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effect of thiol-activated toxins (streptolysin o, alveolysin, and theta toxin) on the generation of leukotrienes and leukotriene-inducing and -metabolizing enzymes from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes.the generation of leukotrienes (ltc4, ltd4, lte4, and ltb4; 12-epi-ltb4 isomer) from human granulocytes by thiol-activated toxins (streptolysin o, alveolysin from bacillus alvei, and theta toxin from clostridium perfringens) is described. the release occurs under noncytolytic conditions. although ltb4 is the major component after calcium ionophore stimulation, more ltc4 as compared with ltb4 is released with the toxins. the 5-lipoxygenase pathway of toxin-mediated activation can effectively be i ...19852866160
faecal carriage of clostridium perfringens.the numbers and serotypes of clostridium perfringens present in the faeces of three groups of hospital patients and young healthy laboratory workers were examined in studies lasting between 10 and 13 weeks. in one hospital some long-stay geriatric patients carried relatively high numbers of c. perfringens (greater than 10(7)/g) most of the time and it was not unusual in any one week for the majority of these patients to carry the same serotype(s). however, the numbers of c. perfringens in the fa ...19852866214
epidemiology of diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens.enterotoxigenic strains of clostridium perfringens have recently been implicated in some cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. we present here the results of an epidemiological study of this disease. five cases of diarrhoea caused by c. perfringens serotype 41 occurred during a 9-week period, and then during a 6-week period there were three cases due to serotype 27 and two due to serotype 24; in all but one case two geriatric wards were involved. in total there were 16 cases in 22 months. al ...19852866253
host factors predisposing to anaerobic infections.anaerobic bacterial infections of man are typically associated with locally comprised tissues and commonly also with a systemically compromised host. thus, any condition that interferes with the systemic defence mechanisms of the host and thus predisposes to infection in general, increases the incidence of anaerobic infections also. it is generally true to say that anaerobic infections occur secondary to mechanical disruption of anatomical barriers, usually percutaneous in clostridial infections ...19852866580
clostridium perfringens septicemia and acute leukemia.three cases of fatal clostridial septicemia in patients with acute leukemia are described. predisposing factors and treatment are discussed. clostridium septicemia should always be suspected when a patient with neutropenia suddenly develops diffuse abdominal pain, fever, and tachycardia over 120/min. the importance of early treatment with penicillin or another adequate antibiotic is discussed.19852866667
enterotoxaemia caused by clostridium perfringens type d in farmed fallow deer. 19852866762
dna tris-intercalation: first acridine trimer with dna affinity in the range of dna regulatory proteins. kinetic studies.a trimer made up of three acridine chromophores linked by a positively charged poly(aminoalkyl) chain was synthesized as a potential tris-intercalating agent. the length of the linking chain was selected to allow intercalation of each chromophore according to the excluded site model. 1h nmr studies have shown that, at 5 mm sodium, ph 5, the acridine trimer occurred under a folded conformation stabilized by stacking interactions between the three aromatic rings. dna tris-intercalation of the dye ...19852866796
bactericidal effects of photoradiation therapy with hematoporphyrin derivative.hematoporphyrin derivative (hpd) localizes selectively in malignant and rapidly metabolizing tissues and undergoes a cytotoxic reaction when exposed to light of a specific wavelength. hpd has been studied extensively with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of tumors but not with regard to bactericidal activity. this investigation assessed the effect of light-activated hpd on various microorganisms, on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and on the interactions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes ...19853155547
[sensitivity of obligate anaerobes to ofloxacin, pefloxacin, enoxacin and norfloxacin].the in vitro activity of four new quinolones against 355 obligate anaerobes was investigated. mics were determined using the reference method of sutter et al. [14]. the four fluorinated quinolones tested differ from nalidixic acid which is inactive on most anaerobes except for some clostridium perfringens strains. all strains tested were inhibited by 64 and 16 mg/l pefloxacin and ofloxacin respectively. except for bacteroides, all strains were inhibited by 64 mg/l norfloxacin or enoxacin. clostr ...19853162143
comparative activity of the quinolones against anaerobic bacteria isolated at community hospitals.the in vitro activity of five quinolone compounds, amoxicillin, and clindamycin against 118 strains of anaerobic bacteria isolated at community hospitals was determined by an agar dilution method. nalidixic acid and cinoxacin had poor activity, and norfloxacin and enoxacin showed relatively poor activity. ciprofloxacin was active against bacteroides fragilis, fusobacterium species, clostridium perfringens, and gram-positive cocci. at peak levels achievable in the feces, norfloxacin and enoxacin ...19853847273
the effect of pigbel vaccine. 19853862309
establishment of mics of moxalactam for control and reference anaerobic organisms in agar dilution and microdilution techniques.the mics of moxalactam were determined for eight national committee for clinical laboratory standards control and reference strains and for fusobacterium nucleatum atcc 10953 by agar and microdilution techniques. the recommended mic for the control strain bacteroides fragilis in both agar and microdilution tests is 0.5 micrograms/ml. recommended mics for bacteroides thetaiotaomicron atcc 29741 and clostridium perfringens atcc 13124 by agar dilution are 8 and 0.063 micrograms/ml, respectively. th ...19853888103
