disease associated with proliferation of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in the intestinal tract of affected pigs. the aim of this study was to analyse risk factors related to the occurrence of pwd on finnish piglet producing farms.	2008	18564407
tiamulin activity against brachyspira hyodysenteriae.		2008	19103625
the effect of discontinued use of antimicrobial growth promoters on the risk of therapeutic antibiotic treatment in danish farrow-to-finish pig farms.	this study estimated the effect of discontinued use of antimicrobial growth promoters (duagps) on the risk of antibiotic treatment for diarrhoea, arthritis, pneumonia, unthriving and miscellaneous disorders in danish pig farms. the estimation was done in a case-crossover study comparing: (1) the proportion of days per farm where treatment was performed (pdt) and (2) the proportion of pigs treated per day per farm at days where treatment was performed (ppt) before and after duagps at 68 farrow-to ...	2008	17335634
the effect of discontinued use of antimicrobial growth promoters on the risk of therapeutic antibiotic treatment in danish farrow-to-finish pig farms.	this study estimated the effect of discontinued use of antimicrobial growth promoters (duagps) on the risk of antibiotic treatment for diarrhoea, arthritis, pneumonia, unthriving and miscellaneous disorders in danish pig farms. the estimation was done in a case-crossover study comparing: (1) the proportion of days per farm where treatment was performed (pdt) and (2) the proportion of pigs treated per day per farm at days where treatment was performed (ppt) before and after duagps at 68 farrow-to ...	2008	17335634
[multiresistant brachyspira hyodysenteriae in a dutch sow herd].	this case study describes the isolation ofa multiresistant strain ofbrachyspira hyodysenteriae in april 2007 in a dutch sow herd with recurrent diarrhoea. examination of faecal samples taken from 7-month-old breeding gilts with diarrhoea revealed the presence of resistance against tiamulin, lincomycin, tylosin, doxycycline, and tylvalosin (the active substance in aivlosin) in four of five samples. tiamulin resistance has not been reported in the netherlands before. the repeated use of tiamulin o ...	2008	18767301
blood concentrations of the cytokines il-1beta, il-6, il-10, tnf-alpha and ifn-gamma during experimentally induced swine dysentery.	knowledge of the cytokine response at infection with brachyspira hyodysenteriae can help understanding disease mechanism involved during swine dysentery. since this knowledge is still limited the aim of the present study was to induce dysentery experimentally in pigs and to monitor the development of important immunoregulatory cytokines in blood collected at various stages of the disease.	2008	18700003
characterization of the tautomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from streptomyces spiroverticillatus unveiling new insights into dialkylmaleic anhydride and polyketide biosynthesis.	tautomycin (ttm) is a highly potent and specific protein phosphatase inhibitor isolated from streptomyces spiroverticillatus. the biological activity of ttm makes it an important lead for drug discovery, whereas its spiroketal-containing polyketide chain and rare dialkylmaleic anhydride moiety draw attention to novel biosynthetic chemistries responsible for its production. to elucidate the biosynthetic machinery associated with these novel molecular features, the ttm biosynthetic gene cluster fr ...	2008	18708355
isolation and characterization of treponema phagedenis-like spirochetes from digital dermatitis lesions in swedish dairy cattle.	digital dermatitis in cattle is an emerging infectious disease. ulcerative lesions are typically located on the plantar skin between the heel bulbs and adjacent to the coronet. spirochetes of the genus treponema are found in high numbers in the lesions and are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis. the aim of this study was to obtain pure cultures of spirochetes from cattle with digital dermatitis and to describe them further.	2008	18937826
tiamulin activity against brachyspira hyodysenteriae.		2008	19060324
antimicrobial susceptibility testing of spanish field isolates of brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	this study is the first conducted in spain to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility of field isolates of brachyspira hyodysenteriae. one hundred and eight isolates of the bacterium, recovered from different spanish swine farms between 2000 and 2007, were investigated. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of erythromycin, tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, clindamycin and lincomycin were determined using a broth microdilution technique. most of the isolates showed poor susceptibility to erythr ...	2009	19084246
