Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| screening for carriage and nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile by culture: a study of 284 admissions of elderly patients to six general hospitals in wales. | 1999 | 10658811 | |
| [isolation of toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile and enterotoxin producing bacteroides fragilis from fecal specimens of patients suspected of antibiotic associated diarrhoea]. | fifty faecal samples from patients suspected of aad (antibiotic associated diarrhoea) were studied for clostridium difficile and enterotoxin producing bacteroides fragilis (etbf). using tcd (becton-dickinson) and c. difficile toxin a test (oxoid) in 34% of specimens the presence of toxin a was detected. from all specimens 25 c. difficile strains were isolated. all isolated strains produced toxin b in vitro which was shown in mc coy cytotoxicity test. eighteen strains only were toxin a positive i ... | 1999 | 10865431 |
| toxic megacolon: diagnosis and treatment challenges. | in adults, toxic megacolon is a relatively uncommon but potentially lethal complication of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), infectious colitis, or ischemic colitis caused by cancer chemotherapeutic agents. patients have distension of the colon and signs of toxicity such as elevated temperature, hypotension, decreased level of consciousness and electrolyte imbalances. factors thought to increase the risk include premature discontinuation of ibd medications; procedures that increase colon trauma, ... | 1999 | 10865533 |
| bacterial toxins modifying the actin cytoskeleton. | numerous bacterial toxins recognize the actin cytoskeleton as a target. the clostridial binary toxins (iota and c2 families) adp-ribosylate the actin monomers causing the dissociation of the actin filaments. the large clostridial toxins from clostridium difficile, clostridium sordellii and clostridium novyi inactivate, by glucosylation, proteins from the rho family that regulate actin polymerization. in contrast, the cytotoxic necrotic factor from escherichia coli activates rho by deamidation an ... | 1999 | 10943412 |
| infectious enteritis. | initial management of acute infectious enteritis should focus on fluid and electrolyte repletion and symptomatic care. a decision to prescribe empiric antibiotic therapy should rest on clinical or epidemiologic features of the illness that suggest a treatable bacterial origin or a high-risk host. this decision should be reinforced by the detection of leukocytes or blood in the stool. if empiric therapy is indicated, a quinolone is generally the best initial choice. a stool culture yielding an en ... | 1999 | 11096582 |
| update on gastrointestinal infections: clostridium difficile and other bugs. | 1999 | 10980973 | |
| fulminant clostridium difficile colitis associated with paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy. | resnik e, lefevre ca. fulminant clostridium difficile colitis associated with paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy. pseudomembranous colitis is commonly associated with the use of antibiotics. some antineoplastic agents even without associated antibiotic use can predispose patients to developing infection with clostridium difficile. the infection is usually mild; however, in rare cases severe forms of pseudomembranous colitis may be encountered. a 66 year-old female with stage iiic suboptimal ... | 1999 | 11240821 |
| statistical inference for serial dilution assay data. | serial dilution assays are widely employed for estimating substance concentrations and minimum inhibitory concentrations. the poisson-bernoulli model for such assays is appropriate for count data but not for continuous measurements that are encountered in applications involving substance concentrations. this paper presents practical inference methods based on a log-normal model and illustrates these methods using a case application involving bacterial toxins. | 1999 | 11315070 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 1999 | 10201505 | |
| clostridium difficile: an update on its epidemiology and role in hospital outbreaks in england and wales. | data from the surveillance system of general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease and from laboratory reports collated by the communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) and requests for outbreak investigation by the phls anaerobe reference unit were used to evaluate the current epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in england and wales. between january 1992 and december 1996, cdsc received 10,220 laboratory reports of c difficile isolation from patient's faeces and 26,873 of ... | 1999 | 10204123 |
| laboratory diagnosis of toxigenic clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction: presence of toxin genes and their stable expression in toxigenic isolates from japanese individuals. | clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the definitive diagnosis of c. difficile infection is finally accomplished by the isolation of toxigenic c. difficile. however, only a small number of japanese clinical laboratories are able to reach a definitive diagnosis of c. difficile infection, probably because simple reliable assays for toxins in the isolates are not available. in this study, we examined the compatibility of a polymerase chain reactio ... | 1999 | 10204609 |
| trends in infection morbidity in a pediatric oncology ward, 1986-1995. | we retrospectively studied the type, severity, frequency, and outcome of febrile infectious complications in 217 cancer patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy (603 episodes) over a 10-year period in a single pediatric institution. | 1999 | 10219334 |
| estimated incidence of clostridium difficile infection. | 1999 | 10221890 | |
| accuracy of fecal lactoferrin and other stool tests for diagnosis of invasive diarrhea at a colombian pediatric hospital. | estimate under "real life" conditions the operating characteristics of several stool tests for determining whether a diarrheal episode is invasive-inflammatory. | 1999 | 10223687 |
