Publications

inhalation anthrax revisited.		2002	11812397
an epidemic of inhalation anthrax, the first in the twentieth century: i. clinical features. 1960.		2002	11812400
anthrax q & a.		2002	11822179
anthrax: what you should know.		2002	11822180
life goes on.		2002	11823095
anthrax. 'borrowed immunity' may save future victims.		2002	11823609
from the centers for disease control and prevention. evaluation of bacillus anthracis contamination inside the brentwood mail processing and distribution center--district of columbia, october 2001.		2002	11824387
bush moves to tighten security around scientific research.		2002	11872544
the agenda shifts to health care protection.		2002	11873441
bacillus anthracis infection in irradiated mice: susceptibility, protection, and therapy.		2002	11873486
nuclear, biological, and chemical combined injuries and countermeasures on the battlefield.	the armed forces radiobiological research institute (afrri) has developed a research program to determine the major health risks from exposure to ionizing radiation in combination with biological and chemical warfare agents and to assess the extent to which exposure to ionizing radiation compromises the effectiveness of protective drugs, vaccines, and other biological and chemical warfare prophylactic and treatment strategies. afrri's defense technology objective md22 supports the development of ...	2002	11873528
patient safety alert. anthrax outbreak forces closer focus on patient safety.		2002	11873646
anthrax meningitis: case report and review.	we report a case of meningitis caused by bacillus anthracis. although this agent appears to be a rare pathogen, it should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of haemorrhagic meningitis cases owing to the high mortality rate associated with it.	2002	11874170
emergency preparedness: the world trade center and singapore airline disasters.		2002	11874787
bioterrorism becomes one of the hottest us research fields.		2002	11875468
man bites dog.		2002	11875510
anthrax.	anthrax is caused by bacillus anthracis, an encapulated and spore-forming bacillus. the disease is usually contracted through uptake of spores that remain viable in the contaminated soil for many years. anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous animals and is uncommon in humans who may get the infection through contact with contaminated animals or their products. anthrax spores germinate after entering the body through skin abrasions (cutaneous anthrax) or by inhalation (inhalation anthrax) ...	2002	11876121
anthrax inhalation and lethal human infection.		2002	11879895
anthrax inhalation and lethal human infection.		2002	11879896
bioterrorism and physicians.		2002	11881175
[the anthrax bacterium--a biological masterpiece with deadly potential].		2002	11881219
patient information sheet: anthrax.		2002	11883057
distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax.		2002	11883060
prevention of inhalational anthrax in the u.s. outbreak.		2002	11884746
vaccines for adults in an age of terrorism.	vaccines are an effective, safe, and relatively inexpensive means of preventing infection; thus, they are important tools for fighting biological terrorism. two diseases, anthrax and smallpox, for which vaccines are not available to the general public are discussed. three other vaccines--tetanus toxoid, influenza vaccine, and hepatitis b vaccine--generally recommended for adults, may be in short supply as a result of recent acts of terrorism.	2002	11852666
bioterrorism: a primer for 2002.	the often anticipated, sometimes dismissed, threat of biological terrorism became a reality in the united states in the fall of 2001 with cases of cutaneous and inhalation anthrax. as the public health sector is rapidly focusing on enhancing awareness and preparedness, this overview is intended as a primer for clinicians. the more probable events, their most prominent characteristics, and currently available management strategies are summarized. the biowarfare characteristics of plague, tularemi ...	2002	11852669
biological warfare: implications for antimicrobial use.	biological warfare is intended to incapacitate a large number of individuals at a single exposure, creating epidemic-type disease, death, and social chaos. the organisms with potential for immediate use as bacteriologic weapons are bacillus anthracis, brucella melitensis, yersinia pestis, and vibrio cholera, all necessitating antibiotic therapy for a cure. it is reasonable, therefore, to assume that a biological attack, or even a hoax, would requiure thousands of individuals over a large area to ...	2002	11853654
risk of deliberately induced anthrax outbreak.		2002	11853840
a recombinant carboxy-terminal domain of the protective antigen of bacillus anthracis protects mice against anthrax infection.	the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of overlapping regions of the protective antigen (pa) polypeptide, cloned and expressed as glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins, have been assessed. results show that protection can be attributed to individual domains and imply that it is domain 4 which contains the dominant protective epitopes of pa.	2002	11854261
[role of hormonal factors in pulmonary angiopathy development during anthrax-silicosis].	the article represents results of radionuclide study of hormonal levels and pulmonary microcirculation in anthracosilicosis. the authors discuss mechanisms underlying influence of vasoactive hormones on pulmonary microcirculation. the authors revealed relationships between hormonal and vascular disorders in anthracosilicosis.	2002	11855301