identification of genes associated with prophage-like gene transfer agents in the pathogenic intestinal spirochaetes brachyspira hyodysenteriae, brachyspira pilosicoli and brachyspira intermedia.	vsh-1 is an unusual prophage-like gene transfer agent (gta) that has been described in the intestinal spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. the gta does not self-propagate, but it assembles into a virus-like particle and transfers random 7.5kb fragments of host dna to other b. hyodysenteriae cells. to date the gta vsh-1 has only been analysed in b. hyodysenteriae strain b204, in which 11 late function genes encoding prophage capsid, tail and lysis elements have been described. the aim of the c ...	2009	18950961
comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium.	the continued rise of clostridium difficile infections worldwide has been accompanied by the rapid emergence of a highly virulent clone designated pcr-ribotype 027. to understand more about the evolution of this virulent clone, we made a three-way genomic and phenotypic comparison of an 'historic' non-epidemic 027 c. difficile (cd196), a recent epidemic and hypervirulent 027 (r20291) and a previously sequenced pcr-ribotype 012 strain (630).	2009	19781061
detection of brachyspira hyodysenteriae, lawsonia intracellularis and brachyspira pilosicoli in feral pigs.	feral pigs are recognized as being a potential reservoir of pathogenic microorganisms that can infect domestic pigs and other species. the aim of this study was to investigate whether feral pigs in western australia were colonized by the pathogenic enteric bacteria lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira hyodysenteriae and/or brachyspira pilosicoli. a total of 222 feral pigs from three study-populations were sampled. dna was extracted from faeces or colonic contents and subjected to a previously d ...	2009	18818030
metastatic uterine adenocarcinoma in an 8-year-old gilt.	an 8-y-old gilt was evaluated after the onset of hemorrhagic perineal discharge. uterine adenocarcinoma with metastases to the lungs and regional lymph nodes was diagnosed at necropsy. tumor cells lacked expression of estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptor. this case represents the first reported uterine adenocarcinoma in a research pig and the first swine uterine neoplasia in which steroid hormone receptor expression was evaluated.	2009	19930830
the mycoplasma conjunctivae genome sequencing, annotation and analysis.	the mollicute mycoplasma conjunctivae is the etiological agent leading to infectious keratoconjunctivitis (ikc) in domestic sheep and wild caprinae. although this pathogen is relatively benign for domestic animals treated by antibiotics, it can lead wild animals to blindness and death. this is a major cause of death in the protected species in the alps (e.g., capra ibex, rupicapra rupicapra).	2009	19534756
experimental challenge of mallards (anas platyrhynchos) with brachyspira hyodysenteriae and "brachyspira suanatina" isolated from pigs and mallards.	brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the aetiological agent of swine dysentery, and a recently proposed and closely related enteropathogenic spirochaete "brachyspira suanatina", originally isolated from pigs or mallards (anas platyrhynchos), were used to inoculate week-old mallard ducklings orally or cloacally. the colonization rate, clinical outcome, faecal dry matter content, blood leucocyte counts and gross, microscopical and electron microscopical features 14-16 days post-inoculation were investigate ...	2009	19640549
identification of a divided genome for vsh-1, the prophage-like gene transfer agent of brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	the brachyspira hyodysenteriae b204 genome sequence revealed three vsh-1 tail genes, hvp31, hvp60, and hvp37, in a 3.6-kb cluster. the location and transcription direction of these genes relative to those of the previously described vsh-1 16.3-kb gene operon indicate that the gene transfer agent vsh-1 has a noncontiguous, divided genome.	2009	19103931
proteomic analysis and identification of the structural and regulatory proteins of the rhodobacter capsulatus gene transfer agent.	the gene transfer agent of rhodobacter capsulatus (gta) is a unique phage-like particle that exchanges genetic information between members of this same species of bacterium. besides being an excellent tool for genetic mapping, the gta has a number of advantages for biotechnological and nanoengineering purposes. to facilitate the gta purification and identify the proteins involved in gta expression, assembly and regulation, in the present work we construct and transform into r. capsulatus y262 a ...	2009	19105630
reduced use of antimicrobials after vaccination of pigs against porcine proliferative enteropathy in a danish spf herd.	the present study explored whether the use of group medication with antibiotics in a danish pig herd was reduced after vaccination of the pigs against proliferative enteropathy (pe) caused by lawsonia intracellularis. 7900 pigs originating from a single commercial sow herd were vaccinated against l. intracellularis, whereas 7756 pigs were kept as non-vaccinated controls. the pigs were included batch-wise in the study with every second batch being vaccinated. in the vaccinated batches, the consum ...	2009	19128459