comparison of immune response stimulated in sheep, rabbits and guinea pigs by the administration of multi-component clostridial vaccines.over 3 years, the immunogenic responses of various batches of multi-component clostridial vaccines in sheep, rabbits and guinea pigs were compared. fully susceptible healthy sheep were found to be more suitable than rabbits or guinea pigs for testing the potency of multi-component clostridial vaccines containing clostridium novyi type b, c. perfringens type d, c. septicum and c. tetani, and recommendations are made that sheep are the preferred species for testing the potency of clostridial vacci ...19853896219
in vitro activity of imipenem against anaerobic bacteria.the in vitro activity of imipenem, metronidazole, clindamycin, moxalactam, and cefoxitin against 203 strains of anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients at the veterans administration wadsworth medical center in los angeles was studied. imipenem and metronidazole were the most active agents overall, inhibiting 98% and 99%, respectively, of all anaerobes tested. at breakpoint levels all of the agents tested were very active against anaerobic cocci. clostridium perfringens, and bacteroides specie ...19853901206
protection of the nursing pig against experimentally induced enteric colibacillosis by vaccination of dam with fimbrial antigens of e coli (k88, k99 and 987p).pregnant gilts were vaccinated with two doses of alhydrogel adsorbed fimbrial antigens of escherichia coli (k88ab, k88ac, k99 and 987p) supplemented with beta toxoid of clostridium perfringens type c. their piglets, and piglets of nonvaccinated gilts, were subsequently orogastrically challenged with one or other of the four fimbrial types of enteropathogenic e coli. some of the vaccinated animals were reinjected with a single dose of the vaccine during second gestation and their piglets, and pig ...19853907113
enterotoxemia in neonatal calves.the incidence, bacterial characteristics, disease syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of enterotoxemia of neonatal calves caused by clostridium perfringens (types a, b, c, d, and e) are reviewed.19853907784
microbiological aspects of goat's milk. a public health laboratory service survey.in a 12-month survey (june 1982-may 1983) 41 laboratories examined 2493 samples of goat's milk for colony counts and the presence of pathogens. the statutory tests for cow's milk were also applied. surface counts of less than 10(5) organisms per ml of raw milk were given by 79% of samples at 37 degrees c and by 76% at 22 degrees c. there were less than 100 coliforms per ml in 71% of samples, less than 10 escherichia coli per ml in 91%. staphylococcus aureus was not detected in countable numbers ...19853919086
the amino acid sequence of the enterotoxin from clostridium perfringens type a.the amino acid sequence of the enterotoxin from clostridium perfringens type a was determined by analysis of peptides derived from the protein by digestion with trypsin chymotrypsin, thermolysin, pepsin, a lysine-specific protease. s. aureus v8 protease and a proline-specific protease, and fragments generated by cleavage with cyanogen bromide or by dilute acetic acid in 7 m guanidine hcl. the sequence which is complete except for the definite order of 3 small peptides between residues 88 and 103 ...19853920076
effects of the antitumor drug adriamycin on human red blood cell discocyte-echinocyte transitions.the antitumor drug adriamycin, when preincubated with human red blood cells (discocytes) for 10 min, prevented the formation of echinocytes induced by the calcium ionophore a23187 in the presence of 0.2 mm calcium. the degree of protection was concentration dependent and was greater than 90% at 10 microm adriamycin. adriamycin did not interfere with the accumulation of calcium induced by a 5 microm concentration of the ionophore. adriamycin reversed echinocyte morphology to the discocyte form in ...19853928145
similar effects of phospholipase c and phorbol ester tumor promoters on primary mouse epidermal cells.interaction of tumor promoting phorbol esters with specific high affinity receptors is probably essential for many of the biological responses elicited by these agents. since diacylglycerols which can be produced enzymatically from phospholipids by phospholipase c are postulated to be the physiological ligands for the phorbol ester receptor, we have examined primary cultures of mouse epidermal basal cells exposed to phospholipase c (clostridium perfringens) for several biological and biochemical ...19853931907
evolution and epidemiology of mls resistance.within the framework of this symposium, it is not feasible to present an exhaustive description of the present state of knowledge regarding the sensitivity and resistance of bacterial species to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (mls). this paper is limited to a description of the evolution of different types of resistance in the light of decisive factors described in previous papers, in order to deduce, if at all possible, trends in future strategy in therapeutics. only acquired resis ...19853932300
gas gangrene infection of the eyes and orbits.the literature on clostridium perfringens infections is reviewed up to 1983. an additional case is reported with bilateral clostridial infections of the eye and orbit. one eye followed the classical course of relentless panophthalmitis, amaurosis, and orbital cellulitis ending in enucleation. the second eye contained intracameral mud and gas bubbles that were removed by vitrectomy instrumentation. subsequent removal of the toxic cataract resulted in a final aided visual acuity of 6/18, n8. this ...19853967002
evaluation of broth microdilution susceptibility results for anaerobic organisms by use of a rapid direct colony inoculum.a direct colony inoculum suspension procedure was compared with the overnight suspension procedure recommended for the broth microdilution anaerobic commercial system (micro-media systems, inc., potomac, md.). six national committee for clinical laboratory standards-recommended quality control organisms, bacteroides fragilis atcc 25285, clostridium perfringens atcc 13124, bacteroides thetaiotaomicron atcc 29741, bacteroides vulgatus atcc 29327, peptococcus magnus atcc 29328, peptococcus asacchar ...19853972999
