Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| microbes and microbial toxins: paradigms for microbial-mucosal interactions ii. the integrated response of the intestine to clostridium difficile toxins. | clostridium difficile, the major etiologic factor of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis, mediates its effects by releasing two large protein exotoxins, toxins a and b. a major toxin effect is related to the disassembly of actin microfilaments, leading to impairment of tight junctions in human colonocytes. the mechanism of actin disaggregation involves monoglucosylation of the signaling proteins rho a, rac, and cdc 42, which control stress fiber formation directly by toxins a and b. an im ... | 2001 | 11208538 |
| clostridium difficile colitis following antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures. | clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea and colitis are common complications of therapeutic courses of antibiotics in the hospital setting. we report a case of clostridium difficile colitis following antibiotic prophylaxis for endocarditis prior to dental procedures in the community setting. the infection necessitated hospital admission and a prolonged hospital stay. dental practitioners must be aware of the significance of the disease and the risk associated with antibiotics, whether they are us ... | 2001 | 11209501 |
| role of antibody response in outcome of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | 2001 | 11213086 | |
| association between antibody response to toxin a and protection against recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | we have reported that symptom-free carriers of clostridium difficile have a systemic anamnestic immune response to toxin a. the aim of this study was to determine whether an acquired immune response to toxin a, during an episode of c. difficile diarrhoea, influences risk of recurrence. | 2001 | 11213096 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a va medical center: clustering of cases, association with antibiotic usage, and impact on hiv-infected patients. | a case-control study of patients with stools assayed for clostridium difficile toxin over a 24-month period at a veterans affairs hospital found that the majority of cases (70.6%) occurred in temporal clusters. clustering was particularly evident on a designated human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) unit. thirty-four (75.5%) of 45 hiv-infected patients with c difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) died during their hospitalization. third-generation cephalosporins were the antibiotics most strongly as ... | 2001 | 11198022 |
| clostridium difficile toxins disrupt epithelial barrier function by altering membrane microdomain localization of tight junction proteins. | the anaerobic bacterium clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis. c. difficile toxins tcda and tcdb are udp-glucosyltransferases that monoglucosylate and thereby inactivate the rho family of gtpases (w. p. ciesla, jr., and d. a. bobak, j. biol. chem. 273:16021-16026, 1998). we utilized purified reference toxins of c. difficile, tcda-10463 (tcda) and tcdb-10463 (tcdb), and a model intestinal epithelial cell line to characterize their influence on tight-junction (tj ... | 2001 | 11179295 |
| fecal leukocyte stain has diagnostic value for outpatients but not inpatients. | the methylene blue stain for fecal leukocytes (fl) is widely used as an adjunct to slower but more accurate tests of diarrheal etiology, such as stool culture (scx) or toxin assays for clostridium difficile. prior studies investigating the utility of fl for predicting scx and c. difficile toxin assay (cdta) results did not evaluate the importance of inpatient versus outpatient status. we conducted a study of patients who submitted a stool specimen to the stanford hospital microbiology laboratory ... | 2001 | 11136781 |
| randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial comparing clinafloxacin with imipenem as empirical monotherapy for febrile granulocytopenic patients. | in a double-blind, multicenter trial, 541 febrile granulocytopenic patients were randomized to receive either intravenous (iv) clinafloxacin (200 mg every 12 h) or i.v. imipenem (500 mg every 6 h) as empirical monotherapy. more baseline pathogens were susceptible to clinafloxacin (259 [99%] of 262 organisms) than to imipenem (253 [95%] of 265; p=.03). initial favorable clinical response rates for clinafloxacin (88 [32%] of 272 patients) and imipenem (89 [33%] of 269) were similar. after addition ... | 2001 | 11170945 |
| infectious complications the year after autologous bone marrow transplantation or peripheral stem cell transplantation for treatment of breast cancer. | few studies have examined the specific incidence of infections after autologous bone marrow transplantation (bmt) or peripheral stem cell transplantation (psct) for treatment of breast cancer. we reviewed the medical records of 127 consecutive patients who underwent autologous bmt or psct for breast cancer at the university of pennsylvania medical center from 1 may 1991 through 31 march 1995 and through 1 year of follow-up. the mean duration of neutropenia after transplantation was 10 days. init ... | 2001 | 11170946 |
| performance of two rapid, single-use immunoassays for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin a. | two rapid, single-use immunoassays for c. difficile toxin a, the clearview c. diff a (wampole laboratories, cranbury, n.j.) and the immunocard toxin a assays (meridian diagnostics inc., cincinnati, ohio) were compared to the cytotoxin assay for their ability to detect c. difficile toxin in fecal specimens. a total of 537 specimens were tested and 47 (8.8%) were positive by the cytotoxin assay. the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the toxin a a ... | 2001 | 11173187 |
| derivation and validation of guidelines for stool cultures for enteropathogenic bacteria other than clostridium difficile in hospitalized adults. | the yield of in-hospital stool cultures performed more than 72 hours after admission is low, and a commonly used policy dictates that laboratories reject these cultures to save costs. however, enteropathogenic bacteria other than clostridium difficile (epb) may cause nosocomial illness that would be missed by use of such a "3-day rule." | 2001 | 11176841 |