from the centers of disease control and prevention. evaluation of postexposure antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent anthrax.		2002	11855386
attacking anthrax.		2002	11857900
response to bioterrorism. us anthrax incidents led to scares in scotland.		2002	11858179
response to bioterrorism. screening for agents of bioterrorism increases terror.		2002	11858180
response to bioterrorism. anthrax issue underlines need for infection specialists trained at bedside.		2002	11858182
uncoupling of the cholera toxin-g(m1) ganglioside receptor complex from endocytosis, retrograde golgi trafficking, and downstream signal transduction by depletion of membrane cholesterol.	to induce toxicity, cholera toxin (ct) must first bind ganglioside g(m1) at the plasma membrane, enter the cell by endocytosis, and then traffic retrograde into the endoplasmic reticulum. we recently proposed that g(m1) provides the sorting motif necessary for retrograde trafficking into the biosynthetic/secretory pathway of host cells, and that such trafficking depends on association with lipid rafts and lipid raft function. to test this idea, we examined whether ct action in human intestinal t ...	2002	11859071
microbial genomics. tigr begins assault on the anthrax genome.		2002	11859162
analytical chemistry. new test could speed bioweapon detection.		2002	11859167
public health. is safe mail worth the price?		2002	11859178
array-based electrical detection of dna with nanoparticle probes.	a dna array detection method is reported in which the binding of oligonucleotides functionalized with gold nanoparticles leads to conductivity changes associated with target-probe binding events. the binding events localize gold nanoparticles in an electrode gap; silver deposition facilitated by these nanoparticles bridges the gap and leads to readily measurable conductivity changes. an unusual salt concentration-dependent hybridization behavior associated with these nanoparticle probes was expl ...	2002	11859188
the microbiology laboratory's role in response to bioterrorism.	bioterrorism has existed since before the 14th century; however, the specter of such an attack is much greater today than ever before. technical expertise in microbiology and molecular testing, combined with the rapidity of worldwide air travel, has ensured that no geographic area would be untouched in a widespread attack. clinical microbiology laboratories will play a pivotal role in the detection of attacks involving weapons of mass destruction.	2002	11860302
traditions, anthrax, and children.	anthrax is sporadically seen in turkey, especially among people who live in rural areas and who come in contact with animals. two siblings with cutaneous anthrax are described in this report. a week before their admission to the hospital, contaminated cow's blood was smeared on their foreheads as part of a traditional ritual. both children were successfully treated with crystalline penicillin. in developing countries, traditions such as blood smearing may be an important factor in the transmissi ...	2002	11860568
the space race and biodefense: lessons from nasa about big science and the role of medical informatics.	the events that followed the launch of sputnik on oct 4, 1957, provide a metaphor for the events that are following the first bioterroristic case of pulmonary anthrax in the united states. this paper uses that metaphor to elucidate the nature of the task ahead and to suggest questions such as, can the goals of the biodefense effort be formulated as concisely and concretely as the goal of the space program? can we measure success in biodefense as we did for the space project? what are the existin ...	2002	11861624
anthrax vaccine offered, but not recommended, as option to treat infection.		2002	11862627
desktop boost to anthrax studies.		2002	11864578
evaluation of inhalational anthrax.		2002	11866635
evaluation of inhalational anthrax.		2002	11866636
apoptosis and melanogenesis in human melanoma cells induced by anthrax lethal factor inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase.	lethal factor, the principal virulence factor of bacillus anthracis, inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling by proteolytically cleaving mapk kinases. edema factor, another component of anthrax toxin, is an adenylate cyclase, which increases intracellular camp. inhibition of mapk signaling with either anthrax lethal toxin (letx) or small molecule mapk kinase inhibitors triggers apoptosis in human melanoma cells. normal melanocytes do not undergo apoptosis in response to mapk i ...	2002	11867750
bioterrorism update: "maintain a high index of suspicion".		2002	11845657
anthrax: safe treatment for children.	information regarding the treatment of anthrax infection is scarce in adults and is even more limited in children. children, however, may be at a greater risk for developing an infection and systemic disease if exposed to anthrax than adults. the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) recommends the use of doxycycline or ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis and treatment in children. doxycycline currently is not indicated for use in children < 8 years old, due to staining of teeth and inhibit ...	2002	11847958
[anthrax as biological weapon and hospital infection control routines].		2002	11851275
