Publications

hand, foot and mouth disease.	hand, foot and mouth disease is a common viral illness of infants and children.	2003	12973865
infectious causes of acute flaccid paralysis.	although acute flaccid paralysis (afp) is more frequently seen in the tropics than in temperate regions, recent outbreaks of west nile virus (wnv) in north america have drawn attention to this important presentation. starting with anatomical and neurophysiological considerations, this article examines data on afp caused by wnv, and considers recent data on paralysis caused by enteroviruses, and guillain-barré syndrome (gbs).	2003	14501988
genetic analysis of the vp1 region of human enterovirus 71 strains isolated in korea during 2000.	we have isolated human enterovirus 71 (ev71) from stool and csf samples taken from patients with acute flaccid paralysis, herpangina, or hand, foot and mouth disease in 2000. both the cell culture-neutralization test and rt-pcr were used to detect enteroviruses. rhabdomyosarcoma (rd), hep2c, and bgm cells were used for the isolation of viruses, and serotypes were determined by the neutralization test using ev71-specific antiserum. for genomic analysis, we amplified a 437-bp fragment of the 5'-no ...	2003	14505086
first isolation of enterovirus 71 (ev-71) from northern brazil.	enterovirus 71 (ev-71) has been associated to cases of neurological disease in many countries including brazil. this virus has now been reported from three of the five brazilian regions. our study relates the findings concerning to the first isolate of this virus in northern region of brazil. a 15-month old female patient, from the rural zone of the municipality of santana do araguaia in southern pará state was admitted at the hospital with acute, flaccid, asymmetric and ascending motor deficien ...	2003	14533990
enterovirus 71 contains a type i ires element that functions when eukaryotic initiation factor eif4g is cleaved.	human enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a member of the enterovirus genus of the picornaviridae family. other members of this family utilize an unusual mechanism of translation initiation whereby ribosomes are recruited internally to the viral rna by an internal ribosome site (ires) located in their 5' noncoding regions (5' ncr). using dicistronic reporter constructs, we demonstrate that the 5' ncrs of the 7423/ms/87 and brcr strains of ev71 function as an ires both in extracts and in cultured cells. pre ...	2003	14592777
hand, foot and mouth disease in singapore: a comparison of fatal and non-fatal cases.	an epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) occurred in singapore between september and november 2000. during the epidemic, there were four hfmd-related deaths and after the epidemic, another three hfmd-related deaths. this study sought to determine the risk factors predictive of death from hfmd disease.	2003	14632332
[hand, foot and mouth disease, a not so benign affection: clinical reminder and potential complications].	hand-foot-and-mouth disease is an infection appearing in epidemics and due, in most cases, to coxsackie-virus a16 and/or enterovirus 71 or, less often, to other coxsackie-virus serotypes. the symptomatology mostly consists in vesicular eruption of the anterior part of the buccal mucosa as well as of hands and feet. its evolution, although often benign, can include cardiopulmonary and neurological complications. the latter complications require a quickly detection and treatment, and prevention of ...	2003	14677524
enterovirus 71 infection induces apoptosis in vero cells.	the effects of enterovirus 71 (hev71) infection on african green monkey kidney cells (vero) were investigated. it was found that the infected cells showed progressive cellular morphological changes characteristic in apoptotic cells within 10 hours post-infection. the number of apoptotic cells correlated significantly with the number of hev71 antigen positive cells when cells were labeled using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (tdt)-mediated dutp nick-end labeling (tunel) and stained for hev ...	2003	16196375
epidemic hand, foot and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus 71, singapore.	singapore experienced a large epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in 2000. after reviewing hfmd notifications from doctors and child-care centers, we found that the incidence of hfmd rose in september and declined at the end of october. during this period, 3,790 cases were reported. we performed enteroviral cultures on 311 and 157 specimens from 175 hfmd patients and 107 non-hfmd patients, respectively; human enterovirus 71 (hev71) was the most frequently isolated virus from both gro ...	2003	12533285
proinflammatory cytokine reactions in enterovirus 71 infections of the central nervous system.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection can lead to devastating clinical outcomes. an appreciation of the scientific relationship between cytokine response and patient mortality may help limit the risks posed by this deadly illness. we present the results of a study that compared the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and serum levels of interleukin-6 (il-6) and interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) in 24 patients with ev71 infection. cases in this study involved diverse manifestations or complications, including encepha ...	2003	12539066
genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 isolated from cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in yokohama city between 1982 and 2000.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is known as one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouse disease (hfmd) and is also associated with neurological manifestations such as aseptic meningitis, polio-like paralysis and encephalitis. recently, large hfmd outbreaks, involving severe neurological complications, have been experienced in malaysia, taiwan and some other countries in the western-pacific region. to investigate the genetic diversity of ev71 isolates in a single community in japan, nucleotid ...	2003	12556991
molecular characterization of an enterovirus 71 causing neurological disease in germany.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is mainly known as a cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) but sometimes associated with neurological disease, even as fatal brainstem encephalitis. in europe, ev71 infections are extremely rare, in contrast to the worldwide situation. this is the first report of molecular characterization of an ev71 strain isolated in europe that had caused neurological disease. the german strain is closest related to sublineage b2 strains isolated in the united states, which where m ...	2003	12587076
