Publications

bactericidal activity of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, penicillin, meropenem and rokitamycin against bacillus anthracis clinical isolates.	this study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal rates of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, penicillin, meropenem and rokitamycin against seven isolates of bacillus anthracis clinically isolated between 1960 and 1970. after determination of mic and mbc, time-kill experiments were carried out. antimicrobial activity was evaluated at concentrations equal to 1 x, 2 x, 4 x and 8 x mic after 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h of incubation with the drugs. bactericidal activity was defined as a decrease in bacterial count o ...	2002	12461034
response to dr halsey & avec: analyze both forests and trees.		2002	12462140
national pharmaceutical stockpile drill analysis using xml data collection on wireless java phones.	this study describes an informatics effort to track subjects through a national pharmaceutical stockpile (nps) distribution drill. the drill took place in seattle on 1/24/2002. washington and the state department of health are among the first in the nation to stage a nps drill testing the distribution of medications to mock patients, thereby testing the treatment capacity of the plan given a post-anthrax exposure scenario. the goal of the public health informatics group at the university of wash ...	2002	12463848
anthrax: the precautionary principle goes postal.		2002	12576531
[bacillus anthracis, prions, coxiella burnetii].	the detection kits for bacillus anthracis, an isoform of host prion and coxiella burnetii, using genetic technology are still not generalized. for b. anthracis target genes for detection would be genes of toxins. although it is difficult to detect prions related to prion diseases before death, some mutants of prion gene in leukocytes and 14-3-3 proteins in cerebrospinal fluid are detectable in living patients suffering from creutzfeldt-jakob disease. the gene of superoxide dismutase in coxiella ...	2002	12652794
[old and new prescriptions for infectious diseases and the newest recipes for biomedical products in plants].	the three antiviral vaccines discovered in the 18th century (smallpox), 19th century (rabies), and 20th century (polio) share a common feature: none would ever be licensed today for human vaccination. yet jenner's smallpox vaccine led to the eradication of smallpox, pasteur's rabies vaccine represented the first successful post-exposure treatment of people bitten by rabid animals, and polio vaccine administered since its discovery in 1950 is leading to the eradication of polio (in the years 2004 ...	2002	12549429
[biological warfare. i. anthrax, plague, tularemia].		2002	12522911
genome-wide analysis of synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms: resolution of genetic relationships among closely related microbial strains.	several human pathogens (e.g., bacillus anthracis, yersinia pestis, bordetella pertussis, plasmodium falciparum, and mycobacterium tuberculosis) have very restricted unselected allelic variation in structural genes, which hinders study of the genetic relationships among strains and strain-trait correlations. to address this problem in a representative pathogen, 432 m. tuberculosis complex strains from global sources were genotyped on the basis of 230 synonymous (silent) single nucleotide polymor ...	2002	12524330
more over anthrax.		2002	12546026
news in brief.		2002	12546833
anthrax alert?		2002	12572214
bioterrorism: an overview.	bioterrorism has reached the forefront of the public imagination following recent events across the world. the disaster of 11 september 2001, followed by anthrax letters sent via the us postal system and now renewed tension over iraq have all brought the possibility of bioterrorism closer. a number of biological agents could be used in a terrorist attack, including anthrax, plague, smallpox and botulinum toxin. the serious diseases that these agents produce have been brought under control in the ...	2002	12572959
the reality of the modern bioterrorism response.		2002	12504495
anthrax attacks and practice patterns: a learning opportunity for health care systems.	sudden and unexpected events directly influencing clinical practice patterns are uncommon. after the first report of bioterrorism-related anthrax, the authors studied retrospectively 13 months of anthrax-related antibiotic prescription rates for veterans affairs outpatients in one urban area where no cases of anthrax were reported. during the 26 days after the first anthrax report, the rate of acute respiratory illnesses treated with fluoroquinolones was 62.8 per 10,000 outpatient visits, an inc ...	2002	12512463
prophylaxis against anthrax.	the paper presents fundamental knowledge concerning bacillus anthracis and its potential terrorist misuse. the basic clinical forms are resumed with emphasis on inhalation infection from inspiration of b. anthracis spores. the ava vaccine licensed in the united states, primary vaccination, protective efficacy of the vaccine, and adverse events are characterised. stress is laid on pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis of anthrax.	2002	12515043