| in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of t-3811me, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone. | the in vitro and in vivo activities of t-3811me, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone, were evaluated in comparison with those of some fluoroquinolones, including a newly developed one, trovafloxacin. t-3811, a free base of t-3811me, showed a wide range of antimicrobial spectra, including activities against chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and mycobacterium tuberculosis. in particular, t-3811 exhibited potent activity against various gram-positive cocci, with mics at which 90% of the isolates ... | 1999 | 10223917 |
| immunogenicity of a salmonella typhimurium aroa arod vaccine expressing a nontoxic domain of clostridium difficile toxin a. | the c-terminal repeat domain of clostridium difficile toxin a harbors toxin-neutralizing epitopes and is considered to be a candidate component of a vaccine against c. difficile-associated disease (cdad). fourteen of the 38 c-terminal toxin a repeats (14cdta) were cloned into ptech-1 in frame with the immunogenic fragment c of tetanus toxin (tetc) to generate plasmid p56tetc. expression of the tetc-14cdta fusion protein was driven from the anaerobically inducible nirb promoter within attenuated ... | 1999 | 10225867 |
| the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | this study was initiated to evaluate the role of c. difficile in diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics, to determine which antibiotics are most often responsible, to characterize the response to several different treatment regimens, and to define the relapse rate as seen in a large teaching hospital in turkey. | 1999 | 10228818 |
| in vitro activity of ly 333328 against anaerobic gram-positive bacteria. | ly 333328 is a new semisynthetic glycopeptide with reported activity against aerobic gram-positive cocci such as enterococci, pneumococci, streptococci and staphylococci. the present investigation was undertaken to determine the in vitro activity of ly 333328 against 178 gram-positive anaerobic bacteria recently isolated from human infections. the activity was compared with that of vancomycin, teicoplanin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole. peptostreptococci (48 strains): ly 333 ... | 1999 | 10326737 |
| detection and transcription of toxin dna in a nontoxigenic strain of clostridium difficile. | genomic dna from three clostridium difficile strains was analyzed by pcr for dna sequences encoding toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). toxigenic control strain vpi 10463 possessed tcda, tcdb, and an open reading frame (tcde) between these two genes, whereas nontoxigenic control strain 85 lacked each of these genetic determinants. however, strain m90, also a nontoxigenic strain, was found to possess tcda, tcdb, and tcde. normally the presence of toxin genes is associated with toxigenicity. analys ... | 1999 | 10341072 |
| teneurin-1, a vertebrate homologue of the drosophila pair-rule gene ten-m, is a neuronal protein with a novel type of heparin-binding domain. | the drosophila gene ten-m is the first pair-rule gene not encoding a transcription factor, but an extracellular protein. we have characterized a highly conserved chicken homologue that we call teneurin-1. the c-terminal part harbors 26 repetitive sequence motifs termed yd-repeats. the yd-repeats are most similar to the core of the rhs elements of escherichia coli. related repeats in toxin a of clostridium difficile are known to bind specific carbohydrates. we show that recombinantly expressed pr ... | 1999 | 10341219 |
| susceptibility testing of clostridium difficile against metronidazole and vancomycin by disk diffusion and etest. | a prospective study on the susceptibility of clostridium difficile to metronidazole and vancomycin using the etest and disk diffusion test was performed over a 6-month period. one hundred strains were tested; one strain was highly resistant to metronidazole (mic = 64 micrograms/ml). the zone size of inhibition by the disk diffusion test correlated with the mic as determined by the etest (regression coefficient = -0.043 for metronidazole and -0.044 for vancomycin, p < 0.001 for both antibiotics). ... | 1999 | 10342100 |
| characterization of surface layer proteins from clostridium difficile by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. | surface layers (s-layers) are regularly ordered protein subunits found as the outermost cell envelope component of many bacteria. most s-layers are composed of a single protein or glycoprotein species with a molecular weight varying between 40 and 200 kda. clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) and pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) in humans. detection of the s-layer in some c. difficile strains, and preliminary characterization of two glycoproteins, ... | 1999 | 10343411 |
| an outbreak of toxin a negative, toxin b positive clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a canadian tertiary-care hospital. | 1999 | 10344088 | |
| clostridium difficile in leicester hospital. | 1999 | 10344091 | |
| factors associated with prolonged symptoms and severe disease due to clostridium difficile. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is responsible for a spectrum of disease severity ranging from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis. this study attempts to determine the proportion of patients in each category of severity and evaluate the risk factors for a more prolonged and complicated course. | 1999 | 10350405 |
| the accordion sign at ct: a nonspecific finding in patients with colonic edema. | to determine whether the "accordion sign" is a specific computed tomographic (ct) sign of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1999 | 10352600 |
| possible role of cross-transmission between neonates and mothers with recurrent clostridium difficile infections. | 1999 | 10358237 | |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea. | 1999 | 10360986 | |
| clinical characteristics and antibiotic utilization in surgical patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) remains a significant problem in surgical patients. to address this, we prospectively studied all episodes of treated cdad in surgical inpatients at the university of virginia hospital from december 1996 through march 1998. cdad accounted for 3.2 per cent (32) of 1000 total infections. compared with a randomly selected control group with other nosocomial infections, patients with cdad had a longer period from the time of admission to diagnosis of ... | 1999 | 10366203 |
