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tick-borne transmission of two genetically distinct anaplasma marginale strains following superinfection of the mammalian reservoir host.strain superinfection affects the dynamics of epidemiological spread of pathogens through a host population. superinfection has recently been shown to occur for two genetically distinct strains of the tick-borne pathogen anaplasma marginale that encode distinctly different surface protein variants. superinfected animals could serve as a reservoir for onward transmission of both strains if the tick vector is capable of acquiring and transmitting both strains. whether competition among strains dur ...200818573892
clinical features associated with seroconversion to anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and theileria parva infections in african cattle under natural tick challenge.a longitudinal study was conducted in southeast uganda for 14 months on 640 zebu cattle kept under natural tick challenge, with a view to identifying clinical features for prediction of seroconversion to anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and theileria parva infections. physical examination, condition scoring and tick counts were undertaken on all cattle every 4 weeks. in addition, 5300 sera were collected and analysed for antibodies against a. marginale, b. bigemina and t. parva infections u ...200818579313
anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a directs cell surface display of tick bm95 immunogenic peptides on escherichia coli.the surface display of heterologous proteins on live escherichia coli using anchoring motifs from outer membranes proteins has impacted on many areas of biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology. the anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a (msp1a) contains n-terminal surface-exposed repeated peptides (28-289 amino acids) that are involved in pathogen interaction with host cell receptors and is surface-displayed when the recombinant protein is expressed in e. coli. therefore, it was ...200818582976
serological reactivity to ehrlichia canis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, neorickettsia risticii, borrelia burgdorferi and rickettsia conorii in dogs from northwestern spain.the aim of the present work was to investigate the seroprevalence against ehrlichia canis (ec), anaplasma phagocytophilum (ap), neorickettsia risticii (nr), rickettsia conorii (rc), and borrelia burgdorferi (bb) in two different clusters of canine samples from northwestern spain. cluster 1 included 479 dogs presented at veterinary clinics located in ourense and pontevedra. cluster ii included 170 dogs from the public kennel of ourense. all 649 canine serum samples were analyzed by immunofluoresc ...200818597660
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in small mammal hosts of ixodes ticks, western united states.a total of 2,121 small mammals in california were assessed for anaplasma phagocytophilum from 2006 through 2008. odds ratios were >1 for 4 sciurids species and dusky-footed woodrats. high seroprevalence was observed in northern sites. ten tick species were identified. heavily infested rodent species included meadow voles, woodrats, deer mice, and redwood chipmunks.200818598645
differential exposure to anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodent species in northern california.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoonotic tick-borne rickettsial pathogen that causes granulocytic anaplasmosis (ga) in humans, horses, and dogs. in california, dusky-footed woodrats (neotoma fuscipes) are a putative reservoir host, and ixodes pacificus is a vector for transmission from rodents to humans, dogs, and horses. cases are clustered in coastal and sierra nevada foothill regions, but not necessarily in proximity to infected woodrats. this study was designed to compare exposures and active ...200818047398
c-jun nh2-terminal kinase 2 inhibits gamma interferon production during anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) plays a critical role in the early eradication of anaplasma phagocytophilum. however, the mechanisms that regulate ifn-gamma production upon infection remain poorly understood. here we show that c-jun nh2-terminal kinase 2 (jnk2) inhibits ifn-gamma production during a. phagocytophilum infection. jnk2-null mice were more refractory to infection with a. phagocytophilum and produced increased levels of ifn-gamma after challenge with the pathogen. the resistance of jnk2- ...200817998313
subversion of cellular autophagy by anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, is an obligatory intracellular pathogen. after entry into host cells, the bacterium is diverted from the endosomal pathway and replicates in a membrane-bound compartment devoid of endosomal or lysosomal markers. here, we show that several hallmarks of early autophagosomes can be identified in a. phagocytophilum replicative inclusions, including a double-lipid bilayer membrane and colocalization with gfp-tagged lc3 ...200817979984