| five-year surveillance of patients with communicable diseases nursed in isolation. | during a five year surveillance program of patients with communicable diseases nursed in isolation, we gathered information on 2880 patients who were nursed in isolation for 28 145 days, from january 1994 to december 1998. the mean number of patients nursed in isolation was 575.4 (range, 427-709) per year. on average 2.4% of patients admitted yearly to the university medical center (umc) were nursed in isolation. the mean number of days nursed in isolation was 9.8 days per patient.1996 was a pea ... | 2001 | 11247681 |
| delivery of proteins into living cells by reversible membrane permeabilization with streptolysin-o. | the pore-forming toxin streptolysin o (slo) can be used to reversibly permeabilize adherent and nonadherent cells, allowing delivery of molecules with up to 100 kda mass to the cytosol. using fitc-labeled albumin, 10(5)-10(6) molecules were estimated to be entrapped per cell. repair of toxin lesions depended on ca(2+)-calmodulin and on intact microtubules, but was not sensitive to actin disruption or to inhibition of protein synthesis. resealed cells were viable for days and retained the capacit ... | 2001 | 11248053 |
| clostridium difficile--associated diarrhea: a review. | clostridium difficile causes 300 000 to 3 000 000 cases of diarrhea and colitis in the united states every year. antibiotics most frequently associated with the infection are clindamycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and cephalosporins, but all antibiotics may predispose patients to c difficile infection. the clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic colonization to mild diarrhea to severe debilitating disease, with high fever, severe abdominal pain, paralytic ileus, colonic dilation (or megaco ... | 2001 | 11252111 |
| pancytopenia and colitis with clostridium difficile in a rheumatoid arthritis patient taking methotrexate, antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. | methotrexate (mtx) is widely used despite its side-effects. we describe a rheumatoid arthritis (ra) patient taking low-dose mtx who developed severe pancytopenia and colitis with clostridium difficile after the administration of antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis. our case suggests that low-dose mtx may seriously interact with antibiotics and that these side-effects should always be considered when ra patients are treated with mtx and antibiotics. | 2001 | 11254248 |
| endogenous corticosteroids modulate clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis in rats. | we examined the role of glucocorticoids in acute inflammatory diarrhea mediated by clostridium difficile toxin a. toxin a (5 microg) or buffer was injected in rat ileal loops, and intestinal responses were measured after 30 min to 4 h. ileal toxin a administration increased plasma glucocorticoids after 1 h, at which time the toxin-stimulated secretion was not significant. administration of the glucocorticoid analog dexamethasone inhibited toxin a-induced intestinal secretion and inflammation and ... | 2001 | 11254479 |
| characterization of a cell surface protein of clostridium difficile with adhesive properties. | our laboratory has previously shown that clostridium difficile adherence to cultured cells is enhanced after heat shock at 60 degrees c and that it is mediated by a proteinaceous surface component. the present study was undertaken to identify the surface molecules of this bacterium that could play a role in its adherence to the intestine. the cwp66 gene, encoding a cell surface-associated protein of c. difficile 79-685, was isolated by immunoscreening of a c. difficile gene library with polyclon ... | 2001 | 11254569 |
| saccharomyces boulardii stimulates intestinal immunoglobulin a immune response to clostridium difficile toxin a in mice. | saccharomyces boulardii is a nonpathogenic yeast that protects against antibiotic-associated diarrhea and recurrent clostridium difficile colitis. the administration of c. difficile toxoid a by gavage to s. boulardii-fed balb/c mice caused a 1.8-fold increase in total small intestinal immunoglobulin a levels (p = 0.003) and a 4.4-fold increase in specific intestinal anti-toxin a levels (p < 0.001). enhancing host intestinal immune responses may be an important mechanism for s. boulardii-mediated ... | 2001 | 11254650 |
| [diarrhea caused by adenovirus and astrovirus in hospitalized immunodeficient patients]. | acute or chronic diarrheal illness are common complications in immunosuppressed patients such as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected, bone marrow or solid organ transplanted patients and those with leukaemias or other immune deficiency disorders. due to the importance of recognizing the feasible etiologies of diarrhea in order to give the proper antimicrobial chemotherapy or to avoid a misdiagnosis of rejection in the case of transplanted patients, we have investigated adenovirus and ast ... | 2001 | 11256256 |
| oligomerization-dependent regulation of motility and morphogenesis by the collagen xviii nc1/endostatin domain. | collagen xviii (c18) is a triple helical endothelial/epithelial basement membrane protein whose noncollagenous (nc)1 region trimerizes a cooh-terminal endostatin (es) domain conserved in vertebrates, caenorhabditis elegans and drosophila. here, the c18 nc1 domain functioned as a motility-inducing factor regulating the extracellular matrix (ecm)-dependent morphogenesis of endothelial and other cell types. this motogenic activity required es domain oligomerization, was dependent on rac, cdc42, and ... | 2001 | 11257123 |
| analysis of the physicochemical interactions between clostridium difficile toxins and cholestyramine using liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. | a potential therapy for antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis is to bind clostridium difficile toxins a and b using cholestyramine, a hydrophobic anion exchange medium. frontal analysis in isotonic phosphate buffer was studied using post-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde, which gave a highly sensitive (> or =30 ng) flow-through analysis. following load (1.5-3.0 microg toxin/3.6 mg), toxin a was bound at a slightly higher capacity than b, due to slower kinetics. a salt gradient ... | 2001 | 11257520 |
| cell volume kinetics of adherent epithelial cells measured by laser scanning reflection microscopy: determination of water permeability changes of renal principal cells. | the water channel aquaporin-2 (aqp2), a key component of the antidiuretic machinery in the kidney, is rapidly regulated by the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin. the hormone exerts its action by inducing a translocation of aqp2 from intracellular vesicles to the cell membrane. this step requires the elevation of intracellular cyclic amp. we describe here a new method, laser scanning reflection microscopy (lsrm), suitable for determining cellular osmotic water permeability coefficient changes in p ... | 2001 | 11259291 |