a reverse vaccinology approach to swine dysentery vaccine development.	swine dysentery (sd) is a mucohaemorrhagic colitis of pigs resulting from infection of the large intestine with the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. whole-cell bacterin vaccines are available to help control sd, but their performance has been inconsistent. this study aimed to use a reverse vaccinology approach to identify b. hyodysenteriae proteins for use as recombinant vaccine components. nineteen open reading frames (orfs) predicted to encode potential vaccine cand ...	2009	19179021
genome sequence of the pathogenic intestinal spirochete brachyspira hyodysenteriae reveals adaptations to its lifestyle in the porcine large intestine.	brachyspira hyodysenteriae is an anaerobic intestinal spirochete that colonizes the large intestine of pigs and causes swine dysentery, a disease of significant economic importance. the genome sequence of b. hyodysenteriae strain wa1 was determined, making it the first representative of the genus brachyspira to be sequenced, and the seventeenth spirochete genome to be reported. the genome consisted of a circular 3,000,694 base pair (bp) chromosome, and a 35,940 bp circular plasmid that has not p ...	2009	19262690
rapid and accurate diagnosis of human intestinal spirochetosis by fluorescence in situ hybridization.	human intestinal spirochetosis (his) is associated with overgrowth of the large intestine by spirochetes of the genus brachyspira. the microbiological diagnosis of his is hampered by the fastidious nature and slow growth of brachyspira spp. in clinical practice, his is diagnosed histopathologically, and a significant portion of cases may be missed. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) is a molecular method that allows the visualization and identification of single bacteria within tissue sec ...	2009	19279178
increased cyp4b1 mrna is associated with the inhibition of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by caffeic acid in mice.	susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases depends upon interactions between the genetics of the individual and induction of chronic mucosal inflammation. we hypothesized that administration of dietary phenolics, caffeic acid and rutin, would suppress upregulation of inflammatory markers and intestinal damage in a mouse model of colitis. colitis was induced in c3h/ heouj mice (8 weeks old, 6 male/6 female per treatment) with 1.25% dextran sulfate sodium (dss) for 6 d in their drinking water. ...	2009	19307459
effect of obstructive jaundice and nitric oxide on the profiles of intestinal bacterial flora in wild and inos mice.	we previously reported that the plasma level of endotoxin and colonic expression of iga in the mouse increased with obstructive jaundice induced by bile duct ligation (bdl). to elucidate the mechanism of the bdl-induced increase, we analyzed the effect of bdl on intestinal flora in wild type and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos)-deficient mice (inos(-/-)) using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (t-rflp) and 16s rdna clone libraries. the amounts of bacterial dna ...	2009	19308270
the index herd with pmws in sweden: presence of serum amyloid a, circovirus 2 viral load and antibody levels in healthy and pmws-affected pigs.	postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is an emerging disease in pigs of multifactorial origin, but associated to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection. pmws was first diagnosed in sweden at a progeny test station that received pigs aged five weeks from 19 different nucleus herds on the day after weaning. the objective of this study was to examine, for the first time in an index outbreak of pmws, the relationship between pcv2 virus, antibodies to pcv2 and serum amyloid a (saa) in ...	2009	19327135
impact of deoxynivalenol on the intestinal microflora of pigs.	deoxynivalenol (don), a mycotoxin produced by some fusarium species, is a frequent contaminant of cereal. in the present study, 24 weanling piglets received either control feed or feed naturally contaminated with don (2.8 mg/kg) for four weeks. consumption of contaminated feed significantly reduced the animal weight gain during the first week of the experiment, but had a moderate effect on cultivable bacteria in the pig intestine. by contrast, changes in the intestinal microflora were observed b ...	2009	19333431