[cutaneous palpebral anthrax].	the interest for anthrax is permanent because of its difficult diagnosis, its severe prognosis, and the possibility of its dissemination during biological war and bioterrorism. cutaneous anthrax is an infectious disease caused by bacillus anthracis. palpebral localizations are rare, raising problems of differential diagnosis. the case of a 21-year-old male with palpebral anthrax is presented. the diagnosis was established by the progression of the palpebral lesions (serohemorrhagic vesicle, blac ...	2002	12515941
[consequences and challenges due to bioterrorist attacks].	ever since the terrorist attacks of 11 september 2001 and the cases of inhalational anthrax and other types of anthrax caused by attacks with anthrax spores, responsible authorities and experts must reckon with bioterrorist attacks conducted with much greater criminal "drive" and greater financial resources than had been imagined so far. this consideration triggered cautionary measures in germany and europe as briefly summarised here. for more detailed information please refer to internet (www.r ...	2002	12516022
[risk management and risk communication from a laboratory point of view].		2002	12516023
vaccines for category a bioterrorism diseases.	vaccination programmes are very successful as a preventive strategy against many infectious diseases which have had a major impact on human morbidity and mortality. one of these diseases, smallpox, has been eliminated as a natural infection. the recent concern about biological attacks has turned attention to the use of an immunisation programme to prevent infection with what are considered the most significant potentially harmful biowarfare pathogens. this review puts into perspective the availa ...	2002	12517267
year in review 2002.	the year opened on a somber note, with the nation still struggling to cope with the aftermath of the sept. 11, 2001, attacks and subsequent anthrax scare. the healthcare industry was scrambling to be ready for any future attacks and pondering the best preparedness measures. meanwhile, compliance and quality of care simmered on the back burner, along with soaring malpractice insurance costs and growing budget deficits in the states. and debate over provider reimbursement rates, staffing shortages ...	2002	12528237
[carbuncle in humans and animals: modern aspects of an ancient disease].	carbuncle, very remarkable disease in the past for its spreading, recently seems to be forgotten as risk for general population and exposed workers too, among them we remember especially veterinary physicians, breeders, tanners, etc. world epidemiological data aren't exact, but a lot of researchers in vary countries confirm that this is a present problem in many areas. therefore it's indispensable to know correct diffusion of this disease, to fight it and other zoonosis in some environments and ...	2002	12528336
letter to the editor from cicmanec. on the risk of mortality to primates exposed to anthrax spores.		2002	12530775
risk communication is a key to dealing effectively with bioterrorism.		2002	12530776
[remarks about anthrax].		2002	12532652
[bioterrorism--also a challenge for forensic medicine?].	in view of current events the question is discussed to what extent the risk of bioterrorism may be an issue relevant for forensic medicine also in germany, although at present there seems to be no concrete threat. the cases which became known so far were either false alarms or foolish pranks (copycats), which have to be, and are indeed, prosecuted by the state (section 126 german criminal code). reference is also made to the measures of disinfection recommended by the robert koch institute.	2002	12532679
cutaneous anthrax: an indian perspective.		2002	17656987
bioethics, bioweapons and the microbiologist.	the analysis of behavior of man in the field of biology is carried out through bioethics, considered the science of the survival. in the microbiology, there are numerous discoveries related with pathogenic microorganisms, including those that can be used as weapons in a biological war or in an attack considered bioterrorism. the scientist involved in microbiology can participate with his knowledge in the development and improvement of bioweapons, however from the point of view of bioethics it is ...	2002	17061514
biological weapons and bioterrorism in the first years of the twenty-first century.	this paper evaluates four recent developments in biological-weapons politics and bioterrorism. first is american opposition to finalization of a verification protocol for the biological weapons convention; second, a successful attempt at mass-casualty terrorism; third, an ongoing investigation into the bioterrorist capabilities of the al qaeda network; and, fourth, a series of fatal anthrax attacks in the united states. the first of these evaluations is informed by interviews conducted between 2 ...	2002	16859345