neuraminic acid is involved in the binding of influenza c virus to erythrocytes.neuraminidases of both viral and bacterial origin have been reported to be unable to destroy the cellular receptor for influenza c virus on chicken erythrocytes, in contrast to the receptors for influenza a and b virus. however, under appropriate conditions neuraminidases from both vibrio cholerae and clostridium perfringens were able (i) to make chicken red blood cells resistant against agglutination by influenza c virus and (ii) to reduce the hemagglutination-inhibiting activity of rat serum. ...19853976175
comparative in vitro activity of cefbuperazone against anaerobic bacteria isolated from community hospitals.the activity of cefbuperazone against 266 strains of anaerobic bacteria was determined by the agar dilution method and compared with cefoxitin, moxalactam, piperacillin, and clindamycin. all strains were recent clinical isolates from community hospitals. all agents tested showed good activity against bacteroides fragilis, fusobacterium spp., propionibacterium spp., clostridium septicum, clostridium perfringens, and the anaerobic, gram-positive cocci and gram-negative cocci. cefbuperazone, cefoxi ...19853985600
sialidase activity in the sera of patients and rabbits with clostridial myonecrosis.the origin and nature of gas gangrene can be diagnosed exactly only by time-consuming bacteriological tests. in order to improve the diagnostic procedures, rabbits were infected with strains of clostridium perfringens, clostridium septicum or clostridium sordellii. sialidase activity was found to increase rapidly in serum; elevated creatine kinase activities were observed, too. high sialidase concentrations were found in sera (up to 1.6 mu/ml) and in tissues of wounded regions (up to 110 mu/g) o ...19853987045
assessment of head-space gas-liquid chromatography for the rapid detection of growth in blood cultures.blood for transfusion was inoculated with between 10(0) and 10(2) colony-forming units (cfu) per ml of each of 59 microbial isolates and added to cooked meat broth. at intervals up to 72 h incubation, the cultures were examined by conventional visual inspection and automated head-space gas-liquid chromatography (hs-glc). forty-six isolates including all those examined of staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, s. pneumoniae, s. faecalis, s. milleri, s. mitior, s. mitis, s. salivarius, s. ...19853988854
vaccination of cows with clostridial antigens and passive transfer of clostridial antibodies from bovine colostrum to lambs.two friesian cows were used to attempt to produce colostrum containing a high concentration of clostridial antibodies which could be fed to newborn lambs in order to passively transfer immunity to diseases caused by clostridia. one cow was given a commercial multicomponent clostridial sheep vaccine in two successive pregnancies and the second cow in one pregnancy. the first cow produced a low concentration of epsilon antitoxin (clostridium perfringens, type d) in its blood and colostrum after th ...19854002583
effect of fecal pollution on vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in an estuarine environment.vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in the narragansett bay, r.i., estuary were found to significantly correlate with the level of fecal pollution in the water. results of field investigations showed a definite association between the levels of this organism and those of escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, and enterococci. densities of v. parahaemolyticus were greatest in the near-surface waters of contaminated areas and decreased sharply with both the distance from the sources of fecal pol ...19854004246
determination of mercury and organomercurial resistance in obligate anaerobic bacteria.a methodology for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of inorganic and organomercurial compounds for obligate anaerobic bacteria is described. a wide variation in the susceptibility of anaerobic clinical and sewage isolates was observed. isolates of bacteroides ruminicola and clostridium perfringens resistant to mercury were examined for their plasmid content and ability to demonstrate inducible resistance. none of the resistant anaerobes contained any plasmids, while resistant facu ...19854005712
in vitro activity of sch 34343 and cefbuperazone against anaerobic bacteria.the in vitro activities of sch 34343, a new penem antibiotic, and cefbuperazone, a new cephamycin antibiotic, were determined against 459 clinical anaerobic bacterial isolates and compared with the activities of imipenem and cefoxitin, respectively, by an agar dilution method. both penems showed potent and similar activity against all anaerobic bacteria tested, particularly peptococcus spp., bacteroides fragilis, and clostridium perfringens. all organisms except a single strain of fusobacterium ...19854015069
clinical and antibody responses to clostridium perfringens type a enterotoxin in experimental sheep and calves.clostridium perfringens type a live cultures or sonicated sporulating cells, all containing enterotoxin, were repeatedly inoculated into sheep and calves by the intraduodenal route over periods of 30 to 35 days. serum antibody to c. perfringens enterotoxin, tested by elisa, developed in four of seven sheep and in two of four calves. the titers ranged from 400 to 1600. the live organism introduced into the duodenum did not become established in the bacterial flora of the intestinal tract.19854016579
the antagonism of tetracycline and ferric iron in vivo.to test the hypothesis that the in-vivo antibiotic action of tetracycline might be affected by ferric iron and the enhancement of infection by ferric iron by tetracycline, the actions of intraperitoneal antibiotic and local ferric ammonium citrate, given separately and together, were measured in the dorsal skin of guinea-pigs bearing lesions due to staphylococci, streptococci, a proteus sp., an erysipelothrix sp., clostridium perfringens, pseudomonas aeruginosa, aeromonas hydrophila and klebsiel ...19854020849