| rho gtpases are involved in the regulation of nf-kappab by genotoxic stress. | a common cellular response to genotoxic agents and inflammatory cytokines is the activation of nf-kappab. here, we addressed the question of whether small gtpases of the rho family are involved in the stimulation of nf-kappab signaling by genotoxic agents or tnfalpha in hela cells. inhibition of isoprenylation of rho proteins by use of the hmg-coa reductase inhibitor lovastatin attenuated uv-, doxorubicin-, and tnfalpha-induced degradation of ikappabalpha as well as drug-stimulated dna binding a ... | 2001 | 11262181 |
| [clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea--a growing problem in geriatric care]. | from 1994 to 1998 the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) in the department of geriatric medicine, huddinge university hospital increased from 0.5% to 2.2% of all admissions. corresponding figures for the whole hospital were 0.3% and 0.6%, respectively. the increase in cdad at the department of geriatric medicine was parallel with a more than doubled consumption of antibiotics. all geriatric patients with cdad had been treated with antibiotics before onset of diarrhoea ... | 2001 | 11265569 |
| in vitro activity of telithromycin (hmr 3647) against 502 strains of anaerobic bacteria. | in a previous study, we compared hmr 3004 with azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin and roxithromycin against 502 anaerobic bacteria using nccls-approved procedures. this report extends this study by reporting the activity of telithromycin (hmr 3647) against these strains. telithromycin inhibited 10% of bacteroides fragilis, 50% of other b. fragilis group organisms and 93% of other bacteroides spp. telithromycin inhibited all porphyromonas spp. and 98% of prevotella spp. activity against b ... | 2001 | 11266423 |
| an inhibitory role of rho in the vasopressin-mediated translocation of aquaporin-2 into cell membranes of renal principal cells. | vasopressin regulates water reabsorption in renal collecting duct principal cells by a camp-dependent translocation of the water channel aquaporin-2 (aqp2) from intracellular vesicles into the cell membrane. in the present work primary cultured inner medullary collecting duct cells were used to study the role of the proteins of the rho family in the translocation of aqp2. clostridium difficile toxin b, which inhibits all members of the rho family, clostridium limosum c3 toxin, which inactivates ... | 2001 | 11278652 |
| molecular and genomic analysis of genes encoding surface-anchored proteins from clostridium difficile. | the gene slpa, encoding the s-layer precursor protein in the virulent clostridium difficile strains c253 and 79--685, was identified. the precursor protein carries a c-terminal highly conserved anchoring domain, similar to the one found in the cwp66 adhesin (previously characterized in strain 79--685), an slh domain, and a variable n-terminal domain mediating cell adherence. the genes encoding the s-layer precursor proteins and the cwp66 adhesin are present in a genetic locus carrying 17 open re ... | 2001 | 11292772 |
| clostridium difficile infection, hospital geography and time-space clustering. | to analyse spatial and temporal relationships of clostridium difficile-associated disease in an inner-city hospital, we retrospectively evaluated 283 episodes of confirmed c. difficile diarrhoea in the chelsea and westminster hospital between 1995 and 1998, against a background of relatively stable case mix, antibiotic usage and admission numbers, using knox analysis to determine the presence of disease clustering in time and space. we found five time-space clusters on four medical wards and bet ... | 2001 | 11294965 |
| evaluation of six commercial assays for the rapid detection of clostridium difficile toxin and/or antigen in stool specimens. | to evaluate six commercially available assays for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin and/or antigen in stool samples: one latex agglutination test (culturette brand cdt, becton dickinson), two elisas (culturette brand toxin cd, becton dickinson, and ridascreen c. difficile toxin a/b, r-biopharm), two chromatographic assays (clearview c. difficile a, oxoid, and colorpac toxin a, becton dickinson) and one enzyme immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of c. difficile common antigen an ... | 2001 | 11298143 |
| when are stool cultures indicated for hospitalized patients with diarrhea not caused by clostridium difficile (c-diff)? | 2001 | 11300978 | |
| extracolonic manifestations of clostridium difficile infections. presentation of 2 cases and review of the literature. | clostridium difficile is most commonly associated with colonic infection. it may, however, also cause disease in a variety of other organ systems. small bowel involvement is often associated with previous surgical procedures on the small intestine and is associated with a significant mortality rate (4 of 7 patients). when associated with bacteremia, the infection is, as expected, frequently polymicrobial in association with usual colonic flora. the mortality rate among patients with c. difficile ... | 2001 | 11307591 |
| glutaraldehyde-induced colitis. | to describe the etiology and clinical course of acute colitis occurring after flexible endoscopy. | 2001 | 11308232 |
| laboratory-based surveillance for vancomycin-resistant enterococci: utility of screening stool specimens submitted for clostridium difficile toxin assay. | to study vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) gastrointestinal colonization prevalence in high-risk hospitalized patients and to assess the cost and utility of this laboratory-based surveillance. | 2001 | 11310695 |
| evaluating the ct diagnosis of clostridium difficile colitis: should ct guide therapy? | the purpose of this study was to further characterize the ct findings of clostridium difficile colitis and to provide for the first time a diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value to help clinicians decide whether antibiotic treatment is warranted on the basis of ct findings while awaiting stool test results (which may take as long as 48 hr). | 2001 | 11222194 |