| incidence and outcome of clostridium difficile infection following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. | a retrospective evaluation of 200 consecutive recipients of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (pbsct) was conducted to ascertain the incidence and outcome of infection with clostridium difficile. the diagnosis was confirmed in 14 patients with diarrhea (15 episodes) at a median of 33 days after stem cell infusion. five patients were neutropenic at the time of diagnosis. every individual had adverse known risk factors such as recent or current use of antibiotic, corticosteroid ... | 1999 | 10373070 |
| nucleotide and peptide sequences of the open reading frame encoding a truncated toxin a gene of clostridium difficile strain ccug 20309. | the open reading frame encoding a putative truncated toxin a gene of clostridium difficile in strain ccug 20309 (atcc 8864), a strain that produces toxin b but not toxin a, was sequenced by cycle sequencing method. the coding region contains 2097 base pairs and has a gc content of 26.4%. the deduced polypeptide is 50 kda and is generally hydrophilic. although strain ccug 20309 of c. difficile was reported not to produce toxin a, it is enterotoxic, an inherent property of toxin a in pathogenic st ... | 1999 | 10376209 |
| [detection of clostridium difficile toxin a from stool specimens by an enzyme immunoassay kit]. | toxin detection from stool specimens is prerequisite for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. however, in japan only one toxin detection kit is commercially available, which requires computerized vidas fluorescence reader. in this study we evaluated immunocard toxin a, which is an enzyme immunoassay with a format of individual cassette and needs no special equipment to perform, by comparing with the vidas cda kit. of 61 stool specimens 12 were positive and 39 were negative by b ... | 1999 | 10386027 |
| deletions in the repeating sequences of the toxin a gene of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile strains. | the repeating sequences of the toxin a gene from toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive (toxin a-, toxin b+) strains of clostridium difficile which were isolated in geographically separated facilities in japan and indonesia were determined. all six strains tested had identical repeating sequences with two deletions (1548 and 273 nucleotides in size) in the toxin a gene. a pcr method was designed to detect the deletions and the deletions were confirmed in all 50 toxin a-, toxin b+ strains examined by ... | 1999 | 10386368 |
| development of a new pcr-ribotyping method for clostridium difficile based on ribosomal rna gene sequencing. | pcr-ribotying, a typing method based on polymorphism in the 16s-23s intergenic spacer region, has been recently used to investigate outbreaks due to clostridium difficile. however, this method generates bands of high and close molecular masses which are difficult to separate on agarose gel electrophoresis. to improve reading of banding patterns of pcr-ribotyping applied to c. difficile, a partial sequencing of the rrna genes (16s and 23s) and intergenic spacer region has been performed, then a n ... | 1999 | 10386377 |
| enterotoxin a of clostridium difficile and alpha-gal epitopes. | 1999 | 10391997 | |
| n-acetylcysteine protects epithelial cells against the oxidative imbalance due to clostridium difficile toxins. | toxins a and b from the anaerobic bacterium clostridium difficile are the causative agents of the antibiotic-associated pseudomembraneous colitis. at the subcellular level, they inhibit the rho family gtpases, thus causing alterations of the actin cytoskeleton. the cytoskeletal integrity is also controlled by the redox state of cells. therefore, we have evaluated whether an oxidative imbalance could be involved in the toxin-induced cytopathic effects. our results indicate that both toxins induce ... | 1999 | 10403388 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea after short term vaginal administration of clindamycin. | a 32-yr-old woman developed frequent watery diarrhea with occult blood after 3 days treatment with clindamycin vaginal cream. clostridium difficile toxin was demonstrated in stool samples and was considered the cause of an antibiotic-associated diarrhea. no other antibiotic was used at least 3 months before the start of diarrhea. to our knowledge, antibiotic-associated diarrhea after vaginal application has previously been reported only once. | 1999 | 10406271 |
| ["second look" at cytotoxin b of clostridium difficile in the course of diarrhea associated with antibiotic therapy]. | clostridium difficile is a sporulated obligate anaerobe responsible for most cases of antibiotic-associated colitis, for 15 to 25% of cases of antibiotic-related diarrhea, and for a substantial proportion of nosocomial infections. the most important laboratory test for the diagnosis of c. difficile infection is examination of the stool for c. difficile toxins a and/or b. detection of cytotoxin b using the direct cytotoxicity assay (d-ca) is the gold standard test. whether routine isolation of th ... | 1999 | 10418011 |
| [susceptibility of clostridium difficile to metronidazole using the e-test: effect of the culture medium]. | the treatment of intestinal clostridium difficile infections rests on administration of either a glycopeptide or metronidazole. given the current shifts in resistance patterns of anaerobes to antimicrobials, a study of the susceptibility of c. difficile to metronidazole was timely. the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the culture medium on the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of metronidazole as determined using the e-test. thirty-one strains were grown on three dif ... | 1999 | 10418031 |