activity of a peptidyl prodrug, alafosfalin, against anaerobic bacteria.alafosfalin, an antibacterial phosphonodipeptide requiring peptide transport for activity, was tested for activity against clinical strains of anaerobic bacteria in peptide-free roche sensitivity test medium no. 5 agar. it was active against bacteroides spp., fusobacterium nucleatum, and clostridium perfringens but not against clostridium difficile. alafosfalin activity was antagonized by appropriate peptides. synergy was obtained with other cell wall-active antibiotics.19854026269
susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to sch 34343 and other antibiotics.the in-vitro activity of sch 34343 was evaluated against 137 strains of anaerobic bacteria by the agar dilution technique. sch 34343 was compared with imipenem, cefoxitin, latamoxef (moxalactam), clindamycin and metronidazole. organisms studied included the bacteroides fragilis group, other bacteroides spp., clostridium perfringens, cl. difficile, other clostridium spp. and anaerobic cocci. overall, sch 34343 and imipenem were significantly more active than the other antibiotics against most org ...19854030548
clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in upper gut of infants with protracted diarrhoea. 19854056073
characteristic manifestations of clostridium induced spontaneous gangrenous myositis.spontaneous clostridial myonecrosis occurred in 30- and 69-year-old patients with pancytopenia (after treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia) and diabetes with neutropenia respectively. they presented with fever and sudden onset of pain plus tenderness in involved muscles. they rapidly deteriorated and died within hours after admission. a review of the literature for previous reports of this condition disclosed 31 additional cases. mean age of patients was 50 years, male to female ratio was 2.2 ...19854059870
bacterial isolates from nsukka meat market: a zoonotic appraisal.swabs collected from butchers hands, knives, tables and meat displayed for sale at nsukka meat market showed that every item screened was contaminated. bacteria isolated include streptococcus faecalis, coagulase positive staphylococcus, clostridium perfringens, brucella species, corynebacterium haemolyticum, proteus mirabilis, p. vulgaris, escherichia coli, salmonella enteritidis, enterobacter aerogenes, pseudomonas multophilia, p. rubescens and beta-haemolytic streptococci. the zoonotic or publ ...19854077409
further studies on thymidine kinase: distribution pattern of the enzyme in bacteria.various micro-organisms (131 strains of 73 species) were studied for their ability to produce thymidine kinase (tk; ec 2.7.1.21). taking the specific tk activity of escherichia coli k12 [specific activity of sonicated cell extracts 95-194 pmol min-1 (mg protein)-1] as 100%, the test organisms had the following relative specific tk activities. in the gram-positive cocci, staphylococcus aureus (21-84%) showed higher activity than staph. epidermidis (1-20%) and streptococcus (1-7%) except for one s ...19854093763
effect of clostridium perfringens alpha toxin on the cardiovascular system of rats.clostridium perfringens alpha toxin decreased heart rate, then elevated blood pressure, and finally caused some changes of electrocardiogram readings. the toxin decreased peripheral blood flow before blood pressure started to increase and the blood flow continued to decrease, without any affect on electrocardiogram readings, until the maximal pressure rise caused by the toxin. the toxin caused a rise in blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner. on the other hand, anti-alpha toxin antiserum inhi ...19854095705
development of a cell wash buffer that minimizes nucleic acid loss from clostridium perfringens 10543 a.autolytic activity and nucleic loss from clostridium perfringens 10543 a was demonstrated during successive cell washes in hypotonic tes buffer. autolysis increased nearly sixfold and nucleic acid loss nearly twofold when 10 mm edta was added to 0.3 m tris-sucrose buffer. attempts to minimize both autolysis and nucleic acid loss from c. perfringens during routine washing steps were unsuccessful when the effects of sucrose concentration, ph, cacl2 addition, or wash temperature were examined indep ...19852411369
number and function of sulphydryl groups of n-acetylneuraminate lyase.the reaction between dtnb and the sh groups of n-acetylneuraminate lyase has been investigated in the presence and absence of pyruvic acid, substrate of the enzyme. it was found that dtnb inactivates n-acetylneuraminate lyase, while pyruvic acid protects the enzyme against this inactivation. when the enzyme was fully inactivated, two sh groups have reacted with dtnb. this result supports previous suggestions, that there is one cystein residue per active site responsible for enzyme activity. in t ...19852412516
morphological alterations and changes in cellular cations induced by clostridium perfringens type a enterotoxin in tissue culture cells.the morphological alterations (bleb-balloon formation) induced by clostridium perfringens type a enterotoxin in hela and vero cells were studied under defined extracellular conditions. the action of enterotoxin was found to depend on the temperature but not on energy metabolism. the morphological alterations by the enterotoxin occurred in phosphate buffered saline containing ca2+ and mg2+. of the constituents of the buffered saline, ca2+ was essential for the morphological alterations and other ...19852429863
rapid identification of clostridium perfringens by counter-immunoelectrophoresis. 19852867453
a review of pigbel (necrotising enteritis) in papua new guinea, 1961-1984.pigbel has been recognised as a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the papua new guinea highlands for over 20 years. the clinical features, epidemiology and pathogenesis of this disease have been elucidated, leading to the development of an effective vaccine (clostridium perfringens type c beta toxoid) for the prevention of pigbel.19852867654
enzymological heterogeneity of influenza b virus neuraminidase demonstrated by the fluorometric assay method.the neuraminidase activity of 26 strains of influenza b virus isolated from all over the world was investigated colorimetrically, using fetuin as a substrate, and fluorometrically, using 4-methylumbelliferyl(4-mu)-n-ac-alpha-d-neuraminide as a substrate, with special reference to enzymological heterogeneity. the activity of influenza a viral neuraminidases and of a commercially available pure viral one was strongly inactivated by either ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or glycoletherdiaminetetraa ...19852867656