| thymic emigrants isolated by a new method possess unique phenotypic and functional properties. | t cells that emigrate from the thymus have primarily been studied in vivo using fluorescent dye injection of the thymus. this study examined the properties of thymocytes that emigrate from cultured thymic lobes in organ culture. under these conditions, thymic emigrants displayed the expected phenotype, that of mature thymocytes expressing high levels of t-cell receptor (tcr-alphabeta) and either cd4 or cd8, and were observed to emigrate within 24 hours of positive selection. emigration was inhib ... | 2001 | 11222381 |
| clarithromycin and risk of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2001 | 11222572 | |
| yield of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae from stools submitted for clostridium difficile testing compared to results from a focused surveillance program. | it has been suggested that a method of performing surveillance for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) is to screen specimens submitted for clostridium difficile testing. we compared this approach to our focused surveillance program of high-risk units during october 1997 to compare the yield of vre and multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae (mdre) with both methods. of the stools submitted for c. difficile testing, 14% were positive for vre or mdre, whereas rectal swabs from routine surveilla ... | 2001 | 11230446 |
| molecular characterization of flid gene encoding flagellar cap and its expression among clostridium difficile isolates from different serogroups. | the flid gene encoding the flagellar cap protein (flid) of clostridium difficile was studied in 46 isolates belonging to serogroups a, b, c, d, f, g, h, i, k, x, and s3, including 30 flagellated strains and 16 nonflagellated strains. in all but three isolates, amplification by pcr and reverse transcription-pcr demonstrated that the flid gene is present and transcribed in both flagellated and nonflagellated strains. pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of amplified flid ge ... | 2001 | 11230454 |
| phylogenetic analyses of two "archaeal" genes in thermotoga maritima reveal multiple transfers between archaea and bacteria. | the genome sequence of thermotoga maritima revealed that 24% of its open reading frames (orfs) showed the highest similarity scores to archaeal genes in blast analyses. here we screened 16 strains from the genus thermotoga and other related thermotogales for the occurrence of two of these "archaeal" genes: the gene encoding the large subunit of glutamate synthase (gltb) and the myo-inositol 1p synthase gene (ino1). both genes were restricted to the thermotoga species within the thermotogales. th ... | 2001 | 11230537 |
| requirement for rho gtpases and pi 3-kinases during apoptotic cell phagocytosis by macrophages. | in vivo, apoptotic cells are removed by surrounding phagocytes, a process thought to be essential for tissue remodeling and the resolution of inflammation [1]. although apoptotic cells are known to be efficiently phagocytosed by macrophages, the mechanisms whereby their interaction with the phagocytes triggers their engulfment have not been described in mammals. here, we report that primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (using alpha(v)beta(3) integrin for apoptotic cell uptake) extend l ... | 2001 | 11231156 |
| resistance to induced apoptosis in the human neuroblastoma cell line sk-n-sh in relation to neuronal differentiation. role of bcl-2 protein family. | much evidence suggests that apoptosis plays a crucial role in cell population homeostasis that depends on the expression of various genes implicated in the control of cell life and death. the sensitivity of human neuroblastoma cells sk-n-sh to undergo apoptosis induced by thapsigargin was examined. sk-n-sh were previously differentiated into neuronal cells by treatments with retinoic acid (ra), 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) which increases protein kinase c (pkc) activity, and stau ... | 2001 | 11231287 |
| p-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase from clostridium difficile. a novel glycyl radical enzyme catalysing the formation of p-cresol. | the human pathogenic bacterium clostridium difficile is a versatile organism concerning its ability to ferment amino acids. the formation of p-cresol as the main fermentation product of tyrosine by c. difficile is unique among clostridial species. the enzyme responsible for p-cresol formation is p-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase. the enzyme was purified from c. difficile strain dmsz 1296(t) and initially characterized. the n-terminal amino-acid sequence was 100% identical to an open reading f ... | 2001 | 11231288 |
| impact of nosocomial infection on length of stay and functional improvement among patients admitted to an acute rehabilitation unit. | to identify factors predictive of length of stay (los) and the level of functional improvement achieved among patients admitted to an acute rehabilitation unit for the first time, with special reference to the role of nosocomial infection. | 2001 | 11232883 |
| liver abscess caused by clostridium difficile. | we report the first case of an infected cyst and liver abscess caused by clostridium difficile. it recurred 11 months later, despite therapy with vancomycin and percutaneous drainage. administration of metronidazole following percutaneous drainage achieved a favorable outcome. | 2001 | 11234983 |
| probiotic activities of lactobacillus casei rhamnosus: in vitro adherence to intestinal cells and antimicrobial properties. | the interest of probiotics as remedies for a broad number of gastrointestinal and other infectious diseases has gained wide interest over the last few years, but little is known about their underlying mechanism of action. in this study, the probiotic activities of a human isolate of lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus strain (lcr35) were investigated. using intestinal caco-2 cell line in an in vitro model, we demonstrated that this strain exhibited adhesive properties. the inhibitory effects of ... | 2001 | 11316370 |
| clostridium beijerinckii and clostridium difficile detoxify methylglyoxal by a novel mechanism involving glycerol dehydrogenase. | in contrast to gram-negative bacteria, little is known about the mechanisms by which gram-positive bacteria degrade the toxic metabolic intermediate methylglyoxal (mg). clostridium beijerinckii br54, a tn1545 insertion mutant of the ncimb 8052 strain, formed cultures that contained significantly more (free) mg than wild-type cultures. moreover, br54 was more sensitive to growth inhibition by added mg than the wild type, suggesting that it has a reduced ability to degrade mg. the single copy of t ... | 2001 | 11319074 |