adenovirus type 21-associated acute flaccid paralysis during an outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in sarawak, malaysia.	we report the virological and clinical features of 8 children who presented with adenovirus-associated acute flaccid paralysis (afp) during an epidemic of enterovirus type 71 (ev71)-associated hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) in sarawak, malaysia, in 1997. neutralization tests and phylogenetic analysis revealed adenovirus type 21 (ad21), although dna restriction digests suggested that this virus was different from the prototype ad21. four children had upper-limb monoparesis, 2 had lower-limb m ...	2003	12594634
laboratory acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in malaysia: a decade of commitment to the who global polio eradication initiative.	the institute for medical research, malaysia, was designated the national reference laboratory for poliomyelitis eradication (nrlpe) in 1992. since then, our polio laboratory has collaborated actively with the disease control division, ministry of health (moh), malaysia and who towards achieving polio eradication. since 1992, the nrlpe has investigated 1,063 stool specimens from 641 acute flaccidparalysis (afp) cases. one hundred and one enteroviruses were isolated from these specimens. positive ...	2004	15691149
diverse apoptotic pathways in enterovirus 71-infected cells.	mechanisms related to the neuropathogenesis of enterovirus 71 infection remain unclear. this investigation conducts a comprehensive study of the apoptotic pathways in neural and non-neural cells following enterovirus 71 infection. infections with enterovirus 71 not only induce classical cytopathic effects in sf268 (human glioblastoma), sk-n-mc (human neuroblastoma), rd, and vero cells, but also induce classic signs of apoptosis in all cells, including dna fragmentation and phosphatidylserine tra ...	2004	15765805
a murine oral enterovirus 71 infection model with central nervous system involvement.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection causes a myriad of diseases from mild hand-foot-and-mouth disease or herpangina to fatal meningoencephalitis complicated with neurogenic pulmonary oedema. its pathogenesis, especially the cns involvement, is not clearly understood. the aim of this study was to set up a mouse ev71 infection model with cns involvement. ev71 virus was administrated orally to neonatal mice. the ev71-infected mice manifested a skin rash at an early stage and hind limb paralysis or deat ...	2004	14718621
transmission and clinical features of enterovirus 71 infections in household contacts in taiwan.	although enterovirus 71 has caused epidemics associated with significant morbidity and mortality, its transmission has not been thoroughly investigated.	2004	14722149
mutations at kfrdi and vgk domains of enterovirus 71 3c protease affect its rna binding and proteolytic activities.	the 3c protease (3c(pro)) of enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a good molecular target for drug discovery. notably, this protease was found to possess rna-binding activity. the regions responsible for rna binding were classified as 'kfrdi' (positions 82-86) and 'vgk' (positions 154-156) in 3c(pro) by mutagenesis study. although the rna-binding regions are structurally distinct from the catalytic site of ev71 3c(pro), mutations in the rna-binding regions influenced 3c(pro) proteolytic activity. in contras ...	2004	14966374
five-year surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis in malaysia.	the nation-wide surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (afp) was implemented in malaysia in 1995 and further intensified in 1996 as part of the world health organization's (who) certification process for polio eradication in the western pacific region. clinical data on afp cases during a 5-year surveillance period from 1997 to 2001 were compiled and analysed.	2004	15009577
cardiac complications of enterovirus rhombencephalitis.	epidemics of enterovirus 71 infection have caused the death of many children throughout the world. rhombencephalitis, brain stem encephalitis, and heart failure were present in all of the fatal cases. however, no evidence of myocarditis was noted in the heart specimens, and the mechanism of heart failure remains unknown.	2004	15033850
molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 infection in the western pacific region.	recently, there have been large outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) mainly caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) associated with severe neurological diseases in the western pacific region (wpr). to monitor the realtime trend of ev71 transmission throughout the wpr, the authors conducted a molecular epidemiological analysis of ev71 infection.	2004	15056257
outcome of enterovirus 71 infections with or without stage-based management: 1998 to 2002.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection may progress through four stages, one of which is cardiopulmonary failure. in taiwan in 1998 almost all the ev71 patients with cardiopulmonary failure died. to improve clinical outcome of ev71 patients, we developed a stage-based management program in 2000.	2004	15071287
design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines: a novel class of potent enterovirus inhibitors.	a series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines were synthesized and their antiviral activity was evaluated in a plaque reduction assay. it is very interesting that this class of compounds provide remarkable evidence that they are very specific for human enteroviruses, in particular, coxsackieviruses. some derivatives proved to be highly effective in inhibiting enterovirus replication at nanomolar concentrations. sar studies revealed that the phenyl group at the n-1 position and the hydrophobic diarylmet ...	2004	15109643
early and rapid detection of enterovirus 71 infection by an igm-capture elisa.	enterovirus 71 infection is more likely to induce severe complications and mortality than other enteroviruses. laboratory diagnosis of enterovirus 71 in taiwan still relies mainly on conventional virus isolation techniques that often require 5-10 days to obtain a result, thus hindering seriously the subsequent treatment and disease control measures. this study was to find a better alternative by developing a rapid enterovirus 71 detecting procedure, which can afford an earlier diagnosis and a mo ...	2004	15109819
incorrect identification of recent asian strains of coxsackievirus a16 as human enterovirus 71: improved primers for the specific detection of human enterovirus 71 by rt pcr.	human enterovirus 71 has emerged as an important pathogen in the asia pacific region and it is important to be able to make a rapid and specific diagnosis for outbreak control. recent asian strains of coxsackievirus a16 have changes in the vp1 gene which causes mispriming of widely used primers for human enterovirus 71 specific identification.	2004	15122971