| the actin-based motility of intracellular listeria monocytogenes is not controlled by small gtp-binding proteins of the rho- and ras-subfamilies. | in this study, we analyzed whether the actin-based motility of intracellular listeria monocytogenes is controlled by the small gtp-binding proteins of the rho- and ras-subfamilies. these signalling proteins are key regulatory elements in the control of actin dynamics and their activity is essential for the maintenance of most cellular microfilament structures. we used the clostridium difficile toxins tcdb-10463 and tcdb-1470 to specifically inactivate these gtp-binding proteins. treatment of euk ... | 1999 | 10418138 |
| clostridium difficile and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea--importance of c. difficile for the nephrologist. | 1999 | 10069176 | |
| monocytic cell necrosis is mediated by potassium depletion and caspase-like proteases. | apoptosis is a physiological cell death that culminates in mitochondrial permeability transition and the activation of caspases, a family of cysteine proteases. necrosis, in contrast, is a pathological cell death characterized by swelling of the cytoplasm and mitochondria and rapid plasma membrane disruption. necrotic cell death has long been opposed to apoptosis, but it now appears that both pathways involve mitochondrial permeability transition, raising the question of what mediates necrotic c ... | 1999 | 10070000 |
| [choice of antibiotics in diarrhea due to clostridium difficile]. | 1999 | 10074847 | |
| neurotensin is a proinflammatory neuropeptide in colonic inflammation. | the neuropeptide neurotensin mediates several intestinal functions, including chloride secretion, motility, and cellular growth. however, whether this peptide participates in intestinal inflammation is not known. toxin a, an enterotoxin from clostridium difficile, mediates pseudomembranous colitis in humans. in animal models, toxin a causes an acute inflammatory response characterized by activation of sensory neurons and intestinal nerves and immune cells of the lamina propria. here we show that ... | 1999 | 10079105 |
| how intestinal bacteria cause disease. | an improved understanding of how intestinal bacteria cause disease has become increasingly important because of the emergence of new enteric pathogens, increasing threats of drug resistance, and a growing awareness of their importance in malnutrition and diarrhea. reviewed here are the varied ways that intestinal bacteria cause disease, which provide fundamental lessons about microbial pathogenesis as well as cell signaling. following colonization, enteric pathogens may adhere to or invade the e ... | 1999 | 10081504 |
| the role of local actin instability in axon formation. | the role of localized instability of the actin network in specifying axonal fate was examined with the use of rat hippocampal neurons in culture. during normal neuronal development, actin dynamics and instability polarized to a single growth cone before axon formation. consistently, global application of actin-depolymerizing drugs and of the rho-signaling inactivator toxin b to nonpolarized cells produced neurons with multiple axons. moreover, disruption of the actin network in one individual gr ... | 1999 | 10082468 |
| antibiotic administration in patients undergoing common surgical procedures in a community teaching hospital: the chaos continues. | the influence of recently published guidelines by the surgical infection society (sis) on current surgical practice are not well documented. the appropriateness of antibiotic administration in a cohort of surgical patients undergoing elective and emergency surgery in a department of surgery in an urban, community-based, private, 560-bed teaching hospital was retrospectively reviewed. the following were the criteria defining administration as appropriate as modified from sis guidelines: prophylac ... | 1999 | 10085388 |
| minimizing the threat of c. difficile. | 1999 | 10085882 | |
| [pseudomembranous colitis (clostridium difficile infection)]. | 1999 | 10088328 | |
| pseudomembranous colitis: causes and cures. | clostridium difficile is the most common nosocomial pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract and has increased in frequency over time. typical symptoms of c. difficile infection include diarrhea, which is usually nonbloody, or colitis associated with severe abdominal pain, fever and/or gross or occult blood in the stools. pseudomembranous colitis (pmc), the severest form of this disease, occurs as a result of a severe inflammatory response to the c. difficile toxins. this review focuses on pmc, as ... | 1999 | 10095149 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease. implications for midwifery practice. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), a gastrointestinal infection with a wide range of manifestations whose primary symptom is diarrhea, occurs when antibiotic medications, or rarely other drugs or conditions, disrupt the normal colonic microflora, making it susceptible to the growth of toxigenic c difficile. it is a significant nosocomial infection and an increased incidence has been noted in recent years. although infrequently seen in midwifery practices, it does occur and may incr ... | 1999 | 10063221 |
| evaluation of microbicidal activity of a new disinfectant: sterilox 2500 against clostridium difficile spores, helicobacter pylori, vancomycin resistant enterococcus species, candida albicans and several mycobacterium species. | the microbicidal activity of a new disinfectant sterilox, a super-oxidized water, containing a mixture of oxidizing substances, was tested against clostridium difficile spores, helicobacter pylori, vancomycin resistant enterococcus species, candida albicans and several mycobacterium species using membrane filters. all tests were performed in duplicate with and without added horse serum at 1% and 5% v/v. distilled water, 0.35% peracetic acid (nu-cidex) and 2% glutaraldehyde were included as contr ... | 1999 | 10063471 |
| rapid detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile from stool samples by a nested pcr of toxin b gene. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is the aetiologic agent of most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. the present standard method for c. difficile diagnosis is a cytotoxicity assay, performed on human fibroblast cultures. it is time consuming and requires special facilities. a nested-pcr assay detecting toxin b gene within a few hours was designed. one hundred and two stool samples were collected during four months. all samples were processed for toxin b-pcr, cul ... | 1999 | 10063477 |