| clostridium difficile toxins and enterococcal translocation in vivo and in vitro. | clostridium difficile toxins alter permeability in cultured enterocytes and may alter intestinal epithelial permeability to bacteria in vivo. experiments were designed to test the effects of c. difficile toxins on in vitro interactions of enterococcus gallinarum with cultured enterocytes, as well as on translocation of e. gallinarum in mice. | 2001 | 11319888 |
| comparison of tn5397 from clostridium difficile, tn916 from enterococcus faecalis and the cw459tet(m) element from clostridium perfringens shows that they have similar conjugation regions but different insertion and excision modules. | comparative analysis of the conjugative transposons tn5397 from clostridium difficile and tn916 from enterococcus faecalis, and the cw459tet(m) element from clostridium perfringens, has revealed that these tetracycline-resistance elements are closely related. all three elements contain the tet(m) resistance gene and have sequence similarity throughout their central region. however, they have very different integration/excision modules. instead of the int and xis genes that are found in tn916, tn ... | 2001 | 11320127 |
| regulation of toxin synthesis in clostridium difficile by an alternative rna polymerase sigma factor. | clostridium difficile, a causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and its potentially lethal form, pseudomembranous colitis, produces two large protein toxins that are responsible for the cellular damage associated with the disease. the level of toxin production appears to be critical for determining the severity of the disease, but the mechanism by which toxin synthesis is regulated is unknown. the product of a gene, txer, that lies just upstream of the tox gene cluster was shown to be ... | 2001 | 11320220 |
| evaluation of biosite triage clostridium difficile panel for rapid detection of clostridium difficile in stool samples. | one hundred two stool samples were tested by both the rapid triage clostridium difficile panel (triage panel) and the cytotoxin cell culture assay. five samples positive by both the c. difficile toxin a (tox a) and common antigen components of the triage panel had cytotoxin titers of > or =10,000. twenty-three samples were triage panel tox a negative but common antigen positive. ten of these had cytotoxin titers of 10 to 1,000, but 13 were cytotoxin negative. bacterial isolates obtained from 8 o ... | 2001 | 11326003 |
| laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis: usefulness of premier cytoclone a+b enzyme immunoassay for combined detection of stool toxins and toxigenic c. difficile strains. | detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in stools by premier cytoclone a+b enzyme immunoassay (eia) was compared with detection by stool culture for c. difficile followed by detection of toxigenic isolates using the same eia. chart reviews were performed to evaluate the likelihood of c. difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis (cadc) for all patients with at least one positive toxin assay. while the toxins were detected in 58 of 85 consecutive cadc patients by both assays, cadc in 5 p ... | 2001 | 11326033 |
| ureidopenicillins and risk of clostridium difficile infection. | 2001 | 11328794 | |
| in vitro activity of sitafloxacin against clostridium difficile. | 2001 | 11328798 | |
| [evaluation of three methods of diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection]. | 2001 | 11333611 | |
| molecular typing and long-term comparison of clostridium difficile strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and pcr-ribotyping. | thirty-two related and 68 unrelated isolates of clostridium difficile, isolated in different italian hospitals since 1987, were analysed by pfge and pcr-ribotyping to investigate their genetic relatedness. the isolates were classified into 28 groups by pfge and 20 ribotypes by pcr-ribotyping. a single clone of c. difficile was recognised as the cause of three geographically and chronologically distant outbreaks. the correlation between pfge and pcr-ribotyping results was good, with agreement for ... | 2001 | 11339247 |
| novel helicobacter species isolated from rhesus monkeys with chronic idiopathic colitis. | chronic, idiopathic diffuse colitis is a well recognised clinical and pathological entity in captive rhesus monkeys. six rhesus monkeys were diagnosed with clinically debilitating, chronic diarrhoea. histologically, colonic tissues were characterised as chronic, moderate to severe colitis and typhlitis, with diffuse mononuclear inflammation of lamina propria, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and multifocal micro-abscesses. colonic tissues were cultured for salmonella spp. and shigella spp.; all res ... | 2001 | 11339249 |
| probiotic agents and infectious diseases: a modern perspective on a traditional therapy. | there is an increasing scientific and commercial interest in the use of beneficial microorganisms, or "probiotics," for the prevention and treatment of disease. the microorganisms most frequently used as probiotic agents are lactic-acid bacteria such as lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg), which has been extensively studied in recent literature. multiple mechanisms of action have been postulated, including lactose digestion, production of antimicrobial agents, competition for space or nutrients, an ... | 2001 | 11340528 |
| suspected clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in two cats. | two adult cats from the same household developed acute diarrhea. clostridium difficile toxins were detected in the feces of both cats, whereas other recognized causes of diarrhea were not identified. supportive medical treatment and metronidazole were administered and both cats responded well. a fecal sample obtained from 1 of the affected cats after treatment and a fecal sample obtained from a clinically normal cat in the household did not contain c difficile toxins. the role of c difficile in ... | 2001 | 11345306 |
| in vitro activities of ertapenem (mk-0826) against recent clinical bacteria collected in europe and australia. | ertapenem (mk-0826, l-749,345) is a 1-beta-methyl carbapenem with a long serum half-life. its in vitro activity was determined by broth microdilution against 3,478 bacteria from 12 centers in europe and australia, with imipenem, cefepime, ceftriaxone, and piperacillin-tazobactam used as comparators. ertapenem was the most active agent tested against members of the family enterobacteriaceae, with mics at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (mic(90)s) of < or =1 microg/ml for all species. ertapene ... | 2001 | 11353638 |
