Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| stabilization of short collagen-like triple helices by protein engineering. | recombinant expression of collagens and fragments of collagens is often difficult, as their biosynthesis requires specific post-translational enzymes, in particular prolyl 4-hydroxylase. although the use of hydroxyproline-deficient variants offers one possibility to overcome this difficulty, these proteins usually differ markedly in stability when compared with the hydroxyproline-containing analogs. here, we report a method to stabilize collagen-like peptides by fusing them to the n terminus of ... | 2001 | 11352592 |
| rearrangement of structured rna via branch migration structures catalysed by the highly related dead-box proteins p68 and p72. | rna helicases, like their dna-specific counterparts, can function as processive enzymes, unwinding rna with a defined step size in a unidirectional fashion. recombinant nuclear dead-box protein p68 and its close relative p72 are reported here to function in a similar fashion, though the processivity of both rna helicases appears to be limited to only a few consecutive catalytic steps. the two proteins resemble each other also with regard to other biochemical properties. we have found that both p ... | 2001 | 11353078 |
| a selenium-containing catalytic antibody with type i deiodinase activity. | acting as a mimic of type i deiodinase (di), a selenium-containing catalytic antibody (se-4c5) prepared by converting the serine residues of monoclonal antibody 4c5 raised against thyroxine (t4) into selenocysteines, can catalyze the deiodination of t(4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (t(3)) with dithiothreitol (dtt) as cosubstrate. investigations into the deiodinative reaction by se-4c5 revealed the relationship between the initial velocity and substrate concentration was subjected to michaelis-men ... | 2001 | 11355872 |
| estradiol up-regulates antiapoptotic bcl-2 messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in tumorigenic ovarian surface epithelium cells. | most epithelial ovarian tumors appear to arise from the ovarian surface epithelium (ose). even though it has been suggested that estrogen may be associated with ovarian tumorigenesis, the exact role of estrogen in the regulation of apoptosis in neoplastic ose cells remains uncertain. immortalized ose (iose) cell lines were generated from human normal ose. these cell lines represent early neoplastic (iose-29), tumorigenic (iose-29ec), and late neoplastic (iose-29ec/t4 and iose-29ec/t5) transforma ... | 2001 | 11356682 |
| [epidemiological survey for hemolytic streptococci isolated from children in tokyo]. | during the 20-year period between 1979-1998, a total of 4,176 strains of hemolytic streptococci have been isolated from 20,118 healthy primary school children and little children in tokyo metropolitan (tokubetsuku, tama and tosho). culture of throat swabs every november and the following february during the 20-year period were made and serological grouping and typing for isolates were done by t agglutination method. the results were as follows. 1) serological group of hemolytic streptococci isol ... | 2001 | 11357322 |
| scintigraphic evaluation of primary congenital hypothyroidism: results of the greek screening program. | the greek screening program for primary congenital hypothyroidism was initiated in 1979. by early 2000, thyrotropin measurements had been performed in 1,976,719 newborns, using dried blood spots obtained by heel prick. among these children, 584 were diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism (incidence: 1/3,384 births) and were given l-thyroxine (l-t4) replacement therapy. in order to further evaluate and classify the children as having either an aplastic (at) or an ectopic thyroid gland (et) or a ... | 2001 | 11357505 |
| soluble e-cadherin is a valid prognostic marker in gastric carcinoma. | gastric cancer remains a major cause of cancer mortality globally but no good prognostic tumour marker is available. soluble fragment of e-cadherin protein has been reported to increase in the sera of patients with cancer and recently was found to be elevated in 67% of patients with gastric cancer. | 2001 | 11358900 |
| reversal of lidocaine with epinephrine epidural anesthesia using epidural saline washout. | prolonged motor and sensory block following epidural anesthesia can be associated with extended postoperative care unit stays and patient dissatisfaction. previous studies have demonstrated a more rapid motor recovery following the administration of epidural crystalloids in patients who had received plain bupivacaine and lidocaine epidural anesthesia. however, epinephrine is commonly added to local anesthetics to improve the quality and prolong the duration of the epidural block. the objective o ... | 2001 | 11359224 |
| tt virus (ttv) loads associated with different peripheral blood cell types and evidence for ttv replication in activated mononuclear cells. | tt virus (ttv) loads associated with the peripheral blood cells of seven patients known to carry the virus in plasma were investigated by real-time pcr. whereas red cells/platelets were uniformly negative, six and four patients yielded positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, respectively, but viral titres were generally low. fractionation of pbmcs into monocyte- and b, t4, and t8 lymphocyte-enriched subpopulations showed no pattern in the viral loads ... | 2001 | 11360252 |
| effect of exogenous thyroid-stimulating hormone on thyroid papillary carcinoma cells in tissue culture. | to determine the prognostic value of thyroid suppression therapy in patients with thyroid carcinoma, we studied the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) on the morphology, proliferation rate, and the t3, t4 production rate of primary thyroid carcinoma cells in culture. | 2001 | 11360310 |
| proliferative capacity in head and neck cancer. | shortening of overall treatment time (accelerated radiotherapy) appears to result in an increase of the efficacy of irradiation. in this study, we compared the proliferative capacity between tumors originating in different sites of the head and neck region. tumors with a large proliferating capacity might, theoretically, benefit most from accelerated radiotherapy. | 2001 | 11360311 |
| [prescription of thyroid function tests in adults as a function of clinical circumstances and of patient management]. | a group of experts composed of clinicians and biologists in 7 university hospitals in the aquitaine and paris regions working within the framework of the coordination committee for clinical evaluation and quality in aquitaine (ccecqa) have developed prescription guidelines for thyroid function tests to be performed in adults. the goal was to determine strategies for prescribing thyroid hormones (t3 and t4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh) to screen for thyroid function disorders and follow ... | 2001 | 11360733 |