| participation of reactive oxygen metabolites in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis in rats. | reactive oxygen metabolites (roms) contribute to the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammation. our aim was to ascertain the involvement of roms in experimental ileitis in rats produced by toxin a of clostridium difficile. intraluminal toxin a caused a significant increase in hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide production by ileal microsomes starting 1 h following toxin exposure and peaking at 2-3 h, and this was inhibited by pretreatment with dmso, a rom scavenger, or superoxide dismutase ( ... | 1999 | 9950823 |
| atypical presentation of clostridium difficile colitis in patients with cystic fibrosis. | objective: this report describes the unusual presentation of clostridium difficile colitis in five patients with cystic fibrosis and the role of ct in first suggesting the correct diagnosis in this group of patients. because of the absence of watery diarrhea and the presence of abdominal bloating and decreased stooling, cystic fibrosis patients with c. difficile colitis will be treated for stool impaction, meconium ileus equivalent, or distal intestinal obstruction syndrome. ct of the abdomen, p ... | 1999 | 9930816 |
| clostridium difficile: a survey of fecal carriage in cats in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. | fecal samples collected from 245 cats over a 6-month period were analyzed for the presence of clostridium difficile. after culture on selective media, isolates were identified by a latex agglutination test, and the presence of toxin a and toxin b gene sequences was determined by polymerase chain reaction. clostridium difficile was isolated from 23 (9.4%) of the cats, and 34.8% of that group were colonized with toxigenic strains. all of the cats colonized with toxigenic c. difficile had > or = 1 ... | 1999 | 9925212 |
| association of clostridium difficile with enterocolitis and lactose intolerance in a foal. | diagnoses of clostridium difficile enterocolitis and lactose intolerance were made in a neonatal foal with persistent diarrhea. it was determined that the foal had lactose intolerance on the basis of the results of a lactose tolerance test, and a diagnosis of c difficile enterocolitis was subsequently made. the foal responded to oral administration of metronidazole and lactase. lactose intolerance is a secondary problem most commonly associated with rotavirus infection, but it can be caused by a ... | 1999 | 9926015 |
| differing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea between an oncology ward and a general medicine ward. | 1999 | 9927258 | |
| recurrent clostridium difficile disease: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. | to describe the epidemiology, diagnosis, risk factors, patient impact, and treatment strategies for recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 1999 | 9927265 |
| [clostridium difficile as an inducer of inflammatory diarrhea]. | clostridium difficile has been pointed out as an important agent of diarrheal diseases associated with antibiotic use. however, due to its complexity, the physiopathology of these diseases is only partially elucidated, although a series of scientific works has demonstrated the importance of toxins a and b in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory diarrhea induced by this microorganism. the inflammatory mechanisms involved in the biological activities of these toxins are complex. there are some stu ... | 1999 | 9927825 |
| pcr targeted to the 16s-23s rrna gene intergenic spacer region of clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different pcr ribotypes. | a reference library of types of clostridium difficile has been constructed by pcr ribotyping isolates (n = 2,030) from environmental (n = 89), hospital (n = 1,386), community practitioner (n = 395), veterinary (n = 27), and reference (n = 133) sources. the library consists of 116 distinct types identified on the basis of differences in profiles generated with pcr primers designed to amplify the 16s-23s rrna gene intergenic spacer region. isolates from 55% of infections in hospitals in the united ... | 1999 | 9889244 |
| bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains c difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. | bovine immunoglobulin concentrate (bic)-clostridium difficile is prepared from the colostrum of cows immunised against c difficile toxins and contains high concentrations of neutralising igg antitoxin. | 1999 | 9895380 |
| serum antitoxin antibodies mediate systemic and mucosal protection from clostridium difficile disease in hamsters. | clostridium difficile is the bacterial pathogen identified as the cause of pseudomembranous colitis and is principally responsible for nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. the pathologic findings associated with this infection are believed to be caused by two large (approximately 300-kda) exotoxins, toxins a and b. because of the mucosal nature of this infection, vaccination strategies aimed at providing prophylactic or therapeutic immune protection have included immunization b ... | 1999 | 9916055 |
| monocyte adherence induced by lipopolysaccharide involves cd14, lfa-1, and cytohesin-1. regulation by rho and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. | mechanisms regulating lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced adherence to intercellular adhesion molecule (icam)-1 were examined using thp-1 cells transfected with cd14-cdna (thp-1wt). thp-1wt adherence to icam-1 was lps dose-related, time-dependent, and inhibited by antibodies to either cd14 or leukocyte function associated antigen (lfa)-1, but was independent of any change in the number of surface expressed lfa-1 molecules. a potential role for phosphatidylinositol (pi) 3-kinase (pi 3-kinase) in lps ... | 1999 | 9873050 |
| saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits the effects of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in human colonic mucosa. | saccharomyces boulardii is a nonpathogenic yeast used in the treatment of clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. we have reported that s. boulardii inhibits c. difficile toxin a enteritis in rats by releasing a 54-kda protease which digests the toxin a molecule and its brush border membrane (bbm) receptor (i. castagliuolo, j. t. lamont, s. t. nikulasson, and c. pothoulakis, infect. immun. 64:5225-5232, 1996). the aim of this study was to further evaluate the role of s. boulardii protease in ... | 1999 | 9864230 |
| should all stool specimens be routinely tested for clostridium difficile? | objective: to determine the frequency with which clostridium difficile was detected in stool specimens from outpatients and patients hospitalized for less than 4 days to assess the usefulness of routine laboratory screening for detecting this enteric pathogen. methods: seven hundred and forty-one specimens from 398 patients were cultured over a 6-month period for salmonella, shigella, yersinia, escherichia coli o157:h7, campylobacter and clostridium difficile. clostridium difficile culture-posit ... | 1999 | 11856253 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile by e test. | the in vitro inhibitory activity of 11 antimicrobials against 44 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile was investigated. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined using e test. metronidazole (mic90 0.38 microg/ml), teicoplanin (mic90 0.75 microg/ml) and vancomycin (mic90 1.0 microg/ml) were very active against the isolates examined, whereas, resistance to imipenem, cefoxitin, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin was found in most of the tested strains. we concluded that teicoplanin ... | 1999 | 11561576 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis] | objective: to alert about the pseudomembranous colitis in children, a consequence of the use of antibiotics. methods: this report is the result of the clinical follow-up of a patient with chronic diarrhea after the use of several antibiotics. the bibliography was obtained through medline system. results: case report of a girl two years and seven months old, previously healthy, with a clinical picture of chronic diarrhea with dysenteric characteristics after the use of antibiotics, associated wit ... | 1999 | 14685502 |
| nosocomial diarrhoea. | toroviruses have been reported as a new cause of nosocomial viral diarrhoea, and the role of astroviruses has been further elucidated. polymerase chain reaction methods promise to improve the diagnosis and understanding of the aetiology and control of hospital-acquired viral gastroenteritis. a clearer picture of the impact and extent of clostridium difficile diarrhoea has emerged, and several control measures have been described. an epidemic clostridium difficile strain and toxin a-deficient str ... | 1999 | 17035796 |
| small intestinal pathology. | during the past year, important studies on various mechanisms of small bowel disease have been reported. the section on enterocyte function evaluates studies on hypoxia and apoptosis. many of the studies of small intestinal epithelia use as models t84 cells. when these cells are referred to as intestinal cells, it may be in a general sense. this may be of relevance in permeability studies because the transepithelial resistance of t84 cells is on the order of 1000 to 2000 ohm.cm, much higher than ... | 1999 | 17023934 |
| differential yield of pathogens from stool testing of nosocomial versus community-acquired paediatric diarrhea. | to evaluate the role of routine stool examination for all pathogens in paediatric nosocomial diarrhea (nad) and community-acquired diarrhea (cad) over a two-year period at alberta children's hospital and current practices in other canadian hospitals. a secondary objective was to characterize features that may predict nad or cad etiology. | 1999 | 22346400 |
| diarrhea recurrence in patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: role of concurrent antibiotics. | to monitor prospectively patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cad) in a six hundred bed tertiary care hospital to determine which factors influenced the recurrence of the diarrhea. | 1999 | 22346388 |
| empyema caused by clostridium difficile. | extraintestinal infections of clostridium difficile are rare and often associated with underlying disorders. a case of empyema caused by aspiration of c difficile in a patient with carcinoid syndrome and c difficile colitis is described. | 1999 | 22346383 |
| gastrointestinal infections in children. | new pathogens that cause gastroenteritis in children are being recognized. even well-recognized pathogens, such as clostridium difficile, may require more extensive testing than was previously thought necessary. several new tests have emerged that allow for faster identification of these pathogens so that same-day results may be possible. probiotic therapy has emerged as a novel strategy for the treatment of gastroenteritis. new vaccines against both viral and bacterial causes of gastroenteritis ... | 2000 | 17024014 |
| treatment of gastrointestinal infections. | treatment of gastrointestinal infections continues to be complicated by expanding resistance to antibiotics. this has led to both new antibiotic treatments and to research on alternative therapies. in the case of clostridium difficile colitis, interesting preliminary results have been obtained with both probiotic therapy and passive immunization strategies. the newer macrolides were found to be effective for multidrug-resistant salmonella typhi and safe in the pediatric population. the efficacy ... | 2000 | 17024016 |
| in vitro activity of an evernimicin derivative, sch27899, against anaerobic bacteria and propionibacterium acnes. | the in vitro activity of sch27899, a novel oligosaccharide antimicrobial agent, was compared with those of representatives of six classes of antimicrobial agents (piperacillin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, sitafloxacin and metronidazole) against clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria and propionibacterium acnes. against peptostreptococcus: spp. and clostridium difficile, sch27899 was the most potent (mic(90) < 0.125 mg/l) of the agents examined. besides these gram-positive anaerobes ... | 2000 | 10980176 |