protoplast formation and cell wall regeneration in clostridium perfringens.a protocol was developed for the efficient production and regeneration of clostridium perfringens protoplasts. cell wall regeneration frequencies of up to 5% were obtained.19852867739
selective and differential medium for detecting clostridium botulinum.a selective and differential growth medium was developed for detection of clostridium botulinum types a, b, and f. the medium consisted of peptone-glucose-yeast extract agar supplemented with cycloserine, 250 micrograms/ml; sulfamethoxazole, 76 micrograms/ml; and trimethoprim, 4 micrograms/ml as selective inhibitors and various types and levels of botulinal antibodies for type differentiation in the immunodiffusion reaction. growth of proteolytic types of c. botulinum were not affected by the in ...19852867740
wound infection after lower extremity amputation because of ischemia.the importance of postoperative wound infection in major amputations was elucidated by recording the organisms isolated in preoperatively infected gangrene and in postoperatively infected wounds of patients undergoing lower-limb amputations for ischemia. sixty-four amputations were performed on 61 patients. the frequency of coexisting diabetes mellitus was 34%. postoperative infections occurred in nearly two-thirds of the 19 cases of infected gangrene, as compared with less than one-third of cas ...19852867753
histochemical demonstration of desialation and desulphation of normal and inflammatory bowel disease rectal mucus by faecal extracts.experiments were carried out to assess the susceptibility of normal and inflammatory bowel disease rectal mucus to desulphation and desialation by faecal extracts and by bacterial sialidase. the effects were assessed histochemically using a combined high iron diamine (hid) and alcian blue (ab) stain for sulphomucins and sialomucins. rectal mucus in biopsies from controls (irritable bowel syndrome) and patients with ulcerative colitis or crohn's disease was resistant to desialation by clostridium ...19852867955
alcohol induced b-a transition of dnas with different base compositions studied by circular dichroism.the circular dichroic (cd) spectra of natural dnas (from cl. perfringens, t2 phage, calf thymus, e. coli, and m. lysodeikticus) as well as duplexes of synthetic dnas (poly(da) x poly(dt), poly(da-dt), and poly(dg-dc] were measured in water-ethanol mixtures with 0.3 mm nacl. a conformational change from the b to the a form was observed for the natural dnas on adding ethanol. the ethanol concentration that induces the transition and the extent of the change in the cd spectrum are different for the ...19852867995
[sporulation of clostridium perfringens and bacilli (the vaccinal strain sti) depending on the mineral composition of the medium]. 19852868028
[in vitro activity of ceftriaxone on hospital bacteria. results of a multicenter study].minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of ceftriaxone were determined by agar dilution for 2 099 strains isolated in six teaching hospitals. mics were less than 1 microgram/ml for the great majority of enterobacteriaceae, with mode mics varying across groups from less than 0.008 micrograms/ml for proteus (mirabilis and indole-positive) to 0.25 for enterobacter. only a few resistant strains were found, mainly among enterobacter and citrobacter. ceftriaxone proved noticeably less active against ...19852868442
[differentiation of the main species of clostridium by gas chromatography].for the first time in the ussr the properties of microorganisms of the genus clostridium have been studied with the use of the gas-chromatographic techniques. the analysis of the quantitative and qualitative composition of extracellular alcohols and carboxylic acids in 99 museum and newly isolated strains of 18 clostridium species has made it possible to classify these microorganisms with 7 sharply differing groups. the above techniques permit the classification of clostridia with one of the gro ...19852868589
[use of an experimental analytical method for equilibrating nutrient broths for clostridium perfringens type a growth and toxin formation].a successful attempt to use analytico-experimental approach to the evaluation of experimental data for the scientifically based calculation of the composition of complex culture media, intended for growing pathogenic microorganisms, has been made. the method is based on the evaluation of the specific growth-stimulating and toxin-forming activity of the components of a given culture medium, which are determined by the number of cells grown in the variants of the medium with the limited amount of ...19852868592
the relative importance of enteric pathogens affecting neonates of domestic animals. 19852868628
[clostridium perfringens and food poisoning]. 19852868849
[clinical aspects of food poisoning of microbial origin]. 19852870149
[three epidemics of food poisoning caused by clostridium perfringens occurring near the regional hospital of perugia in 1982 and 1983]. 19852873556
isolation of clostridium species from herbage.a total of fourteen herbage samples were collected from paddocks on six farms from two states of nigeria. these samples yielded twenty two clostridial isolates out of which eleven were identified as clostridium perfringens and five as clostridium bifermentans. the other species identified were less frequently isolated. no farm yielded all the species isolated. the farm with the highest distribution of the species of clostridium was government farm, butura, plateau state, with a frequency distrib ...19852871477
purification by high performance liquid chromatography of clostridium perfringens type a enterotoxin prepared from high toxin producers selected by a toxin-antitoxin halo.high enterotoxin-producing substrains of clostridium perfringens type a were selected reproducibly as colonies having toxin-antitoxin haloes on agar plates of duncan-strong medium containing antitoxin serum. enterotoxin from these substrains was subjected to rapid purification by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc). for this, the toxin was extracted by sonication from sporulating bacteria grown in duncan-strong sporulation medium, fractionated by ammonium sulfate (40% saturation) preci ...19852877901