complete genome sequences of all members of the species human enterovirus a.	the species human enterovirus a (hev-a) in the family picornaviridae consists of coxsackieviruses (cv) a2-a8, a10, a12, a14 and a16 and enterovirus 71. complete genome sequences for the prototype strains of the 10 serotypes whose sequences were not represented in public databases have been determined and analysed in conjunction with previously available complete sequences in genbank. members of hev-a are monophyletic relative to all other human enterovirus species in all regions of the genome ex ...	2004	15166444
prognostic implications of myoclonic jerk in children with enterovirus infection.	to determine the prognostic value of myoclonic jerk in children with enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection, a retrospective study was conducted on 665 enterovirus culture-confirmed patients admitted to chang gung children's hospital from january 2000 to september 2001. the mean age was 35.0 months +/- 32.2 months, ranging from 1 day to 15 years and 416 (62.6%) of them were male. among these patients, 140 (21.1%) had ev71 isolated, and 150 (22.6%) had myoclonic jerk. fifty one percent (72/140) of ev71 ...	2004	15181488
mechanism of fulminant pulmonary edema caused by enterovirus 71.	pulmonary edema (pe) may occur with enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection. we monitored arterial pressure (ap) and heart rate (hr) in patients with ev71 infection and analyzed the variability of ap and hr. sympathetic activity, ap, and hr increased with respiratory stress. thereafter, parasympathetic activity increased with decreases in ap and hr. the lungs showed edema with inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression. destruction of the medial, ventral, and caudal medulla may lead to sympatheti ...	2004	15227628
update on neuroimaging in infectious central nervous system disease.	neuroimaging constitutes an important component in the diagnosis of the underlying infectious agents in central nervous system infection. this review summarizes progress in the neuroimaging of infectious central nervous system disease since january 2003. it focuses on imaging of viral encephalitis, including that caused by exotic and emerging viruses, and on imaging in immunodeficient patients.	2004	15247545
a mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 strain causes neurological disease in mice after oral infection.	a mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain with increased virulence in mice, mp4, was generated after four serial passages of the parental ev71 strain 4643 in mice. strain mp4 exhibited a larger plaque size, grew more rapidly, and was more cytotoxic in vitro than strain 4643. although strains 4643 and mp4 both induced apoptosis of sk-n-sh human neuroblastoma cells, mp4 was more virulent than 4643 in 1-day-old mice (50% lethal doses, 10(2) and 10(4) pfu/mouse, respectively). strain mp4 (5 x 10( ...	2004	15254164
mutation in enterovirus 71 capsid protein vp1 confers resistance to the inhibitory effects of pyridyl imidazolidinone.	enterovirus 71 is one of the most important pathogens in the family of picornaviridae that can cause severe complications in the postpoliovirus era, such as encephalitis, pulmonary edema, and even death. pyridyl imidazolidinone is a novel class of potent and selective human enterovirus 71 inhibitor. pyridyl imidazolidinone was identified by using computer-assisted drug design. this virologic investigation demonstrates that bpr0z-194, one of the pyridyl imidazolidinones, targets enterovirus 71 ca ...	2004	15328120
an epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection among hiv-1-infected orphans in nairobi.		2004	15353988
optimization of microcarrier cell culture process for the inactivated enterovirus type 71 vaccine development.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is an enterovirus that could lead to severe neurological disorders and fatalities. the inactivated vaccine is an appropriate ev71 vaccine format for meeting current needs. large-scale preparation of the inactivated ev71vaccine depends on a scalable cell culture system for industrial mass production. in this paper, vero cells were found to produce higher titers of ev71 than did mrc-5 and wi-38 cells. high-density microcarrier vero cell cultures were established using 5g/l cy ...	2004	15364432
synthesis and antienteroviral activity of a series of novel, oxime ether-containing pyridyl imidazolidinones.	a series of novel, oxime ether-containing pyridyl imidazolidinones were synthesized and their antiviral activity was evaluated in a plaque reduction assay. it is very interesting that this class of compounds is specific for human enteroviruses, in particular, enterovirus 71 (ev71). some derivatives strongly inhibited enterovirus replication with activities higher or comparable to those of the reference compounds such as a1 and a2. preliminary sar studies revealed that the chain length of the alk ...	2004	15380197
identification of genes involved in the host response to enterovirus 71 infection.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection may be asymptomatic or may cause diarrhea, rashes, and hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). however, ev71 also has the potential to cause severe neurological disease. to date, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of host response to ev71 infection. in this report, we utilized cdna microarray to profile the kinetics and patterns of host gene expression in ev71-infected human neural sf268 cells. we have identified 157 genes with significant changes in mrn ...	2004	15385252
differential localization of neurons susceptible to enterovirus 71 and poliovirus type 1 in the central nervous system of cynomolgus monkeys after intravenous inoculation.	poliovirus and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are both neurotropic enteroviruses that cause serious neurological diseases, such as poliomyelitis and encephalitis. the neurovirulence of ev71 in cynomolgus monkeys was demonstrated previously by intraspinal inoculation. in this study, an improved simian model of ev71 infection was established by using intravenous inoculation, which revealed clinical and neuropathological similarities between this model and human cases of encephalitis. experimental ev71 infe ...	2004	15448361
human endothelial cell activation and apoptosis induced by enterovirus 71 infection.	enterovirus 71 (ev71), a neurotropic virus, its infection is transmitted mainly by the oral-fecal route. however, it is unclear how ev71 is disseminated/spread from initial replication sites to the central nervous system. since endothelial cells form the interface between blood and tissues throughout the body, it is likely that ev71 can infect and then exit endothelial cells to establish infection. in this study, human endothelial cells were examined for susceptibility to ev71 infection using hu ...	2004	15484266