evidence of anaplasma infections in european roe deer (capreolus capreolus) from southern spain.anaplasma spp. (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) are tick-borne pathogens of veterinary and human importance. the wildlife hosts for these pathogens are not well characterized and may play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. the objective of this research was to study the infection with a. marginale, a. ovis and a. phagocytophilum in free-ranging european roe deer (capreolus capreolus) from cádiz, andalucía, spain. of 17 roe deer tested, 14 (82%) and 5 (29%) had antibodies react ...200817655893
outer membrane protein sequence variation in lambs experimentally infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum has long been known to cause tick-borne fever in ruminants and has been identified more recently as the causative agent of the emerging disease human granulocytic anaplasmosis. the related organism anaplasma marginale uses gene conversion of the expression site for two major outer membrane proteins (omps) to generate extensive sequence and antigenic variation in these omps. this is thought to present a continuously varying repertoire of epitopes to the mammalian host an ...200817967854
unraveling the immune regulatory mechanisms imposed by anaplasma. 200817449299
immune evasion and immunosuppression by anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of tick-borne fever of ruminants and human granulocytic anaplasmosis.anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of tick-borne fever (tbf) in sheep and cattle and human granulocytic anaplasmosis, has the unique ability to infect and multiply within neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes, cells at the frontline of the immune system. infection with a. phagocytophilum is also characterized by severe leukopenia due to lymphocytopenia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia lasting for several days. by itself tbf does not cause high mortality rates but infected animals a ...200817275372
molecular characterization of thai ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys strains detected in dogs.canine monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by ehrlichia canis is of veterinary importance worldwide. in thailand, there has been little information available on e. canis and its phylogeny. the objective of this study was to characterize and establish molecular structure and phylogeny of thai ehrlichia and anaplasma strains. genus-specific primers for ehrlichia and anaplasma were used to amplify the 16s rrna gene from naturally infected canine blood samples, and these amplicon sequences were compared w ...200817643354
detection of ehrlichia canis by pcr in different tissues obtained during necropsy from dogs surveyed for naturally occurring canine monocytic ehrlichiosis.a molecular study for the detection of ehrlichia canis was carried out on tissues obtained at necropsy from randomly selected dogs with the intention of investigating naturally-occurring canine ehrlichiosis. the tissues evaluated for the presence of e. canis included lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and blood. eight of the 18 dogs included were found to be positive for e. canis by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequencing of the 16s rrna gene. two dogs were positive for anaplasma pl ...200817368942
[cross-reaction evaluation of pcr-anaplasma platys positive dogs tested to anaplasma phagocytophilum antibodies by commercial elisa].anaplasma platys, agent of canine cyclic thrombocytopenia parasites exclusively dogs platelets. its probable vector is the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. among the existent diagnostic methods, the most used include: morulae identification in blood smears; antibody detection by indirect immunofluorescence; or dna amplification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). recently a new commercial elisa (idexx®), capable of detecting a. phagocytophilum antibodies, has been developed. according to the manuf ...200820059806
[seasonal dynamics of amblyomma ticks (acari:ixodidae) in an urban park of londrina city, parana, brazil].ticks are important to public health due to diseases they transmit to animals and humans and, economic losses they cause to livestock production. among other agents, such as babesia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, the rickettsia are the most important pathogens transmitted by ticks in brazil. worldwide there are about 870 tick species described and, of these, 55 species were already reported in brazil, being the genus amblyomma the most numerous with 33 species. the a. cajennense is the principal tick in ...200820059815
[effects of the oxitetracycline in the increase of the packed cell volume of cows milk jugs during outbreak of bovine anaplasmosis].this research was performed to study the effects of oxytetracicline l.a., in unique dose, in the reconstitution of the packed cell volume (pcv) from animals clinically affected by anaplasmosis. were utilized 152 holstein frisian cows, of first lactation with age group varying between three and four years old. the animals were classified according to the presence of anaplasma marginale in the circulation and percentage of pcv as: chronic infection (pcve24%) and clinical (pcv<23%) constituting gro ...200820059824