| [up-to-date clinical and experimental basis for the use of probiotics] | objective: to evaluate the potential of probiotics or biotherapeutic agents for the prevention and/or treatment of selected intestinal infections. methods: medline database was searched for all relevant articles between 1990 and february 1998. bibliographies of articles were also used. all animal experiments and placebo-controlled human studies were reviewed in order to provide information on the mechanisms of action, potential efficacy, or adverse effects of these biotherapeutic agents. results ... | 2000 | 14676925 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in older adults in long-term facilities and the community: do their outcomes differ? | to determine if older adults from long-term care facilities (ltcf) have a greater risk of death than older people in the community after the development of clostridium difficile (cd) colitis during hospitalization. | 2000 | 12818032 |
| minimizing the threat of c. difficile. | learn the signs and symptoms of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), outline infection control measures to help stop its spread and review treatment regimens. | 2000 | 15127529 |
| factors associated with nosocomial diarrhea and clostridium difficile-associated disease on the adult wards of an urban tertiary care hospital. | a prospective survey of the adult inpatient population of an urban tertiary care hospital was conducted to determine factors associated with the development of nosocomial diarrhea and the acquisition of clostridium difficile-associated disease. during the 3-month survey, 98 patients with nosocomial diarrhea were enrolled, and 38 controls were recruited. the controls were patients without diarrhea lying in beds adjacent to the affected patients. factors significantly associated with nosocomial di ... | 2000 | 11699546 |
| clostridium difficile infection: risk factors, medical and surgical management. | clostridium difficile has become recognized as a cause of nosocomial infection which may progress to a fulminant disease. | 2000 | 11279333 |
| [intestinal flora of patients with suspected antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad). i. clostridium perfringens]. | stool samples of 158 patients suspected of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) were studied. toxin a of c. difficile and enterotoxin of c. perfringens were detected in stool samples by immunoenzymatic assays and pcr. in 35 stool samples toxin a of c. difficile was detected and in 48 cases (30%) c. difficile strains were cultured from 21 stool samples (13%). the presence of the cpe gene of c. perfringens, enabling the production of enterotoxin, could not be detected by pcr, both in stool sample ... | 2000 | 11286179 |
| co-morbidity, not age predicts adverse outcome in clostridium difficile colitis. | aim:to examine whether age alone or co-morbidity is a risk factor for death in older adults who developed clostridium difficile (cd) colitis during hospitalization.methods:a retrospective, observational study design was performed in our lady of mercy medical center,a 650-bed, urban, community-based, university-affiliated teaching hospital. 121 patients with a positive diagnosis of cd colitis (aged 23-97 years) were studied, and data pertinent to demographic variables, medical history, co-morbidi ... | 2000 | 11819556 |
| non-antibiotic therapy for clostridium difficile infection. | treatment of clostridium difficile infection with metronidazole or vancomycin is successful in the majority of cases, but relapse occurs in 15% to 20% of patients, and in some the infection can remain chronic for months or years. the use of non-antibiotic therapies for this infection is theoretically attractive, as they would enable the normal colonic microflora to be reconstituted which is a requirement for permanent eradication of this pathogen. over the past decade a number of non-antibiotic ... | 2000 | 11964789 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea - the new scourge of the health care facility. | 2000 | 18159261 | |
| low prevalence of vre gastrointestinal colonization of hospitalized patients in manitoba tertiary care and community hospitals. | to determine the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) bowel colonization in hospitalized patients in manitoba who had stool specimens collected for clostridium difficile toxin and/or culture testing. | 2000 | 18159264 |
| clostridial enterocolitis. | equine clostridial enterocolitis is being recognized with increasing frequency. it has been identified in foals with diarrhea, antibiotic-associated enterocolitis, or nosocomial enterocolitis. the sporadic occurrence of clostridial enterocolitis, the variety of types of clostridia involved, and the difficulty of experimentally reproducing the disease suggest that it is a poorly defined multifactorial syndrome. the risk factors associated with susceptibility to colonization and progressive infect ... | 2000 | 11219344 |
| clostridium difficile infections in hiv-positive patients. | the prevalence of clostridium difficile infections in hiv-positive patients with regard to the presence of its enterotoxin was investigated. enzyme immunoassay (eia, meridian diagnostic inc) was used for the detection of c. difficile enterotoxin in stool specimens collected from 201 hiv-positive and 271 hiv-negative diarrheal patients. culture was performed on cycloserine cefoxitin fructose agar. chromosomal dna types of c. difficile isolates were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ( ... | 2000 | 11289016 |
| bovine milk antibodies for health. | the immunoglobulins of bovine colostrum provide the major antimicrobial protection against microbial infections and confer a passive immunity to the newborn calf until its own immune system matures. the concentration in colostrum of specific antibodies against pathogens can be raised by immunising cows with these pathogens or their antigens. immune milk products are preparations made of such hyperimmune colostrum or antibodies enriched from it. these preparations can be used to give effective sp ... | 2000 | 11242458 |