fatal inhalational anthrax with unknown source of exposure in a 61-year-old woman in new york city.	a 61-year-old woman who was a new york city hospital employee developed fatal inhalational anthrax, but with an unknown source of anthrax exposure. the patient presented with shortness of breath, malaise, and cough that had developed 3 days prior to admission. within hours of presentation, she developed respiratory failure and septic shock and required mechanical ventilation and vasopressor therapy. spiral contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the chest demonstrated large bilateral pleural ef ...	2002	11851577
fatal inhalational anthrax in a 94-year-old connecticut woman.	we describe the 11th case of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax reported in the united states. the presenting clinical features of this 94-year-old woman were subtle and nondistinctive. the diagnosis was recognized because blood cultures were obtained prior to administration of antibiotics, emphasizing the importance of this diagnostic test in evaluating ill patients who have been exposed to bacillus anthracis. the patient's clinical course was characterized by progression of respiratory ...	2002	11851578
cutaneous anthrax associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and coagulopathy in a 7-month-old infant.	a 7-month-old infant with cutaneous anthrax developed severe systemic illness despite early treatment with antibiotics. the infant displayed severe microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with renal involvement, coagulopathy, and hyponatremia. these findings are unusual with cutaneous anthrax, but have been described in illness resulting from spider toxin and may delay correct diagnosis. the systemic manifestations of the disease persisted for nearly a month despite corticosteroid therapy, but resolve ...	2002	11851579
bioterrorism preparedness and response: clinicians and public health agencies as essential partners.		2002	11851584
[human anthrax outbreak due to cow anthrax in iwate prefecture].		2002	11852469
anthrax vaccine: immunogenicity and safety of a dose-reduction, route-change comparison study in humans.	anthrax vaccine adsorbed (ava), an effective countermeasure against anthrax, is administered as six subcutaneous (sq) doses over 18 months. to optimize the vaccination schedule and route of administration, we performed a prospective pilot study comparing the use of fewer ava doses administered intramuscularly (im) or sq with the current schedule and route. we enrolled 173 volunteers, randomized to seven groups, who were given ava once im or sq; two doses, 2 or 4 weeks apart, im or sq; or six dos ...	2002	11818160
anthrax vaccine efficacy in golden syrian hamsters.	the efficacy of a licensed human anthrax vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed, ava) was tested in golden syrian hamsters against a virulent bacillus anthracis spore challenge. groups of golden syrian hamsters were vaccinated at either 0 and 4 weeks or 0, 4 and 8 weeks, then challenged subcutaneously (s.c.) at 10 weeks with spores of various b. anthracis isolates. although elisa and toxin neutralization assays demonstrated high titers, none of the ava-vaccinated hamsters were protected from challeng ...	2002	11818161
inhalational anthrax after bioterrorism exposure: spectrum of imaging findings in two surviving patients.	the radiographic and computed tomographic (ct) findings in two patients with documented inhalational anthrax resulting from bioterrorism exposure are presented. chest radiographs demonstrated mediastinal widening, adenopathy, pleural effusions, and air-space disease. chest ct images revealed enlarged hyperattenuating mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes and edema of mediastinal fat. chest ct findings are helpful for making the initial diagnosis. to the authors' knowledge, the spectrum and follow-up ...	2002	11818592
anthrax: ent manifestations and current concepts.	in light of recent events, anthrax has once again taken center stage in the world of science and the world in which we live. because patients with anthrax may initially present to otolaryngology clinics, it is important for the otolaryngologist to know how to diagnose and treat this entity. this article will present current information on epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis/clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment with a particular interest in the head and neck region.	2002	11821758
antibodies for defense against biological attack.		2002	11821846
pinpointing anthrax-toxin inhibitors.		2002	11821849
quickening the pace of anthrax research: three advances point towards possible therapies.	anthrax toxin is the dominant virulence factor of bacillus anthracis and drugs blocking its action could therefore have therapeutic benefit. three recent papers suggest new ways to inhibit the toxin. identification of the cell surface toxin receptor could lead to the design of binding competitors and receptor decoys. determination of the crystal structure of the lethal factor protease will facilitate ongoing efforts to develop protease inhibitors as therapies. finally, the susceptibility of cert ...	2002	11827799
on the front line.		2002	11829170
cutaneous anthrax: a concise review.	with the growing threat of bioterrorism, it has become important for clinicians to recognize the clinical manifestations of diseases spread in this manner. the aim of this article is to provide readers with a complete and detailed understanding of anthrax, with a specific concentration on the cutaneous manifestations and a concentrated review of the treatment and current information known about bacillus anthracis.	2002	11829175
experts focus on infective agents of bioterrorism.		2002	11829676
staying healthy. a public mess.		2002	11833132