| effect of climate on the seasonal endocrine profile of native and crossbred sheep under semi-arid conditions. | thirty-four 2-year-old ewes, of which 17 were native (chokla) and 17 were avivastra (chokla 67.5% x 32.5% rambouillet) breeds of similar body weights, were selected. both groups were maintained under the same management conditions with 8 hours daily grazing. in addition to grazing, each ewe received 300 g/day of a concentrate mixture comprising crude protein 20% and 70% total digestible nutrients. the ewes of both breeds were not mated during the study. the daily environmental parameters were re ... | 2001 | 11360802 |
| effect of pre- and post-partum feed supplementation on the productive and reproductive performance of grazing primiparous brahman cows. | this experiment studied the combined effect of pre- and post-calving feed supplementation on the productive and reproductive performance of primiparous brahman cows. the animals were 4 years old (420 kg live weight) and pregnant, and grazed rotationally on stargrass (cynodon nlemfuensis) pastures. supplementation was given before and after (t1, n = 15), only before (t2, n = 15) or only after (t3, n = 16) calving, and there was an unsupplemented control (t4, n = 16). the supplement (1.5 kg/animal ... | 2001 | 11360803 |
| functional analysis of the phage t4 holin in a lambda context. | phage lambda hybrids were constructed by inserting the t gene of phage t4 in place of the lambda holin gene, s. induction of the hybrid phage resulted in lysis that was just as abrupt as, but occurred much earlier in the vegetative cycle than, that obtained with lambda, indicating that t is indeed a holin gene. moreover, it was possible to impose lysis inhibition (lin) on induction of the hybrid phage, but not of the parental lambda phage, by superinfection with lin-competent t4. the imposition ... | 2001 | 11361346 |
| endoscopic cryosurgery of the thyroid and parathyroid. | in this study we looked at the efficacy of cryosurgery for thyroid and parathyroid tissue ablation in the porcine model. an endoscopic neck approach was successfully used in six 25 kg pigs. t4, free t4 and calcium serum levels were measured pre- and post-operatively. gross and histologic examination of the glands and surrounding tissue were performed on postoperative day 40. postoperative t4, free t4 and calcium levels were not significantly different from preoperative values. gross examination ... | 2001 | 16753998 |
| [dysthyroidism after 60 years of age]. | this work has been conducted on 162 subjects, aged over 60 years, living in senegal, investigated in the departement of biophysics and nuclear medecine of dakar for suspicion of dysthyroidism. the levels of t3, t4 and tsh us hormones were determined by a radio-immunological method. this technique, exhibiting good functionnal sensitivity and its high specificity, is likely to be beneficial to the diagnosis of dysthyroidisms. besides, this experiment leads us to consider that the dosage of tsh rem ... | 2001 | 15773172 |
| subclinical thyroid disease in patients with parkinson's disease. | the objective of this study was to determine whether hypothyroidism is more common in parkinson patients than in a control group without parkinson, as suggested in the past. we performed a retrospective file review of all admissions to the geriatric ward during a 1-year period. concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh) and thyroxine (t4) from 92 parkinson patients were compared with those of 225 randomly selected controls from the same ward. hypothyroidism was not found to be more comm ... | 2001 | 15374026 |
| common buffers, media, and stock solutions. | this appendix describes the preparation of selected bacterial media and of buffers and reagents used in the manipulation of nucleic acids and proteins. recipes for cell culture media and reagents are located elsewhere in the manual. recipes: acids, concentrated stock solutions; ammonium acetate, 10 m; ammonium hydroxide, concentrated stock solution; atp, 100 mm; bcip, 5% (w/v); bsa (bovine serum albumin), 10% (100 mg/ml); denhardt solution, 100x; dntps: datp, dttp, dctp, and dgtp; dtt, 1 m; edta ... | 2001 | 18428217 |
| enzymatic labeling of dna. | this appendix describes the preparation of uniformly labeled radioactive probes by nick translation and random oligonucleotide-primed synthesis, as well as the end-labeling of oligonucleotides by t4 polynucleotide kinase. accompanying these protocols are methods for removing unincorporated dntp precursors with spin columns and for measuring the specific activity of a probe by acid precipitation. | 2001 | 18428222 |
| construction of small-insert libraries from genomic dna. | construction of small-insert genomic libraries involves ligation of a size-selected insert to vector dna. in this unit, vector dna is prepared by digestion with a restriction endonuclease followed by phosphatase treatment to dephosphorylate the vector ends. insert dna is prepared by complete digestion of dna with a compatible 4-base-cutting restriction endonuclease (e.g., alui, haeiii, rsai, or sau3a), as such frequently cutting endonucleases give the highest fragment number in the desired range ... | 2001 | 18428265 |
| t cell depletion by cytotoxic elimination. | this unit describes the complete removal of t cells from lymphocyte preparations based on the presence of the glycoprotein thy-1 on the cell surface of t lymphocytes. as in unit 3.3, cytotoxic elimination is employed; however, thy-1-specific antibodies are used rather than mhc class ii-specific antibodies so that t cells are eliminated rather than b cells and accessory cells. murine t cells can be further fractionated into subpopulations based on their expression of cell differentiation markers ... | 2001 | 18432789 |
| phosphatases and kinases. | the reaction conditions and applications of two phosphatases and one kinase are described in this unit. bacterial alkaline phosphatase (bap) from e. coli and calf intestine phosphatase (cip) from veal are commonly used in nucleic acid research. both enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of 5'-phosphate residues from dna, rna, and ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. the dephosphorylated products possess 5'-hydroxyl termini which can subsequently be radioactively labeled using [gamma-32p]atp an ... | 2001 | 18265219 |
| dna ligases. | dna ligases catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between juxtaposed 5' phosphate and a 3'-hydroxyl terminus in duplex dna. this activity can repair single-stranded nicks in duplex dna and join duplex dna restriction fragments having either blunt ends or homologous cohesive ends. two ligases are used for nucleic acid research and their reaction conditions and applications are described in this unit: e. coli ligase and t4 ligase. these enzymes differ in two important properties. one is t ... | 2001 | 18265223 |
| rna ligases. | t4 rna ligase, the product of the phage gene 63, is purified from phage-infected cells. it catalyzes the atp-dependent covalent joining of single-stranded 5'-phosphoryl termini of dna or rna to single-stranded 3'-hydroxyl termini of dna or rna. this unit describes specific reaction conditions as well as applications such as radioactive labeling of 3' termini of rna, circularizing deoxy- and ribo-oligonucleotides, ligating oligomers for oligonucleotide synthesis, and stimulating the blunt-end lig ... | 2001 | 18265224 |