| [role of the microbiology laboratory in the diagnosis of nosocomial diarrhea]. | diarrhea that occurs in hospitalized patients is frequent and may be due to infectious or noninfectious causes. in adults with nosocomial diarrhea, the most commonly detected agent is clostridium difficile; in children, rotaviruses are predominant. various studies have shown that bacterial enteric pathogens (e.g. salmonella spp., shigella spp., campylobacter spp...) or parasites are common causes of community-acquired diarrhea but rarely cause nosocomial enteritis. stool cultures for these patho ... | 2000 | 11244602 |
| [epidemiology, risk factors and prevention of clostridium difficile nosocomial infections]. | clostridium difficile is responsible for 10-25% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and for virtually all cases of antibiotic-associated pseudo-membranous colitis (pmc). this anaerobic spore-forming bacterium has been identified as the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in adults. pathogenesis relies on a disruption of the normal bacterial flora of the colon, a colonization by c. difficile and the release of toxins a and b that cause mucosal damage and inflammation. inc ... | 2000 | 11244603 |
| [nosocomial diarrhea in adults due to microorganisms other than clostridium difficile]. | nosocomial diarrhea of the adult is to the largest extend caused by clostridium difficile. however, one must not underestimate the importance of other bacteria such as salmonella or shigella, which are most common in developing countries. other viruses and parasites can equally be responsible for causing such infections. | 2000 | 11244604 |
| [pediatric nosocomial diarrhea]. | nosocomial diarrhea are an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. rotavirus has been recognized as the most important cause of nosocomial gastroenteritidis particularly in infants during winter months. nosocomial diarrhea are also, caused by bacterial pathogen like clostridium difficile, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter. clostridium difficile toxin assay should be considered for patients who are receiving antibiotics. modifications of hygiene procedures and preventive measures ... | 2000 | 11244605 |
| clostridium difficile toxin and faecal lactoferrin assays in adult patients. | clostridium difficile is the primary aetiological agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. the faecal lactoferrin (fl) assay is a simple in vitro test which is highly sensitive to the presence of a marker of polymorphonuclear cells. we evaluated the use of the fl assay in conjunction with the c. difficile toxin assay in faecal samples obtained from 231 adult patients. the relationship between c. difficile toxin and fl in both negative and positive status was highly significant statistically (p ... | 2000 | 11165926 |
| comparison of the e test to the reference agar dilution method for antibiotic susceptibility testing of clostridium difficile. | 2000 | 11168094 | |
| postpartum clostridium sordellii infection associated with fatal toxic shock syndrome. | clostridium bacteria are anaerobic gram positive spore-form-ing bacilli, known to cause distinct clinical syndromes such as botulism, tetanus, pseudomembranous colitis and myonecrosis. the natural habitats of clostridium species are soil, water and the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans. in 5-10% of all women, clostridium species are also found to be normal inhabitants in the microbial flora of the female genital tract. in case of a non-sexually transmitted genital tract infection, clo ... | 2000 | 11130102 |
| clostridium difficile toxins a and b can alter epithelial permeability and promote bacterial paracellular migration through ht-29 enterocytes. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b are the widely recognized etiologic agents of antibiotic-associated diseases ranging from diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. we hypothesized that c. difficile toxins may alter intestinal epithelial permeability and facilitate bacterial penetration of the intestinal epithelial barrier. experiments were designed to clarify the effects of c. difficile toxins a and b on the flux of inert particles across ht-29 enterocyte monolayers, and to correlate these resu ... | 2000 | 11131913 |
| therapeutic efficacy of oral lactobacillus preparation for antibiotic-associated enteritis in guinea pigs. | enteritis is a potential complication of antimicrobial agent use, particularly in certain species of rodents. the organism most frequently implicated in this disease is clostridium difficile. anecdotal information suggests that administration of yogurt or other lactobacillus-containing products in conjunction with antimicrobial agents will prevent or minimize the effects of antibiotic-associated enteritis. we wanted to determine whether a single subcutaneous injection of clindamycin phosphate co ... | 2000 | 11178313 |
| regulation of intercellular tight junctions by zonula occludens toxin and its eukaryotic analogue zonulin. | the intestinal epithelium represents the largest interface between the external environment and the internal host milieu and constitutes the major barrier through which molecules can either be absorbed or secreted. there is now substantial evidence that tight junctions (tj) play a major role in regulating epithelial permeability by influencing paracellular flow of fluid and solutes. tj are one of the hallmarks of absorptive and secretory epithelia. evidence now exists that tj are dynamic rather ... | 2000 | 11193578 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxins on epithelial cell barrier. | clostridium difficile is the primary agent responsible for many patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and almost all patients with pseudomembranous colitis following antibiotic therapy. c. difficile infection is the most frequent form of colitis in hospitals and nursing homes and affects millions of patients in the united states and abroad. the first event in the pathogenesis of c. difficile infection involves alterations of the indigenous colonic microflora by antibiotics, followed by co ... | 2000 | 11193598 |