recombinant human enterovirus 71 in hand, foot and mouth disease patients.	hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a common illness of infants and young children <10 years of age. it is characterized by fever, ulcers in the oral cavity, and rashes with blisters that appear on the palm and sole. the most common causal agents of hfmd are coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) and human enterovirus 71 (hev71), but other enteroviruses, including cv-a5 and cv-a10, can also cause it. when caused by cv-a16 infection, it is usually a mild disease, and patients normally recover without req ...	2004	15496251
selective inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by short hairpin rnas.	rna interference (rnai) is a sequence-specific, post-transcriptional process of mrna degradation induced by small interfering rna molecules. in this report, rnai strategy was exploited to treat the infection of enterovirus 71 (ev71), considered as one of the most virulent pathogens that can cause severe complications in the family of picornaviridae. we developed short hairpin rna (shrna) expression plasmids that significantly inhibited viral protein expression in a sequence-specific and dose-dep ...	2004	15530419
annual report of the australian national poliovirus reference laboratory, 2003.	the australian national poliovirus reference laboratory was established in late 1994, as part of australia's commitment to the world health organization's (who) polio eradication program. the laboratory continues to play a pivotal role in maintaining australia's polio-free status through surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (afp), the main clinical presentation of poliomyelitis, and the testing of specimens from these cases. the annual notification rate for eligible cases of afp in ...	2004	15574057
epidemiologic features of kawasaki disease in taiwan, 1996-2002.	kawasaki disease (kd) is the most common acquired heart disease in children worldwide. the incidence of kd varies among different countries, with asian countries supposedly having higher incidences than western countries. however, the incidence of kd in taiwan has not been well investigated.	2004	15574600
cerebral infarction associated with possible enteroviral infection in an infant.	enterovirus infection has been rarely reported to cause cerebral infarction in infants. we describe a 2-month-old boy with right focal seizure and right hemiparesis associated with enterovirus infection during an epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in taiwan in 1998. magnetic resonance imaging and angiography showed vasculitis in the left anterior cerebral artery with cerebral infarction. in the unclarified pathogenesis of cerebral disease in enterovirus infection, this case suggests focal vasc ...	2004	15868815
[phylogenetic analysis of enterovirus 71 isolated from patients with hand, foot and mouth disease in guangdong and fujian provinces, 2000-2001].	to identify enterovirus 71 (ev71) strains isolated from patients with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in guangdong and fujian provinces from 2000 to 2001 by using phylogenetic analysis.	2004	15640854
hand-foot-and-mouth disease in calicut.	hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) is a mild exanthematous illness seen worldwide, affecting mainly children under ten years of age. the causative agents were initially coxsackie virus type a 16 and related serotypes. the situation changed drastically about thirty years ago with the advent of a new aetiological agent, enterovirus type 71 (ev 71), which has caused very large outbreaks with severe complications and many deaths.	2005	15684442
molecular and seroepidemiologic studies of enterovirus 71 infection in the state of para, brazil.	in many countries, the enterovirus 71 (ev-71) picornaviridae family is associated to hand, foot and mouth disease in addition to acute neurological diseases while in brazil these viruses are more closely associated to the latter group. the aim of this research was to use the first ev-71 isolate of the northern region of brazil in molecular and seroepidemiologic studies. two (2.2%) out of 88 stool samples (44 cases of afp), collected from january 1998 to december 2000 were positive for ev-71 isol ...	2005	15880216
design, synthesis, and antipicornavirus activity of 1-[5-(4-arylphenoxy)alkyl]-3-pyridin-4-ylimidazolidin-2-one derivatives.	a series of pyridylimidazolidinone derivatives was synthesized and tested in vitro against enterovirus 71 (ev71). on the basis of compound 33 (dbpr103), introduction of a methyl group at the 2- or 3-position of the linker between the imidazolidinone and the biphenyl resulted in markedly improved antiviral activity toward ev71 with ic(50) values of 5.0 nm (24b) and 9.3 nm (14a), respectively. increasing the branched chain to propyl resulted in a progressive decrease in activity, while inserting d ...	2005	15887961
inhibition of cellular protein secretion by picornaviral 3a proteins.	during poliovirus infection, anterograde traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi is inhibited due to the action of 3a, an 87 amino acid viral protein. the ability of poliovirus protein 3a to inhibit er-to-golgi traffic is not required for virus growth. instead, we have suggested that the inhibition of host protein secretion, shown to reduce the secretion of interferon-beta, il-6, and il-8 and the expression of both newly synthesized mhc class i and tnf receptor in the plasma memb ...	2005	15914217
lactoferrin inhibits enterovirus 71 infection by binding to vp1 protein and host cells.	the antiviral activities of bovine lactoferrin (lf) against enterovirus 71 (ev71) were studied both in vitro and in vivo. lf protected both human rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma sk-n-sh cell lines from ev71 infection when it was added at the same time, before, or within 30min after ev71 infection. using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based binding assay and indirect fluorescent stain, we found that lf could bind to the target cells. furthermore, it was found that lf could bind to the vp1 p ...	2005	15916817
[pay close attention to human enterovirus 71 infection].		2005	16053728
genetic characteristics of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 circulating from 1999 to 2004 in shenzhen, people's republic of china.	the genetic and phylogenetic characteristics of human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) sampled from children with hand, foot, and mouth disease in shenzhen, people's republic of china, over a 6-year period (1999 to 2004) were examined with reverse transcription-pcr and dna sequencing. out of 147 stool specimens, 60 showed positive signals when screened with ev71- and ca16-specific primers. ev71 was identified in 19 specimens, and ca16 was identified in 41 specimens; coinfectio ...	2005	16081920