| dna-dependent dna polymerases. | this unit presents characteristics and reaction conditions of the dna-dependent dna polymerases, including e. coli dna polymerase i, klenow fragment of e. coli dna polymerase i, t4 dna polymerase, native and modified t7 dna polymerase, and taq dna polymerase. | 2001 | 18265231 |
| testing the efficiency of aerosol containment during cell sorting. | production of droplets and microdroplets (aerosols) is part of the normal operation of a cell sorter. these aerosols may contain toxic, carcinogenic, or teratogenic fluorophores or known or unknown pathogens from viable biological specimens. most newer models of commercially available instruments incorporate features designed to reduce the production of aerosols and prevent their release into the room. this unit presents two protocols for assessment of aerosol containment on jet-in-air flow sort ... | 2001 | 18770706 |
| biocontrol potential of metchnikowia pulcherrima strains against blue mold of apple. | abstract eight strains of metschnikowia pulcherrima isolated over a 4-year period from an unmanaged orchard and selected for their biocontrol activity against blue mold (caused by penicillium expansum) of apples were characterized phenotypically, genetically, and for their biocontrol potential against blue mold on apples. all strains grew well and only differed slightly in their growth in nutrient yeast dextrose broth medium at 1 degrees c after 216 h, but large differences occurred at 0 degrees ... | 2001 | 18943447 |
| [changes in serum t3, t4 and trh contents of hypothalamus induced by hypoxia in rats]. | 2001 | 21171427 | |
| [effect of taurine on thyroid hormone and second messenger in myocardium of rats after exhaustive exercise]. | probe into protective action of taurine against exercise-induced myocardial damage in rats after exhaustive exercise. | 2002 | 21179805 |
| skipping metastasis to mediastinal lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancer: a clinical study on the reasonable extent of dissection. | to elucidate the characteristics and metastastic pattern of skipping mediastinal lymph node metastasis (skipping n2) in non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc), and investigate reasonable extent of lymph node dissection. | 2002 | 21329610 |
| [spinal anesthesia for outpatient pediatric surgery in 1 - 5 years old children with 0.5% isobaric enantiomeric mixture of bupivacaine (s75-r25)]. | commercially available bupivacaine is a racemic mixture of s(-) and r(+) enantiomers. although the s(-) bupivacaine enantiomer is less toxic than r(+) bupivacaine to cardiovascular and central nervous systems, its relative efficacy has not yet been determined in spinal anesthesia for pediatric surgery. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of spinal anesthesia with a 0.5% isobaric mixture of s(-) bupivacaine(75%) + r(+) bupivacaine(25%) in 40 children aged 1 to 5 years scheduled for ... | 2002 | 19479091 |
| [cisatracurium pharmacodynamics in renal transplantation]. | cisatracurium seems to be beneficial, especially for patients with organ dysfunction, due to organ-independent hofmann elimination and a lower trend to histamine release. this study aimed at determining cisatracurium pharmacodynamic profile in renal transplantation. | 2002 | 19479092 |
| [isobaric 0.5% bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in pediatric outpatient surgery of 6 to 12 year old children: a prospective study.]. | spinal anesthesia produces deep intra-operative analgesia in children and, when combined with general anesthesia, decreases perioperative anesthetics and opioids requirements. this prospective study aimed at evaluating clinical characteristics of spinal anesthesia with 0.5% racemic bupivacaine in 40 children, aged 6 to 12 years. | 2002 | 19479104 |
| near-total laryngectomy. | to demonstrate the oncological and physiological safety of near-total laryngectomy (ntl), its versatility for use following extensive resections that necessitate pharyngoplasty, in post radiation recurrences and its success in voice conservation. to highlight the importance of a "maintenance free biological shunt" for voice production in patients of advanced laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers and compare the merits of the same to an artificial shunt created with a tracheo-esophageal puncture and p ... | 2002 | 17585442 |
| the double rib contour sign (drcs) in lateral spinal radiographs: aetiologic implications for scoliosis. | all lateral spinal radiographs in idiopathic scoliosis show a drc sign of the thoracic cage, a radiographic expression of the rib hump. the outline of the convex overlies the contour of the concave ribs. the aim of this study is to assess this drc sign in children with and without late onset idiopathic scoliosis (lois) with 10 degrees -20 degrees cobb angle, and to examine whether in scoliosis the deformity of the thorax or that of the spine develops first. | 2002 | 15456003 |
| intra-operative measurement of vertebral bone strength. | a significant complication of surgical correction of the deformed spine is pull out of the vertebral hooks or screws. this complication can be partly attributed to poor bone stock. currently, there are few methods available for surgeons to assess the mechanical strength and stiffness of the vertebra, and even fewer methods that provide in-vivo measurements. an "upbiter" is often used to form a seat in the lamina for the hook. a typical upbiter was modified and instrumented with strain gauges to ... | 2002 | 15456055 |
| study of the rib cage deformity in children with 10 degrees-20 degrees of cobb angle late onset idiopathic scoliosis, using rib-vertebra angles--aetiologic implications. | the aim of the study is to compare the rib-vertebra angles (rvas) between children with 10 degrees - 20 degrees of cobb angle late onset idiopathic scoliosis (lois) and non-scoliotic children. | 2002 | 15457688 |
| lateral spinal profile in school-screening referrals with and without late onset idiopathic scoliosis 10 degrees-20 degrees. | the aim of this report is a) to study the lateral spinal profile, (lsp), in school-screening referrals with and without late onset idiopathic scoliosis of small curves 10 degrees - 20 degrees cobb angle and b) to validate lsp's aetiological importance in idiopathic scoliosis pathobiomechanics. | 2002 | 15457689 |
| surgical management of a congenital kyphotic deformity in an adolescent. | this is a case of an adolescent with kyphoscoliosis due to congenital partially segmented vertebrae t12, l1, l2 who was treated operatively by a back-front-back, one stage operation. a 16 year old patient neurologically intact with a rounded gibbous in the lower thoracic region and a mild scoliotic element had no other congenital anomaly. his kyphotic deformity was 85 degrees measured with the cobb method. preoperatively, a ct and mri scan of the spine was performed and a three-level anterolater ... | 2002 | 15457775 |