| the effect of bacterial enterotoxins implicated in sids on the rabbit intestine. | the aim of this project was to characterise the type of damage caused to the intestine of the infant rabbit by bacterial enterotoxins implicated in sudden infant death syndrome (sids). samples of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and large intestine exposed to the toxins for up to 6 hours were examined by scanning (sem) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). the damage was quantitatively assessed (% villi damaged) by sem and qualitatively by sem and tem. clostridium perfringens enterotox ... | 2001 | 11358052 |
| intestinal epithelial damage in sids babies and its similarity to that caused by bacterial toxins in the rabbit. | sections of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and large intestine from 14 sudden infant death syndrome (sids) babies were examined by scanning (sem) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). the type and amount of damage was characterised and quantitated and compared with the presence of clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus in faecal samples from the babies and toxins from the bacteria in faecal samples and serum from the babies. the dat ... | 2001 | 11358053 |
| virulence of clostridium difficile toxin a negative strains. | 2001 | 11358476 | |
| infection of hamsters with epidemiologically important strains of clostridium difficile. | five different toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile of known human epidemiologic importance were tested for virulence in hamsters. three strains-types b1, j9, and k14-have caused hospital outbreaks. type y2 is associated with a high rate of asymptomatic colonization in patients. the fifth strain, type cf2, is a toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strain implicated in multiple human cases of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. groups of 10 hamsters per strain were given 1 dose of clindamycin, ... | 2001 | 11372028 |
| regulation of connective tissue growth factor (ccn2; ctgf) gene expression in human mesangial cells: modulation by hmg coa reductase inhibitors (statins). | connective tissue growth factor (ccn; ctgf) gene expression is upregulated in fibrotic renal glomeruli. therefore, the regulation and pharmacological modulation of ccn2 (ctgf) mrna expression was investigated in a human renal mesangial cell line. | 2001 | 11376131 |
| a comparison of multifaceted versus clostridium difficile-focused vre surveillance strategies in a low-prevalence setting. | we compared our current screening strategy for vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) with a focused strategy that screens all stool samples sent for clostridium difficile toxin assay but limits rectal swab screening to wards with new vre cases detected via c. difficile samples. the proposed strategy detects 72.7% of new vre cases, with substantial cost savings. | 2001 | 11379713 |
| phospholipases stimulate secretion in rbl mast cells. | roles for glycerophospholipids in exocytosis have been proposed, but remain controversial. phospholipases are stimulated following the activation of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin e (ige) in mast cells. to study the biochemical sequelae that lead to degranulation, broken cell systems were employed. we demonstrate that the addition of three distinct types of exogenous phospholipases (i.e., bcplc, scpld, and tfpla(2)), all of which hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine (pc), trigger degranu ... | 2001 | 11380253 |
| [nosocomial epidemiology and transmission of clostridium difficile infection]. | clostridium difficile is of growing importance as a hospital-acquired pathogen. pseudomembraneous colitis is the main clinical disease. transmission and epidemiological features are not yet fully understood. | 2001 | 11381634 |
| acute appendicitis: the role of enterotoxigenic strains of bacteroides fragilis and clostridium difficile. | the aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between enterotoxin-producing b. fragilis strains and toxigenic c. difficile strains and the pathogenesis of acute appendicitis. | 2001 | 11386013 |
| n-cdad in canada: results of the canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program 1997 n-cdad prevalence surveillance project. | background: a 1996 preproject survey among canadian hospital epidemiology committee (chec) sites revealed variations in the prevention, detection, management and surveillance of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). facilities wanted to establish national rates of nosocomially acquired cdad (n-cdad) to understand the impact of control or prevention measures, and the burden of n-cdad on health care resources. the chec, in collaboration with the laboratory centre for disease control (h ... | 2001 | 18159321 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease. epidemiology, morbidity, mortality, and methods for control. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) has increased significantly since it was first recognized in the 1970s. cdad can occur in the outpatient setting, but most cases are nosocomial. the symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe colitis, and although diarrhea is often considered a nuisance, cdad is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and human costs. control of cdad is a challenge for many healthcare facilities. in addition to limiting the transmission ... | 2001 | 19667556 |
| diagnostic tests for healthcare epidemiology. | diagnostic tests are important tools for surveillance in healthcare epidemiology. recent studies regarding the use of diagnostic tests for detecting the following epidemiologically important conditions or pathogens are reviewed: vancomycin-resistant enterococci, legionella, influenza, ventilator-associated pneumonia, clostridium difficile, bloodstream infection, and tuberculosis. | 2001 | 11964863 |
| molecular typing methods for the epidemiological identification of clostridium difficile strains. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. cross-infection between patients and transmission through the environment and medical personnel are important factors in the acquisition of cdad. in order to understand differences in epidemiology and pathogenesis, a number of typing schemes have been developed. we will review the typing methods used to study the epidemiology of c. difficile infections ... | 2001 | 11901801 |