weapons of mass destruction: biological.	humans are susceptible to microbial infections from many sources. biological warfare is the use of microbial forms of life to diminish the capabilities, disrupt the organization, and terrorize the noncombatant population of an adversary. this form of warfare has been used throughout history and has gained renewed interest with the current use of asymmetrical warfare. the civilized world has condemned its use by the implementation of treaties specifically against it. this is a brief review of som ...	2002	16212312
bearing true faith and allegiance? allowing recovery for soldiers under fire in military experiments that violate the nuremberg code.		2002	16514768
bioterrorism defense: are state mandated compulsory vaccination programs an infringement upon a citizen's constitutional rights?		2002	15853127
control and eradication of animal diseases in new zealand.	new zealand is free from all the major epidemic (office international des epizooties list a) diseases of animals and other important diseases, such as rabies and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. the once endemic conditions of sheep scab (psoroptes ovis), bovine brucellosis (brucella abortus), hydatids (echinococcus granulosus) and aujeszky's disease have been eradicated. anthrax (bacillus anthracis) is no longer considered endemic and pullorum disease (salmonella pullorum) has effe ...	2002	16032229
bioterrorism, public health, and international law.		2002	15709296
cutaneous anthrax.		2002	12962591
the world of microbes 2002: scientific advances and challenges--impressions and highlights from the 12th congress of virology.	thousands of scientists participated in the world of microbes congress, which was organized by the international union of the microbiological societies (iums) and took place in the palais de congres in paris, france from 27 july to 1 august 2002. the attendees were members of the iums divisions of bacteriology and applied microbiology, mycology, and virology. in addition to the symposia that were organized by each division, joined plenary symposia were held, which encompassed subjects of common ...	2002	12881634
[analysis of specific nucleotide sequences. dna biosensors].	information about common molecular-biological approaches for the determination of the specific nucleotide sequences in genetic materials was given in the review. main attention was paid to consideration of the ways for dna biosensor creation. the information about the types of such biosensors was presented in detail and characteristics of the developed devices were cited. separately the question about the use of the instrumental analytical approaches for the identification of genetic materials o ...	2002	12924012
preparing for bioterrorism in north carolina.		2002	12970969
anthrax scare in buncombe county. a lesson in the basics of bioterrorism preparedness.		2002	12970972
anthrax revisited.	anthrax is an ancient disease affecting animals and humans. sporadic cases of anthrax and small epidemics have been seen from time to time in different parts of the world and in africa. however many clinicians are not very familiar with the various presentations and management of anthrax. it is relevant for the health care workers to re-familiarise themselves with all aspects of anthrax, with the impending threat of bioterrorism.	2002	12638831
[increase in efficacy of antibiotic therapy of anthrax under experimental conditions].	the results of experimental therapy of antraxis infected mice with cefazoline (kefzol) and ampicillin incapsulated into liposomes are presented. protective activity of the same free antibiotics combinated with amixine and leukinferone was evaluated also. treatment with liposomal cefazoline enhanced mice survival upto 60 per cent, and life period upto 1.3 +/- 0.3 days. after liposomal ampicillin administration for 3 times the same indices were 60 per cent and 6.5 +/- 0.9 days, after 2 times admin ...	2002	12728631
drugs and vaccines for the common defense: refining fda regulation to promote the availability of products to counter biological attacks.		2002	12733223
the home office and the dangerous trades. regulating occupational disease in victorian and edwardian britain.		2002	12740161
novel in vitro functional assays for the determination of anthrax toxin components.	the characterisation and evaluation of the uk licensed human anthrax vaccine depends on several in vivo tests that determine its safety and potency. assays for the determination of functionally active and/or immunoreactive toxin components and s-layer proteins have been developed and applied to the characterisation of anthrax vaccine. these technologies may support production of consistent and effective vaccines, and may ultimately reduce the requirements for in vivo testing.	2002	12678256
informed consent and investigational new drug abuses in the u.s. military.	the focal point of this investigation was to research the ethical issues surrounding the military's requests for informed consent waivers when using investigational drugs, and the recent debate surrounding the anthrax vaccine as an investigational new drug (ind).	2002	12625353