| impact of data encoding and thyroids dysfunctions. | in medical environments it is usual to previously encode some variables following medical criteria. in the context of thyroids dysfunctions, the levels of the hormones t3, t4 or tsh are usually treated as low, normal or high instead of using their numerical form, and this is a very common practice in other items. in medical environments it is also frequent to need a clustering process to analyze data. clus-tering algorithms use always some distance or similarity coefficient to decide which eleme ... | 2002 | 15460743 |
| screening for congenital hypothyroidism in the islamic republic of iran: strategies, obstacles and future perspectives. | the operational feasibility of a congenital hypothyroidism (ch) screening programme was assessed. cord blood spot specimens were collected at seven teheran hospitals and within the damavand district health network. cord thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) levels > or = 20 mu/l were recalled and levothyroxine (l-t4) therapy was started immediately after diagnosis of ch. of 20,107 acceptable specimens, 22 neonates had ch (1:914 births). the recall rate was 1.3%. screening coverage was 90% of live bi ... | 2002 | 15603028 |
| [spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section: rate and management of complications in 110 senegalese parturients]. | the goal of this prospective work is to study the per- and post-operative complications of spinal anaesthesia for cesarean and to evaluate their management. we included in the study all parturients undergoing cesarean section to the maternity of hospital aristide le dantec since december 1998 to march 1999. patients presented contra-indications of spinal anaesthesia, arterial hypertension and/or acute fetal distress were excluded. after a vascular preload of 1000 ml of ringer lactate, a spinal a ... | 2002 | 15776685 |
| [neoajuvant polychemotherapy at the complex treatment of the patients with laryngeal cancer]. | the treatment of 131 patients with t3.4n0m0 laryngeal cancer was performed by radiation and chemoradiation methods. the efficacy was evaluated of by absence of recurrence, by failure incidence and by survival rate. of 131 patients investigated 90 had radiation therapy and 41 - chemoradiation treatment with induction polychemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. among the patients with t3n0m0 laryngeal cancer (n=65) and t4n0m0 (n=25) after radiation therapy 25(38.5 per cent) patients with t ... | 2002 | 16127903 |
| anterior cervicothoracic junction corpectomy and plate fixation without sternotomy. | exposure of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal regions through a cervical incision without sternotomy has been described in cases of anterior decompression and methylmethacrylate vertebral body reconstruction. the use of anterior instrumentation and structural bone grafts in this procedure has not been well described. | 2002 | 16212334 |
| compaction of dna by gemini surfactants: effects of surfactant architecture. | the interaction between bacteriophage t4 dna and cationic gemini surfactants was studied by the use of fluorescence microscopy. upon addition of surfactant, dna undergoes a transition from random coil to globule, with an intermediate coexistence region. the state behavior of a dna-gemini surfactant system was found to depend on spacer length, valency, head group size, and tail length. a series of alkanediyl-alpha,omega-bis-(dimethylalkylammonium bromide) surfactants with fixed tail length and va ... | 2002 | 16290792 |
| concentration effects on adsorption of bacteriophage t4 lysozyme stability variants to silica. | the adsorption kinetics and dodeceyltrimethylammonium bromide-mediated elution of the wild type and two structural stability mutants of bacteriophage t4 lysozyme were recorded in situ, at silica surfaces. experiments were performed at different solution concentrations, ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 mg/ml. plateau values of adsorbed mass generally increased with increasing solution concentration, with the adsorbed layer being only partially eluted by buffer. treatment with surfactant removed more of t ... | 2002 | 16290814 |
| normalization of thyroid hormone levels in patients with either hyper- or hypothyroidism results in a profound change of atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) levels. | atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) is a hormone produced by cardiac atrial myocytes. thyroid hormones may affect its release. the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of hyper and hypothyroidism on the secretion of anp and its relationship with the changes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. plasma anp concentration as well as plasma renin activity (pra) and aldosterone (aldo) were measured in 21 patients with hyperthyroidism, 12 patients with hypothyroidism and 29 normal controls. ... | 2002 | 17110362 |
| effect of thyroid hormones on distension-induced gastric acid and pepsin secretion in rats. | thyroid hormones are known to influence acid and pepsin secretion, though the exact mechanism is not fully understood. in this study, distension-stimulated acid and pepsin secretions in hypo- and hyperthyroid rats were compared with controls. | 2002 | 17146249 |
| pseudohypoparathyroidism type ia and growth hormone deficiency. growth hormone releasing hormone receptor defect? | we report a boy with pseudohypoparathyroidism (php), hypothyroidism and low growth hormone (gh) values with no response to growth hormone releasing hormone (ghrh). he presented at age 17 mo because of developmental delay. he had the typical features (short stature, obesity, round face, brachydactyly) of albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (aho) and the biochemical profile of php; low serum calcium and high phosphate, raised parathormone (pth) values and lack of response of urinary phosphate and ... | 2002 | 17018438 |
| bacteriophage t4 dam dna-[n6-adenine]methyltransferase. kinetic evidence for a catalytically essential conformational change in the ternary complex. | we carried out a steady state kinetic analysis of the bacteriophage t4 dna-[n6-adenine]methyltransferase (t4 dam) mediated methyl group transfer reaction from s-adenosyl-l-methionine (adomet) to ade in the palindromic recognition sequence, gatc, of a 20-mer oligonucleotide duplex. product inhibition patterns were consistent with a steady state-ordered bi-bi mechanism in which the order of substrate binding and product (methylated dna, dna(me) and s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine, adohcy) release was ad ... | 2002 | 11687585 |
| kinetic mechanism of the mg2+-dependent nucleotidyl transfer catalyzed by t4 dna and rna ligases. | the mg(2+)-dependent adenylylation of the t4 dna and rna ligases was studied in the absence of a dna substrate using transient optical absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. the concentrations of mg(2+), atp, and pyrophosphate were systematically varied, and the results led to the conclusion that the nucleotidyl transfer proceeds according to a two-metal ion mechanism. according to this mechanism, only the di-magnesium-coordinated form mg(2)atp(0) reacts with the enzyme forming the covalent c ... | 2002 | 11687591 |