[clostridium perfringens septicotoxemia]. 19852883709
etiology and pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis.sporulated oocysts of eimeria acervulina were administered orally to cage-housed broilers at a dose of 3.5 x 10(5) resulted in mild subclinical coccidiosis. clostridium perfringens incorporated in feed at a level of 2.5 x 10(8) organisms/g. produced lesions characteristic of necrotic enteritis. mortality of 8% (7/80) occurred in birds fed a ration inoculated with cl. perfringens alone. mortality of 35% (28/80) was observed in birds which received an oral dose of e. acervulina and which were fed ...19852869608
[specificity against group a, c, and g streptococci of the reverse camp test for identifying clostridium perfringens].we studied "reverse camp" test specificity for the identification of clostridium perfringens, and the probable existence of cross-reactions with groups a, c and g streptococci. ninety eight clostridium strains were tested with ten s. agalactiae, ten s. pyogenes, two group c streptococci and one group g. all the strains of s. agalactiae yielded a positive "reverse camp" reaction when it was performed with c. perfringens strains. cross-reactions were not detected when c. perfringens were tested wi ...19852893427
galactose-rich glycoproteins are on the cell surface of herpes virus-infected cells. 1. surface labeling and serial lectin binding studies of asn-linked oligosaccharides of glycoprotein gc.cell-surface glycoproteins of mock-infected and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)-infected bhk-21 and hep-2 cells were radiolabeled by incubation with galactose oxidase followed by reduction with nab3h4. the incorporation of radiolabel into glycoconjugates in both bhk-21 and hep-2 cells was increased several fold following infection with hsv, showing an increase in surface-exposed gal residues in the infected cells. this was further confirmed by an increase in binding of cell-surface-labeled g ...19852982317
tracheobronchial mucin receptor for pseudomonas aeruginosa: predominance of amino sugars in binding sites.pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common respiratory tract colonizer and pathogen, adheres to injured tracheal cells and to tracheobronchial mucin. these phenomena suggest that there are specific receptors for this organism in the respiratory tract. the receptor on injured tracheal cells contains n-acetylneuraminic acid as the principal sugar, but the structure of the receptor in mucin has not been described. using a microtiter plate assay to study bacterial adherence to mucin, we have partially charact ...19852985503
[the occurrence of salmonellae in organic fertilizer].out of 24 samples of organic and organic-chemical fertilizers which were bought in retail stores ("bio-fertilizers") in 25% salmonellas and in 12.5% clostridium perfringens were isolated. in each of the fertilizers, from which these pathogens were cultivated, products from animal origin were part of the ingredients. in the majority of the cases these were animal fecal residues but also blood meal and horn shavings. the epidemiological importance of these findings is discussed. it is appealed to ...19853000021
[epidemiology, etiology and laboratory diagnosis of infectious diarrhea diseases in the tropics].diarrhoeal diseases belong to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries, especially in infants and small children. about one billion episodes are estimated for this group of age with 4.6 million fatalities. many causes are discussed to explain the high incidence: bottle feeding of infants, protein malnutrition, unsafe drinking water and unsafe disposal of excrements and sewage, unsufficient consciousness of personal and domestic hygiene, lack of knowledge on the origin ...19853000920
[receptor and cell membrane damaging action of cytolytic toxin]. 19863012648
subcutaneous clostridial infection in broilers.a flock of 12,500 broilers 36 days of age experienced a sudden increase in mortality. post-mortem lesions were emphysema, severe enteritis, and a serosanguineous fluid in the subcutaneous tissue of the breast and thighs; there was no evidence of a loss in the integrity of the skin. clostridium perfringens and c. septicum were isolated from the affected subcutaneous tissue. histopathological and serological examination indicated previous infection with infectious bursal disease virus. the subsequ ...19863021106
the hormone-sensitive hepatic na+-pump. evidence for regulation by diacylglycerol and tumor promoters.ouabain-sensitive 86rb+ uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes was studied to elucidate how ca2+-mobilizing hormones stimulate the na+-pump. stimulation of this uptake was observed with concentrations of vasopressin ([8-arginine]vasopressin, avp), angiotensin ii, and norepinephrine which elicited ca2+ mobilization and phosphorylase activation. these results suggested that changes in cytosolic ca2+, mediated by inositol trisphosphate, might trigger sodium pump stimulation by avp. however, in hepatocy ...19863021743
an evaluation of various working practices in shops selling raw and cooked meats.three groups of premises (butchers' shops, supermarkets and general dealers) which sell raw and cooked meats were compared. salmonellas were not detected, but escherichia coli, and to a lesser degree staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus faecalis, were widely distributed in all three groups of premises. contamination of hands, towels and nail brushes was related to poor working practices. the presence of e. coli or str. faecalis on slicing machines was associated with contamination of meat sam ...19863090137