staying healthy. playing chicken with our antibiotics. overtreatment is creating dangerously resistent germs.		2002	11833133
our love affair with antibiotics: how will it end?		2002	11833828
biological warfare and bioterrorism.		2002	11834562
structure of two iron-binding proteins from bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis is currently under intense investigation due to its primary importance as a human pathogen. particularly important is the development of novel anti-anthrax vaccines, devoid of the current side effects. a novel class of immunogenic bacterial proteins consists of dodecamers homologous to the dna-binding protein of escherichia coli (dps). two dps homologous genes are present in the b. anthracis genome. the crystal structures of these two proteins (dlp-1 and dlp-2) have been deter ...	2002	11836250
anthrax: a primary care physician's perspective.	anthrax is a disease caused by bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming rod. it is also used as a biological weapon. the primary care physician will be the public's first line of defense in the event of a widespread anthrax exposure and will play a crucial role providing postexposure prophylaxis. understanding the disease process will allow the primary care physician to play an essential role in protecting and educating the public. accurate diagnosis and quick treatment will s ...	2002	11837339
symptoms associated with anthrax exposure: suspected "aborted" anthrax.	anthrax is a naturally occurring organism with a low incidence of infection. there are no known cases of human-to-human transmission. bioterrorism-related anthrax in the united states has been seen in three high-risk groups: (1) postal workers, (2) politicians and their staffs, and (3) the press. it appears as though the bioterrorism-related anthrax cases of fall 2001 have been transmitted through the us postal service. the authors present a case in which a person at high risk for anthrax exposu ...	2002	11837340
from the centers for disease control and prevention. additional options for preventive treatment for exposed persons to inhalational anthrax.		2002	11838446
not every truth is good. the dangers of publishing knowledge about potential bioweapons.		2002	11839688
anthrax: the hunt narrows.		2002	11840859
absence of mycoplasma contamination in the anthrax vaccine.		2002	11840996
anthrax-related panic is more dangerous than the disease.		2002	11841857
protecting against bacillus anthracis.		2002	11842520
a cure for anthrax?		2002	11844555
amino acid- and purine ribonucleoside-induced germination of bacillus anthracis deltasterne endospores: gers mediates responses to aromatic ring structures.	specific combinations of amino acids or purine ribonucleosides and amino acids are required for efficient germination of endospores of bacillus anthracis deltasterne, a plasmidless strain, at ligand concentrations in the low-micromolar range. the amino acid l-alanine was the only independent germinant in b. anthracis and then only at concentrations of >10 mm. inosine and l-alanine both play major roles as cogerminants with several other amino acids acting as efficient cogerminants (his, pro, trp ...	2002	11844758
vaccines against dangerous infections and cancer.		2002	12107018
[anthrax].		2002	12108013
detection of vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and bacillus anthracis dna by lightcycler polymerase chain reaction after autoclaving: implications for biosafety of bioterrorism agents.	to determine whether autoclaving suspensions of vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus (hsv), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), and bacillus anthracis inactivate infectivity of these agents but allow detection of target dna by lightcycler polymerase chain reaction (pcr).	2002	12108599
confronting bioterrorism: physicians on the front line.	the events surrounding september 11, 2001, and its aftermath have compelled the public health and medical community to face the hitherto unfamiliar reality of bioterrorism. physicians and public health personnel are frontline soldiers in this new form of warfare. this article provides a general overview of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of patients infected with the 6 highest priority agents that could potentially be used in bioterrorism. the diseases discu ...	2002	12108604
application of rapid-cycle real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of microbial pathogens: the mayo-roche rapid anthrax test.	rapid-cycle real-time polymerase chain reaction has immediate and important implications for diagnostic testing in the clinical microbiology laboratory. in our experience this novel testing method has outstanding performance characteristics. the sensitivities for detecting microorganisms frequently exceed standard culture-based assays, and the time required to complete the assays is considerably shorter than that required for culture-based assays. we describe the principle of real-time polymeras ...	2002	12108605
asp 187 and phe 190 residues in lethal factor are required for the expression of anthrax lethal toxin activity.	anthrax toxin consists of three proteins, protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor. protective antigen translocates lethal factor and edema factor to the cytosol of mammalian cells. the amino-termini of lethal factor and edema factor have several homologous stretches. these regions are presumably involved in binding to protective antigen. in the present study we have determined the role of one such homologous stretch in lethal factor. residues 187aspleuleuphe190 were replaced by alani ...	2002	12113932