| structural basis for helper t-cell and antibody epitope immunodominance in bacteriophage t4 hsp10. role of disordered loops. | antigen three-dimensional structure potentially limits the access of endoproteolytic processing enzymes to cleavage sites and of class ii major histocompatibility antigen-presenting proteins to helper t-cell epitopes. helper t-cell epitopes in bacteriophage t4 hsp10 have been mapped by restimulation of splenocytes from cba/j and c57bl/6j mice immunized in conjunction with mutant (r192g) heat-labile enterotoxin from escherichia coli. promiscuously immunogenic sequences were associated with unstab ... | 2002 | 11602571 |
| mechanism underlying replication protein a stimulation of dna ligase i. | replication protein a (rpa) is a heterotrimeric single-stranded dna-binding protein that participates in multiple dna transactions that include replication and repair. base excision repair is a central dna repair pathway, responsible for the removal of damaged bases. we have shown previously that rpa was able to stimulate long patch base excision repair reconstituted in vitro. herein we show that human rpa stimulates the activity of the base excision repair component human dna ligase i by approx ... | 2002 | 11698410 |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone in adult euthyroid and hypothyroid horses. | the purpose of this study was to validate a thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) assay in a model of equine hypothyroidism. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) stimulation tests were performed in 12 healthy adult mares and geldings, aged 4 to greater than 20 years. before and during administration of the antithyroid drug propylthiouracil (ptu) for 6 weeks. serum concentrations of equine tsh, total and free thyroxine (t4), and total and free triiodothyronine (t3) were measured. before ptu administra ... | 2002 | 11822799 |
| nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with external radiotherapy, brachytherapy, and concurrent/adjuvant chemotherapy. | the standard treatment for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) has become external beam radiation therapy (ebxrt) 70 gy/7 weeks + 3 cycles of concurrent cisplatin followed by 2 to 3 cycles of adjuvant cisplatin/5-fluorouracil (5-fu). some reports suggest that the addition of low-dose rate brachytherapy to ebxrt also improves local control. to our knowledge, this is the first report of the "triple" combination of ebxrt, brachytherapy, and concurrent/adjuvant chemotherapy. eleven patients trea ... | 2002 | 11823706 |
| structure of the cell-puncturing device of bacteriophage t4. | bacteriophage t4 has a very efficient mechanism for infecting cells. the key component of this process is the baseplate, located at the end of the phage tail, which regulates the interaction of the tail fibres and the dna ejection machine. a complex of gene product (gp) 5 (63k) and gp27 (44k), the central part of the baseplate, is required to penetrate the outer cell membrane of escherichia coli and to disrupt the intermembrane peptidoglycan layer, promoting subsequent entry of phage dna into th ... | 2002 | 11823865 |
| fetal and maternal thyroid hormone responses to ethanol exposure during the third trimester equivalent of gestation in sheep. | abnormal thyroid hormone system function in the mother or fetus during pregnancy can result in brain defects, some of which resemble those found in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. it has been hypothesized that ethanol may act to mediate alcohol-related birth defects in part by altering thyroid hormone system function. we investigated whether a binge pattern of maternal ethanol consumption over the last trimester equivalent of gestation in sheep results in an alteration in fetal or maternal ... | 2002 | 11821654 |
| thoracic epidural anesthesia for cardiac surgery: the effects on tracheal intubation time and length of hospital stay. | improvements in analgesia after major surgery may allow a more rapid recovery and shorter hospital stay. we performed a prospective randomized trial to study the effects of epidural analgesia on the length of hospital stay after coronary artery surgery. the anesthetic technique and postoperative mobilization were altered to facilitate early intensive care discharge and hospital discharge. fifty patients received high (t1 to t4) thoracic epidural anesthesia (tea) with ropivacaine 1% (4-ml bolus, ... | 2002 | 11812684 |
| are lactated ringer's solution and normal saline solution equal with regard to coagulation? | crystalloids represent an attractive strategy to alleviate intravascular volume deficits. crystalloid hemodilution was associated with hypercoagulability in in vitro and in vivo studies. the influence of different crystalloids on coagulation in the surgical patient is not well studied. in a prospective, randomized study in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, we used either lactated ringer's solution (rl) (n = 21) or 0.9% saline solution (ss) (n = 21) exclusively for intravascular volume ... | 2002 | 11812703 |
| thiophilic interaction chromatography facilitates detection of various molecular complexes of prostate-specific antigen in biological fluids. | it is known that total psa values are often greater than the sum total of free-psa (f-psa) and psa-act complex. it is primarily because other psa complexes are present in the patient serum and currently cannot be quantified. our studies were aimed in developing methodology that will permit recovery of all molecular forms of psa from various biological fluids. | 2002 | 11813206 |
| high-throughput analysis of nucleic acid modification reactions using ion-pair reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. | ion-pair reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is presented as a versatile platform for the rapid analysis of nucleic acid modification reactions in a high-throughput manner. this system allows both sensitive and nonradioactive assays to be developed for a variety of nucleic acid modification reactions. examples presented here include assays for telomerase, uracil dna glycosylase, polynucleotide kinase, t4 dna ligase, c5-dna methyltransferases, and the mismatch endonuclease cel i. ... | 2002 | 11814299 |
| biomarkers predictive of lymph node metastases in oral squamous cell carcinoma. | the ability of oral squamous cell carcinoma to metastasize to lymph nodes does not always show a relationship with clinical staging. the aim of this study was to attempt to define a trend for predictive histopathologic and/or molecular biomarkers in the development of nodal metastasis by analyzing 2 clinically extreme groups. | 2002 | 11815908 |
| near-total laryngectomy in advanced cancers of the larynx and pyriform sinus: a comparative study of morbidity and functional and oncological outcomes. | this prospective study, performed from 1991 to 1996, analyzes the differences in oncological safety, functional utility, and surgical morbidity in 14 advanced lesions of the larynx (10 t3 and 4 t4; 7 n+) and 40 pyriform sinus lesions (1 t2, 20t3, and 19 t4; 29 n+) subjected to pearson near-total laryngectomy. the laryngeal cancer patients healed much faster, with a minimal wound complication rate of 28%, in comparison to the 68% rate encountered in the pyriform sinus cases (p < .05). the 3-year ... | 2002 | 11803953 |