mechanism of hepatic glycogen synthase inactivation induced by ca2+-mobilizing hormones. studies using phospholipase c and phorbol myristate acetate.incubation of hepatocytes with the protein kinase c activator and tumour promoter 4 beta-phorbol 12 beta-myristate 13 alpha-acetate (pma) produced a time- and concentration-dependent inactivation of glycogen synthase, but no change in phosphorylase. the same rate and extent of inactivation occurred in hepatocytes depleted of ca2+ by treatment with the ca2+ chelator egta. when hepatocytes were treated with the ca2+-mobilizing hormone vasopressin (10 nm), the rate of glycogen synthase inactivation ...19863099747
angiographically-induced infection of the aorta.we present three cases of infection of the native aorta following angiography. the infection was an incidental finding at operation in two patients, while a third presented with fulminant sepsis. all had debridement of the retroperitoneum and underwent successful extraanatomic bypass. we feel caution is warranted in placing a retroperitoneal graft even in suspected aortic sepsis. prophylactic antibiotics may be advisable to protect against infection of atherosclerotic plaque during angiography.19862904273
amino groups in clostridium perfringens epsilon prototoxin and epsilon toxin.modification with succinic anhydride (sa) of clostridium perfringens epsilon prototoxin or toxin resulted in a loss of activation by trypsin or lethal activity, respectively. the prototoxin was more sensitive to succinylation than the toxin. on the other hand, the succinylated prototoxin was activated and cleaved by chymotrypsin, but not by trypsin. the lethal activity of the toxin was also lost after treatment with 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride (dma) or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (tnbs). ...19862907772
[growing clostridium on nutritional media with polyacrylamide gel]. 19862908416
cc/gg contacts facilitate the b to a transition of dna in solution.self-complementary decadeoxynucleotides, ccgatatcgg, ccagatctgg, ccctgcaggg, gggggccccc, were designed and synthesized to estimate the a-philic free energy of cc/gg contacts. first, regions of temperature-stability of the double-stranded conformation were determined for each 10-mer. then, circular dichroism spectra were recorded for the b-family forms at different temperatures, counter-ion concentrations and trifluoroethanol contents. a cooperative change typical of the b-a transition is observe ...19862908426
[serum inhibitors of clostridium perfringens alpha toxin]. 19862938745
[in vitro effect of piperacillin, amoxicillin, cefoxitin and metronidazole against obligate anaerobic bacteria].the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of piperacillin and three other antibiotics (amoxicillin, cefoxitin, metronidazole) against 165 strains of obligate anaerobes isolated in hospitals in 1985 and 1986 were determined by the wilkins-chalgren agar medium dilution method. among the 67 strains of bacteroides fragilis, 98.5% were sensitive to piperacillin (mic less than or equal to 128 mg/l), 100% were sensitive to metronidazole (mic less than or equal to 4 mg/l), 11.9% were resistant to cefo ...19862949268
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.four hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies to clostridium perfringens enterotoxin were established by fusion of mouse myeloma and spleen cells obtained from mice immunized with the enterotoxin and its toxoid. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that the two antibodies, 2-b-4 and 3-g-10, bound to those regions that were located close each other; the others, 3-b-2 and 2-h-2, bound to other independent regions on the enterotoxin. release of 51cr from vero cells with the en ...19862870028
isolation of clostridia, salmonellae and coccidia from wild pigeons in japan. 19862885063
a scanning electron microscope study of the effect of an enterotoxin from clostridium perfringens 8-6 on mice of different ages.intestinal damage to mice caused by an enterotoxin from a coatless spore mutant of clostridium perfringens type a (8-6) was examined by scanning electron microscopy. two distinct types of damage were observed, both of which could be correlated with animal age. damage appeared to occur in a specific sequence similar to that found in previous studies in rabbits. we conclude that the type of ileal tissue damage reflects the mode of toxin incorporation from the gut, which is a function of animal age ...19862887627
[clostridium perfringens type c enterotoxemia (necrotizing enteritis) in suckling pigs. 1. study of the experimental production of disease by clostridium perfringens type c poisoning and infection (experimental set-up, clinical aspects, pathological findings)]. 19862881525
[clostridium perfringens type c enterotoxemia (necrotizing enteritis) in suckling pigs. 2. light and electron microscopic studies of the pathology and pathogenesis of experimental clostridium perfringens type c toxin poisoning]. 19862881526
[clostridium perfringens type c enterotoxemia (necrotizing enteritis) of suckling pigs. 3. light and electron microscopic studies of the pathology and pathogenesis of experimental clostridium perfringens type c infection]. 19862881527
purification and characterization of clostridium perfringens iota toxin: dependence on two nonlinked proteins for biological activity.clostridium perfringens type e iota toxin, a dermonecrotic and lethal binary toxin, was purified to homogeneity. each protein component of the toxin, iota a (ia) or iota b (ib), appeared as a single band by gradient or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and yielded a single immunoprecipitin arc by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with homologous antiserum. individually, ia (mr 47,500) or ib (mr 71,500) had little biological activity. however, when combined in equimolar amount ...19862877949
characterization of a bacteriocinogenic plasmid from clostridium perfringens and molecular genetic analysis of the bacteriocin-encoding gene.the bacteriocinogenic plasmid pip404 from clostridium perfringens was isolated and cloned in escherichia coli, and its physical map was deduced. expression of the bcn gene, encoding bacteriocin bcn5, is inducible by uv irradiation of c. perfringens and thus resembles the sos-regulated bacteriocin genes of enteric bacteria. the location of bcn on pip404 was established by a dot-blot procedure, using specific hybridization probes to analyze mrna samples from induced and uninduced cultures. from th ...19862877971