rna interference against enterovirus 71 infection.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a highly infectious major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) which could lead to severe neurological complications. there is currently no effective therapy against ev71. in this study, rna interference (rnai) is employed as a therapeutic approach for specific viral inhibition. various regions of the ev71 genome were targeted for inhibition by chemically synthesized sirnas. transfection of rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) cells with sirna targeting the 3'utr, 2c ...	2005	16083932
[laboratory diagnosis for enterovirus 71 infection].		2005	16111282
virucidal activity of virkon s on human enterovirus.	the efficacy of virkon s, a commercial disinfectant as a virucidal spray against human enterovirus 71 (hev71), the causative agent of the fatal form of hand, foot and mouth disease was examined. at least one log10 reduction of hev71 titer was achieved when one spray of virkon (1% or 2%) with ten minutes of contact time was applied. the infectivity was completely lost when four sprays of 1% or 2% virkon were applied, suggesting that at least four sprays of 1% virkon to the surface bound hev71 was ...	2005	16114171
human enterovirus 71 subgenotype b3 lacks coxsackievirus a16-like neurovirulence in mice infection.	at least three different ev-71 subgenotypes were identified from an outbreak in malaysia in 1998. the subgenotypes c2 and b4 were associated with the severe and fatal infections, whereas the b3 virus was associated with mild to subclinical infections. the b3 virus genome sequences had >= 85% similarity at the 3' end to cv-a16. this offers opportunities to examine if there are characteristic similarities and differences in virulence between cv-a16, ev-71 b3 and ev-71 b4 and to determine if the pr ...	2005	16122396
phosphorylation of pi3k/akt and mapk/erk in an early entry step of enterovirus 71.	viruses have been known to subvert the anti-apoptotic pathways of the host cell in order to delay apoptosis. however, the mechanisms utilized by enterovirus 71 (ev71) to mediate anti-apoptotic activity remained undetermined. we observed that ev71 infection induced an early activation of both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k)/akt and mapk/erk signaling pathways. the activity of gsk3beta, a downstream target of these pathways, was negatively regulated by the activation of both mapk/erk and pi3k ...	2005	16150462
antiviral activities of extracts and selected pure constituents of ocimum basilicum.	1. ocimum basilicum (ob), also known as sweet basil, is a well known medicinal herb in traditional chinese medicine preparations. in the present study, extracts and purified components of ob were used to identify possible antiviral activities against dna viruses (herpes viruses (hsv), adenoviruses (adv) and hepatitis b virus) and rna viruses (coxsackievirus b1 (cvb1) and enterovirus 71 (ev71)). 2. the results show that crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of ob and selected purified components, ...	2005	16173941
revealing molecular targets for enterovirus type 71 detection by profile hidden markov models.	the enterovirus infection in 1998 claimed 78 deaths in taiwan, with an average of 40 fatalities each year after. traditional serum-based diagnostic methods often fail to detect enteroviruses due to antigenic changes. as a result, many isolates remain untyped and are absent from the enterovirus surveillance and epidemiological investigations. we present a profile hidden markov model (hmm) method for molecular typing of enterovirus 71 (ev71). based on the enteroviral sequences retrieved from genba ...	2005	16175339
[detection of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 from children with hand, foot and mouth disease in shanghai, 2002].	it was noticed that coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) were two major etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. recently there were several large outbreaks of hfmd in the asia-pacific region, and there was a propensity to cause severe complications or death in children under 5 years of age. the severe forms were associated with ev71 infection. although epidemics of hfmd have been reported in the mainland of china, few reports about ev71 as the pathog ...	2005	16191294
cell surface display system for lactococcus lactis: a novel development for oral vaccine.	the food-grade lactococcus lactis is a potential vector to be used as a live vehicle for the delivery of heterologous proteins for vaccine and pharmaceutical purposes. we constructed a plasmid vector psvac that harbors a 255-bp single-repeat sequence of the cell wall-binding protein region of the acma protein. the recombinant plasmid was transformed into escherichia coli and expression of the gene fragment was driven by the t7 promoter of the plasmid. sds-page showed the presence of the putative ...	2005	15635459
therapeutic efficacy of milrinone in the management of enterovirus 71-induced pulmonary edema.	hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina are the major clinical manifestations of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections. brain-stem encephalitis and pulmonary edema are severe complications that can lead to death. this study was designed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of milrinone, a phosphodiesterase (pde) inhibitor, in the treatment of patients with ev71-induced pulmonary edema. we conducted a historically controlled trial of 24 children with severe ev71-induced pulmonary edema fr ...	2005	15635619
predictors of unfavorable outcomes in enterovirus 71-related cardiopulmonary failure in children.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) can sometimes cause fatal or disabling diseases in children; therefore ev71-infected children with cardiopulmonary failure were investigated at chang gung children's hospital to discover the prognostic predictors.	2005	15818293
high-efficiency protein expression mediated by enterovirus 71 internal ribosome entry site.	an internal ribosome entry site (ires) has been used to facilitate the expression of more than one protein in a single transcript. in this study, we examined the translational activities of several ires elements derived from different rna viruses. the protein expression of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) ires is similar to that of hepatitis c virus (hcv) ires in mammalian cells. notably, the protein expression of enterovirus 71 (ev71) ires was 23-fold higher than the efficiency of emcv ires fo ...	2005	15818561
temperature-sensitive mutants of enterovirus 71 show attenuation in cynomolgus monkeys.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease and is sometimes associated with serious neurological disorders. in this study, an attempt was made to identify molecular determinants of ev71 attenuation of neurovirulence in a monkey infection model. an infectious cdna clone of the virulent strain of ev71 prototype brcr was constructed; temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations of an attenuated strain of ev71 or of poliovirus (pv) sabin vaccine strains were t ...	2005	15831951