instrument development and evaluation of domestic preparedness training for first responders.	in the wake of domestic terrorists attacks on 11 september 2001 and subsequent bioterrorist events employing anthrax, there no longer can be any debate about the potential for attacks employing nuclear, biological, or chemical (nbc)/weapons of mass destruction (wmd). as one way of acknowledging this long-standing threat and, in a concerted effort to mitigate the effects of possible future domestic nbc/wmd terrorist attacks, the us department of defense (dod) and other us governmental agencies al ...	2002	12627914
roles and functions of a european union public health centre for communicable diseases and other threats to health.	an international consensus has been reached that a european union (eu) technical coordination structure (tcs) for communicable diseases is needed to improve europe s future response to international communicable disease threats within and beyond its boundaries. after the american events of september 11 2001 and the deliberate releases of anthrax, the eu created a health security committee, adopted a civil protection decision, and established for 18 months a team to develop responses for delibera ...	2002	12631937
bioterrorism: defining a research agenda.		2002	12703508
bioterrorism: what? why? and who?	the former secretary of the department of health and human services, donna shalala, indicated in an address in 1999 that complacency needs to be replaced with a sense of urgency in order for us to deal successfully with the threats of bioterrorism. the attack on september 11, 2001 and the anthrax threats have made our vulnerability clear. we are now living in a new and frightening world. our complacency is gone. the victims and the survivors shall remain forever in our minds. dr. jeffery koplan, ...	2002	12778948
anthrax 2001--lessons learned: clinical laboratory and beyond.	re-visit the 2001 anthrax outbreak to assess the ideas and concepts learned from the event as they relate to the illness and to bioterrorism preparedness.	2002	12778965
anthrax 2001--lessons learned by public health laboratories.	to share lessons learned by one local public health department during the anthrax outbreak and associated public hysteria during the autumn of 2001.	2002	12778966
hypothesis: ran gtpase-based potential therapeutic interventions against lethal microbial infections.	host innate immune response represents a vital immediate defense against infections by a diverse group of microorganisms that include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. many types of cell surface receptors in mammalian cells specifically recognize particular groups of microorganisms and transmit response signals to the nuclei via multiple signal transduction pathways. these signaling pathways must merge at some point and are likely to be redundant, as the host innate immune response to many microorga ...	2002	12805993
best defense against bioterrorism.		2002	12619622
bioterrorism. clinical recognition and primary management.	the recent anthrax attacks in the united states have demonstrated the reality of bioterrorist threats as well as the need for preparedness and planning to mount a successful response to such events. medical practitioners have a key role in responding to bioterrorist activity because they can contribute to the timely recognition of an event and to the mitigation of morbidity resulting from a bioterrorist attack. the medical community needs to become familiar with how to recognize and manage disea ...	2002	14569808
mayo clinic develops new rapid rest for anthrax.		2002	14646905
canada/us: bioterrorism highlights double standard for access to medicines.	in september 2001, shortly after terrorist attacks in the united states, the issue of bioterrorism--and specifically fear about reported cases of anthrax in the us--led the canadian minister of health to be concerned about the available stocks of the drug ciprofloxacin to treat this disease.	2002	14979262
ethics of university research, biotechnology and potential military spin-off.	the paper provides a brief introduction to the biotechnology revolution and its impact upon biological research relevant to military uses. it describes the status of biological weapon today, and current efforts to strengthen the biological weapons convention with a legally binding compliance protocol. specific modifications of micro-organisms that may be of military use are discussed. there examples of dual-use research activities are then used to highlight issues and dilemmas in ethical decisio ...	2002	15168662
[epidemiology studies regarding anthrax epidemic in romania].	antrax infection, a major bacterial zoonosis caused by b. anthracis, affects animals, particulary the herbivores. the infection can be accidentally transmitted to man, in whom it has two forms. cutaneous anthrax, more frequently encountered (95%), the transmission being favoured by the contact with contaminated animal or, after the sacrifice of the animal, with various contaminated products (skin, wool, hair, especially of goat, as well as bones, meat, blood); the evolution is favourable followi ...	2002	15085606