| [epidemiology. epidemics of clostridium difficile in geriatrics]. | 2001 | 11992965 | |
| nonfunctional gut? try a probiotic food. | this month's nutrition column discusses the problem of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the overgrowth of the "good" bacteria, clostridium difficile, can cause severe abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea. this article examines the benefits of including probiotics in a meal plan when the use of antibiotics is medically indicated. | 2001 | 11982180 |
| protozoan enteric infection in aids related diarrhea in thailand. | the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enteric protozoa and other pathogens in aids patients with diarrhea in bangkok, thailand. of 288 consecutive patients screened in the 10 month period between november 1999-august 2000 inclusive, 55 (19.2%) had cryptosporidium spp, 13 (4.5%) had isospora oocyst, 11 (3.8%) had giardia lamblia, 3 (0.9%) had entamoeba histolytica, and 1 (0.3%) had iodamoeba butschlii infection. the prevalence of microsporidia was 11% in this study. of 251 pati ... | 2001 | 12041580 |
| [clostridium difficile bacteremia]. | extra-digestive manifestations of clostridium difficile infection are very uncommon. exceptional cases of c. difficile bacteremia or severe sepsis have been described in intensive care patients, demonstrating the capacity of this agent to generate generalized infection. | 2001 | 11776702 |
| evaluation of commercially available rapid assays: a manufacturer's perspective. | 2001 | 11797611 | |
| ecological effects of linezolid versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid on the normal intestinal microflora. | twelve healthy subjects (6 females, 6 males; age range 18-40 y) participated in this trial. linezolid was given as 600 mg tablets b.i.d. for 7 d and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid as 1000 mg tablets o.d. for 7 d. the washout period between the administration of the 2 antibacterial agents was 4 weeks. faecal samples were collected prior to administration (days -2 and -1), during administration (days 4 and 8) and after administration (days 14, 21 and 35) for microbiological analyses. the samples were ... | 2001 | 11868762 |
| management and prevention of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. while treatment regimens for c. difficile have been available for decades, they remain less than optimal due to the frequent recurrences that occur after therapy is completed. moreover, the morbidity and expense associated with c. difficile have underscored the need for more effective preventive measures than are currently available. in this review, we outline the current recommendations for treatment and prevention of c. ... | 2001 | 11286650 |
| medical diagnoses and procedures associated with clostridium difficile colitis. | the aim of this study was to examine the associations of clostridium difficile colitis with other comorbid conditions and procedural interventions among hospitalized patients. | 2001 | 11280548 |
| analysis of clostridium difficile isolates from nosocomial outbreaks at three hospitals in diverse areas of japan. | clostridium difficile isolates recovered from patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) at three hospitals located in diverse areas of japan were analyzed by three typing systems, pcr ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and western immunoblotting. at the three hospitals examined, a single pcr ribotype strain (type smz) was predominant and accounted for 22 (65%) of 34, 18 (64%) of 28, and 11 (44%) of 25 isolates, respectively. all of the 51 isolates that represented p ... | 2001 | 11283061 |
| quinolone use as a risk factor for nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | to determine modifiable risk factors for nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2001 | 11732787 |
| electroporation of dna sequences from the pathogenicity locus (paloc) of toxigenic clostridium difficile into a non-toxigenic strain. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhoea. the genes tcda and tcdb, which encode for the toxin a and b proteins, are part of the pathogenicity locus (paloc) of toxigenic c. difficile. genetic and virulence studies at the molecular level in c. difficile have been hindered by the lack of techniques for dna manipulation in this species. we describe the electroporation of dna fra ... | 2001 | 11735302 |
| intracolonic use of vancomycin for treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with a diverted colon: report of a case. | clostridium difficile-associated pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is a common affliction of postoperative patients. risk factors include antibiotic therapy, recent surgery, and hospitalization (1,2,3). we present a case of pmc in a diverted colon and its treatment using vancomycin enemas. | 2001 | 11742178 |
| [antagonistic activity of lactobacillus bacteria strains against anaerobic gastrointestinal tract pathogens (helicobacter pylori, campylobacter coli, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile)]. | antagonistic activity of lactobacillus strains has been known for some time. this property is connected with production of many active substances by lactobacilli e.g., organic acids and bacteriocin-like substances which interfere with other indigenous microorganisms inhabiting the same ecological niche, including also anaerobic gastrointestinal tract pathogens. growing interest of clinical medicine in finding new approaches to treatment and prevention of common inflammatory infections of the dig ... | 2001 | 11757422 |
| risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile toxin-associated diarrhoea: a pilot study. | this study was a pilot investigation of risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile toxin-associated diarrhoea and in particular the differential influence of antimicrobial agents. the study was a retrospective case-control design conducted at freeman hospital, newcastle upon tyne. cases were inpatients with stool positive c. difficile toxin diarrhoea and two controls were drawn for each case matched for age (+/- 5 years) and type of admission (emergency or elective). using conditi ... | 2001 | 11760491 |