human enterovirus isolates from an outbreak typed using heteroduplex mobility analysis.	genotyping and serotyping of enteroviruses is important for epidemiological, prognostic, and therapeutic reasons. in this study clinical isolates of enterovirus 71 during an outbreak of childhood meningoencephalitis in sydney, australia were identified using heteroduplex mobility analysis (hma) of products from rt-pcr amplification of the 5' untranslated region. five enterovirus 71 isolates shared identical heteroduplex patterns and nucleotide sequences in the 5' untranslated region. a sixth iso ...	2005	15834872
[isolation and sequencing of vp1 region of enterovirus 71 strains in zhejiang, china].	to study the gene characterization of enterovirus 71 (ev71) virus strains isolated from clinical specimens of children with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) in zhejiang province.	2005	16676593
miniature rt-pcr system for diagnosis of rna-based viruses.	this paper presents an innovative portable chip-based rt-pcr system for amplification of specific nucleic acid and detection of rna-based viruses. the miniature rt-pcr chip is fabricated using mems (micro-electro-mechanical-system) techniques, and comprises a micro temperature control module and a pdms (polydimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic control module. the heating and sensing elements of temperature control module are both made of platinum and are located within the reaction chambers in o ...	2005	16221971
enteroviruses as agents of emerging infectious diseases.	although the enteroviruses as a group are ubiquitous and not normally considered as "emerging pathogens," the many different serotypes circulate at different frequencies in any given year and the prevalence of a given serotype may fluctuate wildly from year to year. as a result, several enterovirus serotypes have been associated with the emergence of specific diseases (for example, pandemic acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis) and specific serotypes have emerged to cause outbreaks of major public h ...	2005	16287683
type i interferons protect mice against enterovirus 71 infection.	in this study, the contribution of type i interferons (ifns) to protection against infection with enterovirus 71 (ev71) was investigated using a murine model where the virus was administrated to neonatal institute of cancer research (icr) mice by either the intraperitoneal (i.p.) or the oral route. in i.p. inoculated mice, post-infection treatment of dexamethasone (5 mg kg(-1) at 2 or 3 days after infection) exacerbated clinical symptoms and increased the tissue viral titre. in contrast, polyrib ...	2005	16298971
frequent importation of enterovirus 71 from surrounding countries into the local community of yamagata, japan, between 1998 and 2003.	phylogenetic analysis of 45 enterovirus 71 (ev71) isolates for 6 years in yamagata, japan, clarified that the annual outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease was due to four genetically distinct subgenogroups, including a novel "b5." our results suggest that the importation of ev71 from surrounding countries has had a major epidemiological impact on the local community used in our study.	2005	16333123
clinical features and factors of unfavorable outcomes for non-polio enterovirus infection of the central nervous system in northern taiwan, 1994-2003.	this study investigated the clinical manifestations and outcomes of central nervous system (cns) infection by enteroviruses. cases with cns involvement among all enterovirus-culture-positive cases from january 1995 to june 2003 were retrospectively reviewed. among 1028 enterovirus-culture-positive cases, there were 333 cases involving the cns. of these, the ratio of male to female subjects was 1.78, and the mean (+/- standard deviation) age was 6.83 +/- 5.9 years; 21 were premature neonates, and ...	2005	16341342
deaths in children during an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in peninsular malaysia--clinical and pathological characteristics.	from july through december 1997, 11 previously healthy children in peninsular malaysia succumbed to an illness clinically characterised by an acute severe refractory left-ventricular failure, following a brief prodromal illness, in the midst of an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), similar to the reported experience in sarawak and taiwan. retrospective reviews of the clinical features and results of laboratory, pathological and virological investigations of cases were conducted. th ...	2005	16379183
oral immunization of mice using transgenic tomato fruit expressing vp1 protein from enterovirus 71.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) causes seasonal epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease associated with fatal neurological complications in young children, and several major outbreaks have occurred recently. this study developed an effective antiviral agent by transforming the gene for vp1 protein, a previously defined epitope and also a coat protein of ev71, into tomato plant. vp1 protein was first fused with sorting signals to enable it to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum of tomato plant, and i ...	2006	16448730
specific detection of enterovirus 71 directly from clinical specimens using real-time rt-pcr hybridization probe assay.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the main causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in young children. infections caused by ev71 could lead to many complications, ranging from brainstem encephalitis to pulmonary oedema, resulting in high mortality. thus, rapid detection of the virus is required to enable measures to be implemented in preventing widespread transmission. based on primers and probes targeting at the vp1 region, a real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reactio ...	2006	16460910
microchip, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and culture methods to detect enterovirus infection in pediatric patients.	enterovirus infection usually presents with mild and self-limited illness in children. however, enterovirus type 71 can be characterized by neurotropism and may cause severe illness or even sudden death. early detection of the virus will allow a physician to provide intensive or aggressive intervention. the purpose of the present study was to compare sensitivity of two innovative laboratory methods, that is, the dr.ev microchip method (dr. chip biotechnology, shin-tsu, taiwan) and the reverse tr ...	2006	16490062