cold-labile hemolysin produced by limited proteolysis of theta-toxin from clostridium perfringens.a nicked toxin whose hemolytic activity is temperature dependent was obtained by limited proteolysis of theta-toxin (mr 54,000) with subtilisin. the nicked toxin (c theta) is a complex of two fragments: the n-terminal fragment (mr 15,000) with basic isoelectric point and the c-terminal fragment (mr 39,000) with the single cysteinyl residue of the toxin whose reduced form is essential for the hemolytic activity. c theta hemolyzes erythrocytes only at temperatures above 25 degrees c, whereas the n ...19862878682
[in vitro study of the diffusion of metronidazole (klion) in extracted teeth]. 19862878831
the titration of clostridial toxoids and antisera in cell culture.the practicability of cell culture titration methods for antigens and antitoxins derived from clostridium perfringens, cl. septicum and cl. novyi was investigated. toxin neutralization could not be demonstrated with cl. perfringens filtrates but assays for antitoxin based on the use of cultures of vero cells were practicable for cl. novyi and cl. septicum. in the case of the latter, the precision and reproducibility of the test was sufficient for quality control purposes.19862878845
pathogenicity of clostridium species with other bacteria in mixed infections.the relationship of clostridial isolates with other bacteria in mixed infections was studied by means of a subcutaneous abscess model in mice. we used 26 isolates of seven clostridial species, two bacteroides spp., eight gram-positive facultative or anaerobic cocci and three enteric gram-negative aerobic rods. abscesses were induced by all seven clostridium perfringens and three c. butyricum isolates and by some of the others. selective antimicrobial therapy experiments showed that enteric gram- ...19862878957
analysis of sialidase and n-acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase substrate specificity by high-performance liquid chromatography.a rapid and sensitive assay by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of the activity and substrate specificity of sialidase (ec 3.2.1.18) and n-acetylneuraminate lyase (ec 4.1.3.3) is described. sialic acids were separated on a strong anion-exchange resin using 0.75 mm sodium sulfate as elution medium. this method allows the determination of a minimum amount of 200 pg (0.6 pmol) of sialic acid. usually the enzyme mixtures were directly applied to the column without prior purif ...19862879483
a review of the sheep-multiple sclerosis connection.this paper reviews a notion that the prevalence of multiple sclerosis is high in global areas where sheep populations are concentrated. pilot studies are reported to serum antibodies in humans to three sheep diseases; focal symmetrical encephalomalacia (fse), maedi visna and sarcocystis. in ms patients and controls antibodies were not found to the epsilon neurotoxin of the fse organism, clostridium welchii type d and to a caprine retrovirus that is closely related to maedi-visna virus. however, ...19862871478
[acute necrotizing colitis in immunodepressed patients]. 19862871596
discitis due to clostridium perfringens.diagnosis of the infectious process of the intervertebral disc is often delayed due to the lack of specifity of the clinical picture. this delay in diagnosis and consequently in treatment can lead to severe neurologic sequela. in these cases, punction biopsy of the intervertebral disc is of special value. the authors found no mention in the literature concerning chlostridium perfringens discitis verified by aspiration and fluid culture extracted by intervertebral disc puncture.19862871633
role of sialic acid in cell receptors for vesicular stomatitis virus.the role of sialic acid in the receptors for vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) was investigated by treating chick embryo related (cer) cells and goose erythrocytes with neuraminidases from different sources and studying the effects produced on both infection and haemagglutination. the virus attachment to cer cells was reduced by their treatment with c. perfringens and a. ureafaciens neuraminidases and the susceptibility to viral infection of desialylated cer cells was recovered by coating with ga ...19862871728
the efficacy of pefloxacin in comparison to gentamicin in the treatment of experimentally induced peritonitis in rats.a reproducible experimental model of intra-abdominal infections in rats has been devised in order to stimulate intra-abdominal sepsis in patients. pre-operatively, the rats were fed with lean ground beef for two weeks in order to change the intestinal flora to one similar to that of humans. a 1 cm segment of ileum was isolated on its vascular pedicle. the intestine was then divided at each end of the segment and intestinal continuity was re-established by an end-to-end anastomosis. the segment o ...19862872197
comparison of agar dilution, microdilution, and disk elution methods for measuring the synergy of cefotaxime and its metabolite against anaerobes.the activities of cefotaxime (ctx) and desacetyl cefotaxime (des-ctx) were tested both singly and in combination against 173 anaerobic clinical isolates. the mic of ctx for 50% of 60 bacteroides fragilis isolates was 22.4 micrograms/ml in broth, compared with 47.4 micrograms/ml in agar. this reduced efficacy in agar was seen with all species tested and is in apparent conflict with reported clinical efficacy of the drug. synergy between ctx and des-ctx was observed with 70 to 100% of the isolates ...19862872231
ganglioside identification on human monocyte membrane with clostridium perfringens delta-toxin.clostridium perfringens delta-toxin was first described as a hemolysin with a restricted lytic spectrum. a selective cytotoxicity of the delta-toxin was then found on rabbit leukocytes: peritoneal and alveolar macrophages were uniformly killed, whereas thymocytes were essentially resistant. the toxin was shown to be specific for gm2 ganglioside or a gm2-like structure. in the present study we report the interaction of delta-toxin with human monocytes. a specific, saturable, and irreversible bind ...19862872258
enteritis necroticans (pig-bel) on thai/kampuchean border? 19862872531
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