| pcr ribotyping of clinically important clostridium difficile strains from hungary. | isolates of clostridium difficile from different hospital wards at the university hospital of szeged in hungary were typed by pcr amplification of rrna intergenic spacer regions (pcr ribotyping). a total of 15 different ribotypes was detected among the 65 isolates tested. the predominant type, pcr ribotype 087, accounted for 39% of all isolates, in contrast with an international typing study where ribotype 001 was the most common. two non-toxigenic c. difficile strains were found to exhibit the ... | 2001 | 11761193 |
| adp-ribosylating binary toxin genes of clostridium difficile strain ccug 20309. | the cdt genes that encode a binary adp-ribosylating toxin in clostridium difficile were first characterized from a toxigenic c. difficile strain cd196 in 1997. we report here c. difficile strain ccug 20309 (atcc 8864), a strain that produces toxin b but not toxin a, also carry a complete set of cdta and cdtb genes. these genes were sequenced by cycle sequencing method. the 2 orfs and the intergenic sequences of these 2 strains have a homology of 99.6%. interestingly, 9 extra bases were found wit ... | 2001 | 11761709 |
| pseudomonas aeruginosa as a potential cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | although pseudomonas aeruginosa is not generally considered as a cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, several cases of diarrhea caused by p. aeruginosa have been reported. we experienced seven cases of nosocomial diarrhea presumably caused by p. aeruginosa, which was the predominant organism isolated from stool cultures. clostridium difficile toxin was also positive in one patient. no other potential or recognized enteropathogens were identified from stools. all patients had underlying disea ... | 2001 | 11748355 |
| the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease. | probiotics are living microorganisms that can affect the host in a beneficial manner. prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth and activity of probiotic bacteria already established in the colon. efficacy of probiotic compounds has been shown in a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases. lactobacillus gg alone, or the combination of bifidobacterium bifidum and streptococcus thermophilus, is effective in the treatment of clostridium difficile, as well as in preventi ... | 2001 | 11773948 |
| rho inhibits camp-induced translocation of aquaporin-2 into the apical membrane of renal cells. | first published august 8, 2001; 10.1152/ajprenal.00091.2001.-we have recently demonstrated that actin depolymerization is a prerequisite for camp-dependent translocation of the water channel aquaporin-2 (aqp2) into the apical membrane in aqp2-transfected renal cd8 cells (29). the rho family of small gtpases, including cdc42, rac, and rho, regulates the actin cytoskeleton. in aqp2-transfected cd8 cells, inhibition of rho gtpases with clostridium difficile toxin b or with c. limosum c3 fusion toxi ... | 2001 | 11704560 |
| role of flic and flid flagellar proteins of clostridium difficile in adherence and gut colonization. | in vitro and in vivo adhesive properties of flagella and recombinant flagellin flic and flagellar cap flid proteins of clostridium difficile were analyzed. flic, flid, and crude flagella adhered in vitro to axenic mouse cecal mucus. radiolabeled cultured cells bound to a high degree to flid and weakly to flagella deposited on a membrane. the tissue association in the mouse cecum of a nonflagellated strain was 10-fold lower than that of a flagellated strain belonging to the same serogroup, confir ... | 2001 | 11705981 |
| analysis of expression of groel (hsp60) of clostridium difficile in response to stress. | our laboratory has previously shown that adherence of clostridium difficile to tissue culture cells is augmented by various stresses and that groel, a heat shock protein, serves an adhesive function in this bacterium. in this communication, rt-pcr, sds-page and immunoblotting were used to study the stress response in c. difficile following heat, acid or osmotic shock, iron deprivation or presence of a subinhibitory concentration of ampicillin in the culture medium. all these stresses increased t ... | 2001 | 11710845 |
| similar frequency of detection of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and clostridium difficile toxins in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 2001 | 11714055 | |
| prospective evaluation of environmental contamination by clostridium difficile in isolation side rooms. | we determined prospectively the frequency, persistence and molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile environmental contamination after detergent-based cleaning in side rooms used to isolate patients with c. difficile diarrhoea. approximately one-quarter of all environmental sites in side rooms sampled over four-week periods were contaminated with c. difficile. the overall side room prevalence of environmental c. difficile declined from 35% initially, to 24% in week 2, 18% in week 3, and 16 ... | 2001 | 11716638 |
| the role of clostridium difficile in childhood nosocomial diarrhea. | the role of clostridium difficile was investigated in 100 children with nosocomial diarrhea. an etiologic agent was identified in 69 cases, 8 of whom had dual infection. c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) was defined in 16 children (16%). the mean age of the patients with cdad was 5.4 y (range 2 months to 13 y) and the male:female ratio was 1.2. all cases with cdad were on antibiotic therapy. cdad occurred more frequently in the cases given combined antibiotic treatment than in those given ... | 2001 | 11728036 |
| clostridium difficile small bowel enteritis occurring after total colectomy. | clostridium difficile infection is usually associated with antibiotic therapy and is almost always limited to the colonic mucosa. small bowel enteritis is rare: only 9 cases have been previously cited in the literature. this report describes a case of c. difficile small bowel enteritis that occurred in a patient after total colectomy and reviews the 9 previously reported cases of c. difficile enteritis. | 2001 | 11565085 |
| failure of single-toxin assays to detect clostridium difficile infection in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. | the aims of this retrospective study were 1) to determine the ability of single-toxin assays for clostridium difficile to detect infection among pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and 2) to determine the toxin assays routinely used by pediatric tertiary care hospitals in the united states. | 2001 | 11569696 |
| [diarrhea by clostridium difficile]. | 2001 | 11571128 | |
| [diarrhea due to a toxin of clostridium difficile in hemato-oncological patients]. | 2001 | 11572182 |