expression, purification and characterization of enterovirus-71 virus-like particles.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been implicated as the etiological agent responsible for the recent outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease associated with severe neurological diseases in the asia-pacific region.	2006	16521221
transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of rhabdomyosarcoma cells reveal differential cellular gene expression in response to enterovirus 71 infection.	insights into the host antiviral strategies as well as viral disease manifestations can be achieved through the elucidation of host- and virus-mediated transcriptional responses. an oligo-based microarray was employed to analyse mrnas from rhabdomyosarcoma cells infected with the ms/7423/87 strain of enterovirus 71 (ev71) at 20 h post infection. using acuity software and lowess normalization, 152 genes were found to be downregulated while 39 were upregulated by greater than twofold. altered tran ...	2006	16548883
the vp1 protein of human enterovirus 71 self-associates via an interaction domain spanning amino acids 66-297.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a major etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). several recent outbreaks of hfmd in east asia were associated with neurological complications and numerous deaths. in 2000, an outbreak in singapore afflicted thousands of children, resulting in four fatal cases from whom ev71 was isolated. the virus possesses four structural proteins vp1, vp2, vp3, and vp4, each of which is involved in forming the pentameric icosahedral structure of the virus. here we re ...	2006	16555287
current status of anti-picornavirus therapies.	picornaviruses are important human pathogens causing severe morbidity and some mortality with the potential to cause worldwide crippling disease. currently, there are few treatments for many of the viruses in the picornaviridae, for rhinoviruses, there are no approved treatments, although ruprintrivir looks promising in clinical trials and pyridazinyl oxime ethers may prove useful. poliovirus treatments are needed to supplement the world health organization's polio eradication plan in order to t ...	2006	16611122
enterovirus 71 infection induces fas ligand expression and apoptosis of jurkat cells.	t-cell depletion is found in enterovirus 71 (ev71)-infected patients with pulmonary edema. however, the mechanism that causes t-cell depletion is unclear. to address this question, the effects of ev71 infection on the cell viability of human jurkat t cells were studied. viable viruses were recovered from both the culture supernatant and the cell lysate of jurkat cells after ev71 infection. results from reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and immunofluorescence assay confirme ...	2006	16628611
molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 over two decades in an australian urban community.	enterovirus 71 (ev71), first isolated in 1969, has been responsible for numerous outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) with a small proportion of cases associated with neurological disease. since 1997 there has been a significant increase in both the prevalence and virulence of ev71 in the asia-pacific region. we have examined the genetic diversity of ev71 in a large australian city (sydney n.s.w.) over a nineteen-year period. we determined the vp1 gene sequence of forty-eight ev71 st ...	2006	16369861
evolution of ev71 genogroup in taiwan from 1998 to 2005: an emerging of subgenogroup c4 of ev71.	in taiwan, enterovirus 71 (ev71) has played an important role in severe enterovirus-related cases every year since the devastating outbreak in 1998. three genogroups a, b, c occur worldwide; with the b and c genogroups being subdivided into b1-b4 and c1-c4 subgenogroups respectively. to understand the mutation of the ev71 genogroup in taiwan before and after 1998, a total of 54 worldwide strains were studied including 41 taiwanese strains obtained in 1986 and 1998-2004. a fragment of 207 bp of t ...	2006	16372302
critical management in patients with severe enterovirus 71 infection.	the aim of this study was to analyze clinical details occurring in children with severe enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection and synthesize the critical care experience for patients with severe ev71 infection.	2006	16732789
percutaneous cardiopulmonary support in a child with enterovirus 71 encephalitis.		2006	16732804
polioviruses and other enteroviruses isolated from faecal samples of patients with acute flaccid paralysis in australia, 1996-2004.	acute flaccid paralysis (afp) is the most common clinical presentation of acute poliovirus infection, occurring in 0.1-1% of infected cases. afp surveillance has been used world-wide to monitor the control and eradication of circulating wild poliovirus. this study aims to review the significance of all enteroviruses, including polioviruses, isolated from patients with afp in australia between 1996 and 2004.	2006	16737480
combining multiplex reverse transcription-pcr and a diagnostic microarray to detect and differentiate enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16.	cluster a enteroviruses, including enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16), are known to cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). despite the close genetic relationship between these two viruses, ev71 is generally known to be a more perpetuating pathogen involved in severe clinical manifestations and deaths. while the serotyping of enteroviruses is mostly done by conventional immunological methods, many clinical isolates remain unclassifiable due to the limited number of antibodies ...	2006	16757623
recombinant newcastle disease virus capsids displaying enterovirus 71 vp1 fragment induce a strong immune response in rabbits.	the complete vp1 protein of ev71 was truncated into six segments and fused to the c-terminal ends of full-length nucleocapsid protein (npfl) and truncated np (npt; lacks 20% amino acid residues from its c-terminal end) of newcastle disease virus (ndv). western blot analysis using anti-vp1 rabbit serum showed that the n-terminal region of the vp1 protein contains a major antigenic region. the recombinant proteins carrying the truncated vp1 protein, vp1(1-100), were expressed most efficiently in e ...	2006	16789020
protection of neonatal mice from lethal enterovirus 71 infection by maternal immunization with attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing vp1 of enterovirus 71.	this study describes the potential use of attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains to express and deliver vp1 of enterovirus 71 (ev71) as a vaccination strategy to prevent ev71 infection in mice. when orally administered to balb/c mice, both attenuated carrier strains, cnp101 and sl7207, were able to efficiently invade livers and spleens, while only the virulence plasmid-carrying strain sl7207 persisted for more than 30 days in these organs. a recombinant in vivo-regulated prom ...	2006	16815726