impact of deoxynivalenol on the intestinal microflora of pigs.	deoxynivalenol (don), a mycotoxin produced by some fusarium species, is a frequent contaminant of cereal. in the present study, 24 weanling piglets received either control feed or feed naturally contaminated with don (2.8 mg/kg) for four weeks. consumption of contaminated feed significantly reduced the animal weight gain during the first week of the experiment, but had a moderate effect on cultivable bacteria in the pig intestine. by contrast, changes in the intestinal microflora were observed b ...	2009	19333431
in vitro antagonistic activities of lactobacillus spp. against brachyspira hyodysenteriae and brachyspira pilosicoli.	the sensitivity of brachyspira hyodysenteriae and brachyspira pilosicoli, respectively the causative agents of swine dysentery and porcine intestinal spirochaetosis to two probiotic lactobacillus strains, l. rhamnosus cncm-i-3698 and l. farciminis cncm-i-3699 was studied through viability, motility and coaggregation assays. the cell-free supernatant of these lactobacilli contains lactic acid, that is stressful for brachyspira (leading to the formation of spherical bodies), and lethal. it was dem ...	2009	19356863
multilocus sequence typing as a tool for studying the molecular epidemiology and population structure of brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	the purpose of this study was to develop and apply a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme to study the molecular epidemiology of brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the aetiological agent of swine dysentery. sequences of seven conserved genomic loci were examined in 111 b. hyodysenteriae strains. fifty-eight of these previously had been analysed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee), and for some the results of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge), restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) an ...	2009	19369014
the selection of single-chain fv antibody fragments specific to bhlp 29.7 protein of brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	single-chain antibodies (scfv) specific to brachyspira hyodysenteriae were isolated from a phagemid library. recombinant bhlp 29.7 protein was used for scfv selection and individual clones were tested by elisa and immunofluorescent test; four unique clones were isolated. one of selected clones was able to bind specifically b. hyodysenteriae in elisa and immunofluorescence test. this is the first report of species-specific recombinant antibodies against b. hyodysenteriae.	2009	19381477
mucosal gene expression profiles following the colonization of immunocompetent defined-flora c3h mice with helicobacter bilis: a prelude to typhlocolitis.	an aberrant immune response to the commensal microbiota is widely hypothesized to contribute to the development of inflammatory bowel disease. helicobacter bilis colonization of defined-flora mice has been shown to trigger host immune responses to the commensal flora. however, the magnitude of the effects on mucosal homeostasis following colonization with h. bilis has not been determined. using microarray analysis, differential gene expression within the cecal mucosa was assessed at 15, 30, or 4 ...	2009	19397886
spirochaetes as intestinal pathogens: lessons from a brachyspira genome.	anaerobic spirochaetes of the genus brachyspira have long been known as important gut pathogens of pigs, but increasingly they are recognised as causing disease in birds and other animal species, including human beings. the genome sequence of the major swine pathogen brachyspira hyodysenteriae was recently published, and this revealed extensive genome optimisation that leads to adaptation to the complex environment of the colon. the genome sequences of other pathogenic and non-pathogenic brachys ...	2009	19405984
evaluation of recombinant bhlp29.7 as an elisa antigen for detecting pig herds with swine dysentery.	swine dysentery (sd) results from infection of the porcine large intestine with the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. diagnosis of sd traditionally has relied on detecting the spirochaete in the faeces of acutely affected pigs. to date simple and reliable serological assays that can be applied as a diagnostic tool at the herd level have not been available. in the current study a recombinant histidine tagged 29.7 kda lipoprotein of b. hyodysenteriae (his6-bhlp29.7) was ...	2009	18619744
a flood of microbial genomes-do we need more?		2009	19513110
genome wide expression analysis of cbs domain containing proteins in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh and oryza sativa l. reveals their developmental and stress regulation.	in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh and oryza sativa l., a large number of genes encode proteins of unknown functions, whose characterization still remains one of the major challenges. with an aim to characterize these unknown proteins having defined features (pdfs) in plants, we have chosen to work on proteins having a cystathionine beta-synthase (cbs) domain. cbs domain as such has no defined function(s) but plays a regulatory role for many enzymes and thus helps in maintaining the intracellula ...	2009	19400948