| expression of the mta1 mrna in advanced lung cancer. | the mta1 gene is a recently identified metastasis-associated gene which has been implicated in the signal transduction or regulation of gene expression. we examined the mrna expression levels of the mta1, the human homologue of the rat mta1 gene in non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc). expression of mta1 messenger rna was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in 74 non-small cell lung carcinoma samples using lightcycler. the data was analyzed in reference to clinico ... | 2002 | 11804687 |
| fdg-pet in staging and restaging non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: correlation with histopathology. | this study was performed to investigate the utility of fdg-pet for: (1) initial staging, and (2) restaging of the primary and mediastinal nodal lesions 2 weeks after the completion of preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with stage iii non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc). twenty-six patients with histologically confirmed stage iii nsclc were accrued to this study from april 1993 to july 1998. they included 21 with stage iiia (n2) nsclc who were enrolled into an institutional phase ii study, ... | 2002 | 11804691 |
| multiple mechanisms for degradation of bacteriophage t4 soc mrna. | the dmd gene of bacteriophage t4 is required for regulation of mrna stability in a stage-dependent manner during infection. when this gene is mutated, late genes are globally silenced because of rapid degradation of mrnas. to investigate the mechanism of such mrna degradation, we analyzed the late gene soc transcripts. the degradation of soc mrna was remarkably stabilized when its ability to be translated was impaired; either disruption of translation initiation signals or elimination of termina ... | 2002 | 11805040 |
| mutational analysis of the base flipping event found in tn5 transposition. | this work identifies novel structure-function relationships between tn5 transposase (tnp) and its dna recognition sequence. the tn5 tnp-dna co-crystal structure revealed the protein-dna contacts of the post-cleavage complex (davies, d. r., goryshin, i. y., reznikoff, w. s., and rayment, i. (2000) science 289, 77-85). one of the most striking features of this complex is the rotation of thymine 2 (t2) away from the dna helix and into a pocket within the tnp. this interaction appears similar to the ... | 2002 | 11805107 |
| a comparison of computerised tomography, laparoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound in the preoperative staging of oesophago-gastric carcinoma. | introduction and objective: oesophago-gastric carcinoma is associated with a poor prognosis despite advances in diagnosis and treatment. accurate preoperative staging of gastro-oesophageal carcinoma is, therefore, essential in order to determine patient selection for potentially curative resection. the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the role of computerised tomography (ct), laparoscopic ultrasound (lapus) and endoscopic ultrasound (eus) in the staging of oesophago-gastric carcinom ... | 2002 | 11809546 |
| adenovirus targeting to c-erbb-2 oncoprotein by single-chain antibody fused to trimeric form of adenovirus receptor ectodomain. | the use of adenovirus (ad) vectors for cancer gene therapy applications is currently limited by several factors, including broad ad tropism associated with the widespread expression of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (car) in normal human tissues, as well as limited levels of car in tumor cells. to target ad to relevant cell types, we have proposed using soluble car (scar) ectodomain fused with a ligand to block car-dependent native tropism and to simultaneously achieve infection through ... | 2002 | 11809717 |
| padlock oligonucleotides as a tool for labeling superhelical dna. | labeling of a covalently closed circular double-stranded dna was achieved using a so-called 'padlock oligonucleotide'. the oligonucleotide was targeted to a sequence which is present in the replication origin of phage f1 and thus in numerous commonly used plasmids. after winding around the double-stranded target dna sequence by ligand-induced triple helix formation, a biotinylated oligonucleotide was circularized using t4 dna ligase and in this way became catenated to the plasmid. a gel shift as ... | 2002 | 11809900 |
| squamous cell carcinomas of the mandibular alveolus: analysis of prognostic factors. | to assess the effect of clinicopathologic factors on local tumor control and survival in patients with mandibular alveolar carcinoma. | 2002 | 11810039 |
| significance of genetic variation at the glutathione s-transferase m1 and nad(p)h:quinone oxidoreductase 1 detoxification genes in breast cancer development. | this work examined the role of constitutional genetic variation at the glutathione s-transferase m1 (gstm1) and nad(p)h:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (nqo1) detoxification loci in breast cancer development. methods included contrasting patterns of genetic variations at these loci between cases with breast cancer and healthy controls and assessing the association of genotypes with tumor characteristics. participants were caucasian women living in the greater philadelphia region, recruited from 1988 to ... | 2002 | 11810042 |
| chromosomal aberrations in early-stage bilharzial bladder cancer. | bilharzial bladder cancer is one of the most common types of malignancy in both men and women in several developing countries including egypt. it has several unique clinical, epidemiological, and histological characteristics, suggesting that it is an entity distinct from bladder cancer seen in western countries. genetic alterations in bilharzial-related bladder cancer have been studied infrequently, especially in the advanced stages of disease, that is, t3 and t4 classifications. the objective o ... | 2002 | 11801307 |
| neurochemical organization of the human basal ganglia: anatomofunctional territories defined by the distributions of calcium-binding proteins and smi-32. | the distribution of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-d28k (cb), parvalbumin (pv) and calretinin (cr), and of the nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (with smi-32) was investigated in the human basal ganglia to identify anatomofunctional territories. in the striatum, gradients of neuropil immunostaining define four major territories: the first (t1) includes all but the rostroventral half of the putamen and is characterized by enhanced matriceal pv and smi-32 immunoreactivity (-ir). the ... | 2002 | 11793349 |
| trial of autotransplantation of cryopreserved thyroid tissue for postoperative hypothyroidism in patients with graves' disease. | some patients with graves' disease who select surgical therapy so they can discontinue antithyroid medication require lifelong levo-thyroxin (l-t4) replacement therapy because of irreversible postoperative hypothyroidism. the aim of this study was to enable the replacement of absent thyroid hormone through autotransplanted thyroid tissue that had been cryopreserved since the initial thyroid operation, and to release these patients from lifelong l-t4 administration. | 2002 | 11800336 |