sentinel surveillance for human enterovirus 71 in sarawak, malaysia: lessons from the first 7 years.	a major outbreak of human enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot and mouth disease in sarawak in 1997 marked the beginning of a series of outbreaks in the asia pacific region. some of these outbreaks had unusually high numbers of fatalities and this generated much fear and anxiety in the region.	2006	16827926
effects of ozone exposure on inactivation of intra- and extracellular enterovirus 71.	in this study, the potential of ozone in inactivating enterovirus 71 (ev71) free particles was investigated using either various ozone flow rates of 100, 80 or 60 mg/h or a constant flow rate of 80 mg/h, given to culture medium or various ph culture media containing ev71, respectively. results demonstrated that ev71 inactivation by ozone was related to the kinetics of ozone solubility, approximately 99% inactivation being obtained in the exponential phase of ozone solubility. however, the inacti ...	2006	16838411
molecular typing of enteroviruses associated with viral meningitis in cyprus, 2000-2002.	human enteroviruses are responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical diseases affecting many different organ systems. although infection is usually asymptomatic, infections of the central nervous system manifested as meningitis or encephalitis can pose a serious public health problem, especially during outbreaks. in this study, samples from 218 patients diagnosed with enteroviral meningitis between january 2000 and december 2002 were analysed in order to assess the epidemiology of human enterovir ...	2006	16849723
modeling the ligand-receptor interaction for a series of inhibitors of the capsid protein of enterovirus 71 using several three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship techniques.	the structure of enterovirus 71 (ev71) capsid protein vp1 has been constructed by using homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation techniques. the ligand structures were a series of ev71 vp1 inhibitors synthesized by shia et al. in 2002 and chern et al. in 2004. the training set was selected by the volsurf4.1/pca program and the ic50 values varied from 0.06 to 10.83 microm. then, the training set was analyzed by the following three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationshi ...	2006	16854057
modulation of cytokine production by intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with enterovirus 71-associated brainstem encephalitis.	several epidemics of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections occurred in taiwan since 1998.	2006	16861032
structure of the virus capsid protein vp1 of enterovirus 71 predicted by some homology modeling and molecular docking studies.	the homology modeling technique has been used to construct the structure of enterovirus 71 (ev 71) capsid protein vp1. the protein is consisted of 297 amino acid residues and treated as the target. the amino acid sequence identity between the target protein and sequences of template proteins 1eah, 1piv, and 1d4m searched from ncbi protein blast and workbench protein tools were 38, 37, and 36%, respectively. based on these template structures, the protein model was constructed by using the insigh ...	2006	16868986
genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 associated with hand, foot and mouth disease epidemics in japan from 1983 to 2003.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major etiologic agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). the surveillance data indicate that ev71 infection follows an epidemic mode of transmission, causing large outbreaks and then becoming quiescent for a few years.	2006	16874167
comparison of heart failure in children with enterovirus 71 rhombencephalitis and cats with norepinephrine cardiotoxicity.	the mechanism of heart failure in patients with enterovirus 71 rhombencephalitis (brain stem encephalitis) remains unknown. our previous reports hypothesized that a catecholamine storm induced by rhombencephalitis may account for the heart failure. the aim of this study was to develop a novel feline model of norepinephrine cardiotoxicity and compare the resulting heart failure to that in children with enterovirus 71 rhombencephalitis. nine of 75 children (12%) with enterovirus 71 rhombencephalit ...	2006	16933070
phylogenetic evidence for inter-typic recombination in the emergence of human enterovirus 71 subgenotypes.	human enterovirus 71 (ev-71) is a common causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). in recent years, the virus has caused several outbreaks with high numbers of deaths and severe neurological complications. several new ev-71 subgenotypes were identified from these outbreaks. the mechanisms that contributed to the emergence of these subgenotypes are unknown.	2006	16939656
status of cellular rather than humoral immunity is correlated with clinical outcome of enterovirus 71.	we valuated specific cellular and humoral immune response of cases of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection and correlated immune response with clinical outcome. after obtaining informed consent, we enrolled 30 ev71 cases including 7 cases with brainstem encephalitis plus pulmonary edema, 12 cases of cns (cns) involvement and 11 uncomplicated cases. we measured antibodies specific to ev71, lymphocyte proliferation response and ev71-stimulated cellular response of th1/th2 cytokines and chemokines. the ...	2006	16940249
high prevalence of human enterovirus a infections in natural circulation of human enteroviruses.	human enterovirus (hev) infections can be asymptomatic or cause only mild illness; recent evidence may implicate hev infection in type 1 diabetes mellitus and myocarditis. here, we report the molecular characterization of hev obtained in serial monthly collections from healthy norwegian infants. a total of 1,255 fecal samples were collected from 113 healthy infants beginning at age 3 months and continuing to 28 months. the samples were analyzed for hev nucleic acid by real-time pcr. fifty-eight ...	2006	16943351
isolation of enterovirus 71 from patients with hand, foot and mouth disease in a local epidemic on march 2006, in miyagi prefecture, japan.		2006	17060708
viral myelitis: an update.	viral infections of the central nervous system are uncommon but are important in the differential diagnosis of acute myelopathy. acute viral myelitis can present as acute flaccid paralysis (poliomyelitis) or neurologic dysfunction due to involvement of the white matter. the latter usually affects only part of the transverse expanse of the spinal cord and manifests as asymmetric motor and sensory symptoms. when both halves of the spinal cord are affected, the entity is referred to as acute transv ...	2006	17074281