[gamma radiation resistance of bacillus anthracis spores].	the aim of the presented study was determined the effectiveness of action the gamma radiation on water suspension b. anthracis spores. the irradiation was performed using a cobalt 60 (co 60) source, by using single and fractionary irradiation doses. in the investigations was used b. anthracis stain "sterne" 34f2. the obtained results show, that gamma radiation effectively inactivates b. anthracis spores. on the efficiency of sterilization process influence the irradiation's method and the number ...	2003	15103990
leading during times of trouble: a roundtable discussion of recent terror events.		2003	15040184
anthrax 2001: observations on the medical and public health response.		2003	15040187
the anthrax epidemiologic tool kit: an instrument for public health preparedness.		2003	15040188
biotechnology: impact on biological warfare and biodefense.	advances in biological research likely will permit development of a new class of advanced biological warfare (abw) agents engineered to elicit novel effects. in addition, biotechnology will have applications supporting abw weaponization, dissemination, and delivery. such new agents and delivery systems would provide a variety of new use options, expanding the bw paradigm. although abw agents will not replace threats posed by traditional biological agents such as bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and ...	2003	15040194
aerosols from insect control measures show dangers of bioterrorism.		2003	15040200
interview with david l. heymann, md, representative for polio eradication and former executive director, communicable diseases, world health organization. interview by madeline drexler.		2003	15040202
evaluating the success of terror risk communications.		2003	15040205
sources of bioterrorism information among emergency physicians during the 2001 anthrax outbreak.		2003	15040206
new york city's communication trials by fire, from west nile to sars.		2003	15040207
potential for aerosol dissemination of biological weapons: lessons from biological control of insects.		2003	15040213
under siege: one state's perspective of the anthrax events of october/november 2001.		2003	15040214
[neurological effects of chemical and biological weapons].	neurological manifestations of chemical and biological weapons are reviewed. nerve agents in current use, storage, or production include tabun, sarin, soman and vx. the initial effects of exposure to a nerve agent depend on the dose and on the route of exposure. sarin, the agent studied most thoroughly in man in matumoto and tokyo attacked by aum shinrikyo will cause miosis, rhinorrehea and shortness of breath are initial complaints immediately after inhalation exposure of the vapor. the severe ...	2003	15152492
neutralizing monoclonal antibody against anthrax lethal factor inhibits intoxication in a mouse model.	anthrax toxin is the dominant virulence factor of bacillus anthracis; drugs blocking its action could therefore have therapeutic benefit. we report here the production of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) against anthrax lethal factor (lf) and the inhibition by the antibody of anthrax lethal toxin (letx) formation. the anti-lf monoclonal antibody lf8 neutralized the letx challenge both in vitro with macrophage j774a.1 cells and in vivo in nude mice. our data suggested that lf8 binds lf at ...	2003	15156101
terrorism in south korea.	south korea has experienced > 30 suspected terrorism-related events since 1958, including attacks against south korean citizens in foreign countries. the most common types of terrorism used have included bombings, shootings, hijackings, and kidnappings. prior to 1990, north korea was responsible for almost all terrorism-related events inside of south korea, including multiple assassination attempts on its presidents, regular kidnappings of south korean fisherman, and several high-profile bombing ...	2003	15074497
introduction: consequences of terrorism.	recent acts of terrorism have ranged from the dissemination of anthrax spores to intentional contamination of food to the release of chemical weapons to suicide attacks using explosives. the prediction of such events is difficult, if not impossible. the recent attacks that have generated massive numbers of injured and dead may signal the crossing of a new threshold from multi-casualty events to the use of weapons of mass destruction. consequently, the medical and healthcare infrastructure must b ...	2003	15141852
aum shinrikyo and the japanese law on bioterrorism.	before the sarin incidents in tokyo and matsumoto, the aum shinrikyo (now aleph) had tried to conduct bioterrorism with botulinum toxin and bacillus anthracis. followers of the aum could not overcome technical difficulties inherent in developing biological weapons, and the perpetrators had not been prosecuted for their failed attempts of bioterrorism. but the aum's biological attack revealed several shortcomings in the japanese law that regulated biological weapons. since the missile experiment ...	2003	15141855
anthrax: a review.		2003	15181958
generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to protective antigen of bacillus anthracis.	monoclonal antibodies (moabs) were generated following immunization of balb/c mice with protective antigen (pa) of b. anthracis. five clones reactive to this protein were stabilized and preserved. these moabs could detect nanogram levels of pa when tested in elisa. in western blotting, they reacted with all pa preparations tested and no cross-reactivity was observed with lethal factor, edema factor of b. anthracis and with other organisms. these moabs could detect pa from 22 confirmed clinical i ...	2003	15255603
detection of spores of bacillus anthracis from environment using polymerase chain reaction.	a sensitive pcr based detection of bacillus anthracis spores from environnment was standardized. specific 1247bp amplicon could be detected with template concentration as low as 13 pg. sensitivity was enhanced to 10 fold by nesting with second set of primers, forming 208bp amplicon. extraction of dna from spores purified from soil samples by aqueous polymer two-phase system followed by partial germination and freeze-thaw treatment yielded best results. soil sample spiked with spores (8x10(2)/g o ...	2003	15255613
an overview of terrorism and its impact on biomedical research facilities.	since the '9/11' and anthrax-contaminated-letter events of 2001, american society has given the term "bioterrorism" much attention. the author clarifies the definitions associated with bioterrorism and terrorism, provides an historical perspective regarding bioweapons, defines and characterizes the types of agents used as bioweapons, reviews pertinent bioterrorism legislation, and concludes by assessing the impact of these elements on biomedical research facilities.	2003	15235681
public health response to bioterrorism with bacillus anthracis: coordinating public health laboratory, communication, and law enforcement.	in october 2001, public health departments across the united states were part of an intensive response to a bioterrorism event using anthrax spores delivered by mail. it is useful to examine this experience as an unscripted exercise of bioterrorism response capacity, more realistic than scenarios of planned exercises. the event particularly challenged public health laboratory and communications capacity, but it also tested surveillance and training capacity. the bioterrorism response demonstrate ...	2003	15503598
persistence of a mock bio-agent in cross-contaminated mail and mailboxes.	among the 22 confirmed or suspected cases of anthrax during the bioterrorism incidents in 2001, all but two seemed traceable to spores from threat letters. although no anthrax spores were found in the environments frequented by two females who died of the disease, a suspicion persists that the deaths were somehow related to the mail. this study assesses the spread and persistence of a mock biological agent from a source-letter to other mail and to a receiving mailbox. successive placement and re ...	2003	15503599
building academic-practice partnerships: the center for public health preparedness at the columbia university mailman school of public health, before and after 9/11.	the center for public health preparedness at the columbia university mailman school of public health is part of a national network of academic centers established by the centers for disease control and prevention to strengthen links between public health practice and academe, especially for public health workforce development. since its inception in fall 2000, the center has been working in partnership with the new york city department of health & mental hygiene (dohmh) on planning and competenc ...	2003	15503608
anthrax and other suspect powders: initial responses to an outbreak of hoaxes and scares.		2003	14981556
laboratory investigation of suspected bioterrorism incidents, new south wales, october 2001 to february 2002.		2003	14981557
terrorism symposium update and conclusion.		2003	14965028
[anthrax and carbuncle: two sides of the same coin].	the disease caused by bacillus anthracis is one of the most critical concerns to the general public and public health authorities due both to the anthrax cases caused by the intentional release of the germ in the usa at the close of 2001 when letters and packages were contaminated with anthrax spores, and the current threat of biological warfare. after a brief excursus on the history of the terms anthrax and carbuncle, we survey the main evidence of anthrax found in the ancient literature, and d ...	2003	15020857
gao's evaluation of the public health response to the anthrax incidents of 2001, with notes on the rhode island experience.		2003	14983545
[diagnosis, treatment and prevention of anthrax].		2003	14761343
emergency implementation of knowledge management system to support a bioterrorism response.	in a public health emergency, it becomes necessary for public health agencies to provide timely, accurate and useful information to the community. during the anthrax attacks, the public health practice program office in the centers for disease control and prevention implemented a knowledge management (km) system to respond to an increased number of inquiries from public health officials, first responders, and health care professionals as well as the general public. while it is possible to succes ...	2003	14728354