immunological responses are not abnormal in symptomatic gulf war veterans.	the underlying etiology and pathogenesis of gulf war veterans' illnesses continue to be under intense investigation. reports have suggested the basis for these illnesses may be an altered immune system, but compelling evidence is lacking. we sought to determine whether in vitro immune responses were abnormal in symptomatic gulf war veterans relative to matched controls. a randomized case-control study was conducted by blinded comparison of laboratory measures of in vitro immune responses in bloo ...	2002	12114290
microbiology. a binding contract for anthrax.		2002	12114612
effect of electrical charges and fields on injury and viability of airborne bacteria.	in this study, the effects of the electric charges and fields on the viability of airborne microorganisms were investigated. the electric charges of different magnitude and polarity were imparted on airborne microbial cells by a means of induction charging. the airborne microorganisms carrying different electric charge levels were then extracted by an electric mobility analyzer and collected using a microbial sampler. it was found that the viability of pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, used as a ...	2002	12115440
[anthrax as biological warfare weapon].	anthrax-disease of herbivorous animals, occasionally affecting humans, is regarded as an ideal biowarfare weapon. this was witnessed during a tragic accident in swierdłowsk some time ago and nowadays it has been observed among post office workers in the usa. depending on the way the pathogen enters the body, several forms of disease develops: skin anthrax specific for the man (with mortality up to 20%), intestinal anthrax resulting from the consumption of infected food or flash of infected anima ...	2002	12116908
identification of amino acid residues of anthrax protective antigen involved in binding with lethal factor.	protective antigen (pa) and lethal factor (lf) are the two components of anthrax lethal toxin. pa is responsible for the translocation of lf to the cytosol. the binding of lf to cell surface receptor-bound pa is a prerequisite for the formation of lethal toxin. it has been hypothesized that hydrophobic residues p184, l187, f202, l203, p205, i207, i210, w226, and f236 of domain 1b of pa play an important role in the binding of pa to lf. these residues are normally buried in the 83-kda version of ...	2002	12117959
broadway: anthrax threat intensifies focus on disaster preparedness.		2002	12119826
virtual screening using grid computing: the screensaver project.		2002	12120261
preparedness of the israeli health system for a biologic warfare event.	the threat of a disease outbreak resulting from biologic warfare has been of concern for the israeli health system for many years. in order to be prepared for such an event the health system has formulated doctrines for various biologic agents and defined the logistic elements for the procurement of drugs. during the last 4 years, and especially after the west nile fever epidemic in 2000, efforts to prepare the healthcare system and the relevant organizations were accelerated. the director-gener ...	2002	12120458
the epidemiologic pyramid of bioterrorism.	recent events have drawn world attention to "mythological diseases"--such as anthrax, plague and smallpox--which have been out of the spotlight for some decades. much of our current knowledge of epidemic intervention and disease prevention was acquired over history through our experience with these diseases, such that the sudden panic over the reemergence of these historically well-known entities is perplexing. over time, changes in the balance of the epidemiologic triangle have driven each of t ...	2002	12120459
threats in bioterrorism. i: cdc category a agents.	although once considered unlikely, bioterrorism is now a reality in the united states since the anthrax cases began appearing in the fall of 2001. intelligence sources indicate there are many countries and terrorist organizations that either possess biological weapons or are attempting to procure them. in the future it is likely that we will experience additional acts of bioterrorism. the cdc category a agents represent our greatest challenge because they have the potential to cause grave harm t ...	2002	12120480
medical management of the suspected victim of bioterrorism: an algorithmic approach to the undifferentiated patient.	we have purposely expanded on the well-known atls paradigm to aid ehcps in their approach to a potential bioterrorism event. by building on a process that is already familiar, we hope this will aid the ehcp to remember a systematic approach to such an incident. by following this ten-step process, we believe that all ehcps, and especially those practicing at the first echelons of care in urgent care clinics and eds, can approach the daunting problem of biological defense with a good deal more con ...	2002	12120483
bioterrorism preparedness. iii: state and federal programs and response.	management of a bioterrorism event will begin with early detection and intervention at the local level. any large-scale event will require rapid state and federal assistance. federal initiatives targeting bioterrorism have increasingly become a complex web of executive and legislative actions, frequently initiated in reaction to specific events, and often unrelated to this threat. multiple executive and legislative branch actions have resulted in a proliferation of federal programs, and coordina ...	2002	12120488
development of an improved vaccine for anthrax.		2002	12122102