| effects of silver sulphadiazine on the production of exoproteins by staphylococcus aureus. | the effects of subinhibitory concentrations of silver sulphadiazine (agsd) on exoprotein production in staphylococcus aureus strains t1, t4, rn4282 and rn 4282agr were studied. agsd markedly increased levels of toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst)-1 in strains t4 and rn4282. this effect was independent of agr and agsd restored tsst-1 production to the wild-type level in rn 4282agr. agsd had no effect on enterotoxin a or coagulase activity in strains t1 or t4. strain t4 produced enterotoxin c at hig ... | 2002 | 11800472 |
| addition of bupivacaine 1.25 mg to fentanyl confers no advantage over fentanyl alone for intrathecal analgesia in early labour. | a) to evaluate the effect of adding 1.25 mg of bupivacaine to intrathecal fentanyl on the duration of analgesia in an asian population and b) to examine if the baricity of the local anesthetic at this dose has any bearing on the duration and quality of block. | 2002 | 11782329 |
| congenital hypothyroid pax8(-/-) mutant mice can be rescued by inactivating the tralpha gene. | mice devoid of all trs are viable, whereas pax8(-/-) mice, which lack the follicular cells producing t4 and t3 in the thyroid gland, die during the first weeks of postnatal life. a precise comparison between the two types of mutants reveals that their phenotypes are similar, but the defects in spleen, bone, and small intestine are more pronounced in pax8(-/-) mice. this is interpreted as the result of a negative effect of the unliganded tr on thyroid hormone target genes expression in the pax8(- ... | 2002 | 11773436 |
| management of the nontoxic multinodular goiter: a north american survey. | to assess approaches to the diagnosis and therapy of patients with nontoxic multinodular goiter, a questionnaire was circulated to all members of the american thyroid association (ata). an index case report was presented (42-yr-old woman with an irregular, nontender, bilaterally enlarged thyroid of 50-80 g and no clinical suspicion of malignancy or thyroid dysfunction), and 11 variations were proposed to evaluate how each alteration would affect management. one hundred and forty responses were r ... | 2002 | 11788632 |
| cardiac involvement in thyroid hormone resistance. | to analyze the cardiovascular alterations thought to occur in resistance to thyroid hormone (rth), cardiac involvement in 54 patients with rth was investigated with the help of two-dimensional and doppler echocardiography. data from 41 of 54 adult subjects with rth were also compared with those of 24 and 20 cases with hyperthyroidism (h) and hypothyroidism (h), respectively, as well as 22 healthy euthyroid controls (c). with respect to the type of mutations, no correlation was found between card ... | 2002 | 11788648 |
| combined anterolateral thigh flap and vascularized fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap in reconstruction of extensive composite mandibular defects. | extensive composite defects of the oromandibular area are usually created after the surgical treatment of t3 and t4 cancers, requiring complex reconstructive plastic surgical procedures. the preferred treatment method for this type of defect is reconstruction with two free flaps. the use of the vascularized fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap for the bone and inner lining defect is well known and accepted. among the flaps that can be used for the outer lining and soft-tissue reconstruction, the two ... | 2002 | 11786790 |
| adjuvant high-dose-rate brachytherapy after external beam radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. | to compare the local control and survival rates obtained with either external beam radiation therapy (ert) and adjuvant high-dose-rate (hdr) brachytherapy (brt) or ert alone in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. | 2002 | 11777627 |
| model for the catalytic domain of the proofreading epsilon subunit of escherichia coli dna polymerase iii based on nmr structural data. | the dna polymerase iii holoenzyme (he) is the primary replicative polymerase of escherichia coli. the epsilon subunit of the he complex provides the 3'-exonucleolytic proofreading activity for this enzyme complex. epsilon consists of two domains: an n-terminal domain containing the proofreading exonuclease activity (residues 1-186) and a c-terminal domain required for binding to the polymerase (alpha) subunit (residues 187-243). multidimensional nmr studies of (2)h-, (13)c-, and (15)n-labeled n- ... | 2002 | 11772007 |
| loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 16q in gallbladder carcinoma. | the present study was planned to investigate cumulative genetic changes during development and progression of gallbladder carcinoma (gbc) in clinical patients. | 2002 | 11796009 |
| cancer of the oropharynx. | oropharyngeal cancer is a rare tumour. tobacco use and alcohol consumption are recognised as major risk factors. several carcinogens, occupational exposures and vitamin deficiencies represent the most significant predisposing factors. a varying host susceptibility to carcinogens can be inferred. carcinoma of the oropharynx has to be suspected whenever sore throat, odynophagia, and ear-ache are described by the patient. biopsy is mandatory for the definitive diagnosis. tnm classification is cruci ... | 2002 | 11796235 |
| a more advanced clinical stage is positively correlated with an increased prostate cancer detection rate. | to determine whether an additional subclassification of the assessed clinical stage for prostate cancer before biopsy increases our ability to predict the biopsy outcome. a suspicious digital rectal examination (dre) and/or a suspicious transrectal ultrasound (trus) investigation increases the likelihood of prostate cancer given a certain prostate-specific antigen level. | 2002 | 11796288 |
| thyroid hormone export varies among primary cells and appears to differ from hormone uptake. | we characterized t3 efflux in primary cultures of cells derived from human placenta, neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, and rat inner medullary collecting ducts (imcd). the t3 efflux rate was highest in placenta cells, followed by ventriculocytes, atriocytes, and imcd cells. verapamil reversibly blocked [125i]t3 efflux in these cells in a manner that correlated with their t3 efflux rate. thus, verapamil inhibition of [125i]t3 efflux in placenta cells led to a 432% increase in the [125i]t3 content co ... | 2002 | 11796501 |
| n(4)c-ethyl-n(4)c cross-linked dna: synthesis and characterization of duplexes with interstrand cross-links of different orientations. | the preparation and physical properties of short dna duplexes that contain a n(4)c-ethyl-n(4)c interstrand cross-link are described. duplexes that contain an interstrand cross-link between mismatched c-c residues and duplexes in which the c residues of a -cg- or -gc- step are linked to give "staggered" interstrand cross-links were prepared using a novel n(4)c-ethyl-n(4)c phosphoramidite reagent. duplexes with the c-c mismatch cross-link have uv thermal transition temperatures that are 25 degrees ... | 2002 | 11790097 |