increased detection of rickettsialpox in a new york city hospital following the anthrax outbreak of 2001: use of immunohistochemistry for the rapid confirmation of cases in an era of bioterrorism.	rickettsialpox is a self-limited febrile illness with skin lesions that may be mistaken for signs of potentially more serious diseases, such as cutaneous anthrax or chickenpox. the cluster of cutaneous anthrax cases from bioterrorism in october 2001 likely heightened awareness of and concern for cutaneous eschars.	2003	14676069
emerging infectious diseases in mongolia.	since 1990, mongolia's health system has been in transition. impressive gains have been accomplished through a national immunization program, which was instituted in 1991. nevertheless, the country continues to confront four major chronic infections: hepatitis b and c, brucellosis, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases (stds). as of 2001, only two cases of hiv infections had been detected in mongolia, but concern grows that the rate will increase along with the rising rates of stds and ...	2003	14720388
industry-related outbreak of human anthrax.		2003	14725313
anthrax vaccine: a review.	anthrax can be a deadly disease if treatment does not begin early in the course of infection. an effective vaccine has been available in the united states since 1970, although it was not used widely until 1998. a comprehensive, peer-reviewed evaluation by the national academy of sciences affirmed the findings of multiple previous independent panels that found that the us-licensed anthrax vaccine is safe and effective.	2003	14753388
anthrax case timeline.		2003	14692564
communication lessons learned in the emergency operations center during cdc's anthrax response: a commentary.		2003	14692567
the anthrax attacks in new york city: the "giuliani press conference model" and other communication strategies that helped.		2003	14692569
uncertain science and certain deadlines: cdc responses to the media during the anthrax attacks of 2001.	this paper presents a study in which communication personnel for the u.s. centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) provided first-hand accounts of the experience of responding to media inquiries during the 2001 anthrax attacks. in-depth interviews were conducted with 19 communication professionals who worked either at the cdc headquarters in atlanta or at field locations in the u.s. where persons were exposed to anthrax. the interviews sought cdc staff viewpoints on how the cdc handled a ...	2003	14692570
communication monitoring: shaping cdc's emergency risk communication efforts.	cdc develops and delivers health messages for a variety of audiences, including the public, health care professionals, public health researchers and practitioners, and policy makers. news media outlets--because of their broad reach and potential to influence knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors--are major channels for disseminating messages to these audiences. cdc has routinely monitored news outlets to identify message/information gaps and opportunities. the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the anthra ...	2003	14692571
communicating anthrax in 2001: a comparison of cdc information and print media accounts.	information about anthrax released by news media from october 4 to december 3, 2001, was identified, sampled, coded, and compared with information released by cdc during that period using statistical analysis. in addition, communications about two anthrax-related issues were examined in depth. the quantitative analysis showed that, overall, cdc information releases and news coverage tracked fairly closely. when weight was defined as number of mentions, both sources gave the same weight to report ...	2003	14692572
using opinion surveys to track the public's response to a bioterrorist attack.	to communicate effectively with the public during an emergency, health officials need to find out in real time what americans know and believe, whom they trust, and what actions they are taking in response to the crisis. short-duration surveys can provide vital information to guide public officials in their response to events and their communication efforts. prior research has shown that such surveys, when statistically re-weighted, can offer timely results without unacceptable risk of bias. usi ...	2003	14692573
public perceptions of information sources concerning bioterrorism before and after anthrax attacks: an analysis of national survey data.	this study examined data from six national surveys before and after the bioterrorist anthrax attacks in the fall of 2001. public perceptions of information sources regarding bioterrorism were examined. the findings highlighted the importance of local television and radio and of cable and network news channels as information sources. the findings also showed the importance of national and local health officials as spokespersons in the event of bioterrorist incidents. periodic surveys of public at ...	2003	14692574