| mechanism of in vitro expansion of long dna repeats: effect of temperature, repeat length, repeat sequence, and dna polymerases. | studies of sequence repeat expansions from duplexes consisting of dna repeat sequences greater than three bases are currently lacking. these studies are needed in order to gain a better understanding of dna expansions in general and as a first step in understanding expansions of longer sequence repeats that have been implicated in human diseases. we have undertaken an in vitro study of tetranucleotide, hexanucleotide, and octanucleotide repeat expansions from short dna duplexes using taq dna pol ... | 2002 | 11790107 |
| clinical indicators of immune restoration following highly active antiretroviral therapy. | the course of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease is characterized by a progressive decline in immune function. the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has allowed patients to experience a significant degree of immune restoration when compared with the era before the availability of haart. multiple studies, which have employed sophisticated in vitro measures of immune function, have demonstrated improvement in cd4(+) lymphocyte (t4) responses to various opportunistic pa ... | 2002 | 11740712 |
| rat thyroid gland expresses the long form of leptin receptors, and leptin stimulates the function of the gland in euthyroid non-fasted animals. | leptin is an adipose tissue-secreted hormone, which decreases caloric intake and increases energy expenditure. some effects of leptin on energy balance seem to be mediated by the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. the present study was designed to ascertain whether i) rat thyroid gland expresses the long form of leptin receptor (obrb) and ii) the prolonged leptin administration (daily subcutaneous injections of 24 nmol/kg leptin for 6 consecutive days) affects thyroid-gland function in this spe ... | 2002 | 11744992 |
| molecular stretching of long dna in agarose gel using alternating current electric fields. | we demonstrate a novel method for stretching a long dna molecule in agarose gel with alternating current (ac) electric fields. the molecular motion of a long dna (t4 dna; 165.6 kb) in agarose gel was studied using fluorescence microscopy. the effects of a wide range of field frequencies, field strengths, and gel concentrations were investigated. stretching was only observed in the ac field when a frequency of approximately 10 hz was used. the maximal length of the stretched dna had the longest v ... | 2002 | 11751320 |
| noncovalent association with stress protein facilitates cross-priming of cd8+ t cells to tumor cell antigens by dendritic cells. | a viral oncogene carrying well-defined k(b)/d(b)-restricted epitopes was expressed in a heat shock protein (hsp)-associated or nonassociated form in the murine tumor cells p815 and meth-a. wild-type sv40 large t-ag (wtt-ag) is expressed without stable hsp association; mutant (cytoplasmic ct-ag) or chimeric (ct272-green fluorescent fusion protein) t-ag is expressed in stable association with the constitutively expressed, cytosolic hsp73 (hsc70) protein. in vitro, remnants from apoptotic wtt-ag- o ... | 2002 | 11751953 |
| the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (hpt) axis: a target of nonpersistent ortho-substituted pcb congeners. | coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) cause adverse effects in developing and adult animals. less is known about the effects of nonplanar ortho-substituted pcbs. we investigated the effects of 2 nonplanar pcb congeners, 95 (2,3,6-2',5'-penta cb) or 101 (2,4,5-2',5'-penta cb), and estradiol on selected endocrine parameters. in study 1, weanling female sprague-dawley (s-d) rats were given a single dose of pcb 95 ip at 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg/day for 2 consecutive days and killed 24 h after the ... | 2002 | 11752685 |
| generation of noble-gas binding sites for crystallographic phasing using site-directed mutagenesis. | in recent years, the use of noble-gas complexes for the de novo phasing of protein structures has proven to be a useful alternative to selenomethionine and more traditional derivatives, largely owing to improvements in methods for incorporating noble gases within protein crystals. advantages of noble-gas derivatives include a high degree of isomorphism when using xenon for multiple isomorphous replacement (mir) and an easily accessible absorption edge when using krypton for multiwavelength anoma ... | 2002 | 11752783 |
| proteolytic sensitivity and helper t-cell epitope immunodominance associated with the mobile loop in hsp10s. | antigen three-dimensional structure potentially limits antigen processing and presentation to helper t-cell epitopes. the association of helper t-cell epitopes with the mobile loop in hsp10s from mycobacteria and bacteriophage t4 suggests that the mobile loop facilitates proteolytic processing and presentation of adjacent sequences. sites of initial proteolytic cleavage were mapped in divergent hsp10s after treatment with a variety of proteases including cathepsin s. each protease preferentially ... | 2002 | 11673463 |
| increase of the adenallene anti-hiv activity in cell culture using its bis(tbusate) phosphotriester derivative. | the bis(s-pivaloyl-2-thioethyl) phosphotriester derivative of 9-(4'-hydroxy-1',2'-butadienyl)adenine (adenallene) was synthesized. this mononucleotide prodrug proved to be more effective than the parent nucleoside in inhibiting hiv-1 replication in several human t4 lymphoblastoid cell lines. | 2002 | 11755368 |
| functional changes in isolated guinea-pig papillary muscle induced by monensin and digoxin. | the effects of digoxin and monensin on contraction force (cf), initial contraction velocity (icv), average contraction velocity (acv), initial relaxation velocity (irv) and stimulus to response time (st) in 'fatigued' (tired) and 'non-fatigued' (fresh) guinea-pig papillary muscles were investigated. 'fatigued' muscles had lost 30% of their original cf with the elapse of time before they were treated. the 5 h of measurement were divided into five periods (t0 was equilibration, t1, t2, t3 and t4 w ... | 2002 | 11913827 |
| using 2-aminopurine fluorescence to detect base unstacking in the template strand during nucleotide incorporation by the bacteriophage t4 dna polymerase. | the fluorescence of the base analogue 2-aminopurine (2ap) was used to detect physical changes in the template strand during nucleotide incorporation by the bacteriophage t4 dna polymerase. fluorescent enzyme-dna complexes were formed with 2ap placed in the template strand opposite the primer terminus (the n position) and placed one template position 5' to the primer terminus (the n + 1 position). the fluorescence enhancement for 2ap at the n position was shown to be due to formation of the editi ... | 2002 | 11914087 |