[a serum-epidemiological study on anaplasma phagocytophila in the wuyishan forest area in fujian]. 200819173948
[detection of co-infection with lyme spirochetes and spotted fever group rickettsiae in a group of haemaphysalis longicornis].the present study was conducted to investigate the infection of lyme disease, spotted fever, ehrlichiosis (anaplasmosisin) in wild animals and ticks in the mountain areas of zhejiang province.200819173967
optimization of proteomic sample preparation procedures for comprehensive protein characterization of pathogenic systems.mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a powerful analytical tool for investigating pathogens and their interactions within a host. the sensitivity of such analyses provides broad proteome characterization, but the sample-handling procedures must first be optimized to ensure compatibility with the technique and to maximize the dynamic range of detection. the decision-making process for determining optimal growth conditions, preparation methods, sample analysis methods, and data analysis technique ...200819183792
[human anaplasmosis--a hidden disease in norway?].ticks and tick-borne infections will most probably increase in norway due to global warming, regrowth of pastures and an increasing number of cervids. a. phagocytophilum is already a common infection among domestic ruminants and cervids in tick (ixodes ricinus) infested areas in norway.200819023355
defining the immune response to ehrlichia species using murine models.pathogenic bacteria belonging to the family anaplasmataceae include species of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma. ehrlichia chaffeensis, first known as the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, also infects several vertebrate hosts including white-tailed deer, dogs, coyotes and goats. e. chaffeensis is transmitted from the bite of an infected hard tick, such as amblyomma americanum. e. chaffeensis and other tick-transmitted pathogens have adapted to both the tick and vertebrate host ...200819028013
[microbiological diagnosis of emerging bacterial pathogens: anaplasma, bartonella, rickettsia, and tropheryma whipplei].ehrlichia/anaplasma, bartonella, rickettsia and tropheryma whipplei (formerly called whippelii) are fastidious bacterial organisms, considered the causative agents of potentially severe emerging and re-emerging diseases with repercussions on public health. the recent availability of advanced molecular biology and cell culture techniques has led to the implication of many of these species in human pathologies. these issues are extensively covered in number 27 of the seimc microbiological procedur ...200819100178
subacute transverse myelitis with lyme profile dissociation.transverse myelitis is a very rare neurologic syndrome with an incidence per year of 1-5 per million population. we are presenting an interesting case of subacute transverse myelitis with its mri (magnetic resonance imaging) and csf (cerebrospinal fluid) findings.200819675732
current management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis and ehrlichia ewingii ehrlichiosis.anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii are emerging tick-borne pathogens and are the causative agents of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis and e. ewingii ehrlichiosis, respectively. collectively, these are referred to as human ehrlichioses. these obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of the family anaplasmataceae are transmitted by ixodes spp. or amblyomma americanum ticks and infect peripherally circulating leukocytes to cause inf ...200919681699
ticks and haemoparasites of dogs from praia, cape verde.in february 2008 an epidemiological field study on arthropod-borne infections in dogs was carried out in praia, the capital city of cape verde. for this purpose 130 dogs were included in the study. of these, 94.6% were infested with ticks. altogether, 1293 ticks of the genus rhipicephalus (in all evaluated cases r. sanguineus) were collected. examination for haemotropic parasites was performed via polymerase chain reaction (pcr). lymph node fine-needle aspirates were screened by pcr for leishman ...200919729247
a first case of ehrlichiosis in a horse in poland.the study was aimed at determining the cause of a disease in a horse exhibiting symptoms of fever, joint effusion, weakness, and extravasations on the mucous membranes. blood was drawn from the animal for haematological and biochemical molecular tests. the pcr technique revealed the presence of 16s rna ehrlichia spp. genetic material in the blood samples. dna amplification by means of primers ehr 521 and ehr 747 gave a product with a volume of 247 bp.the sequence of the pcr product obtained show ...200919813450
protective efficacy of bacterial membranes containing surface-exposed bm95 antigenic peptides for the control of cattle tick infestations.the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus bm86 and bm95 glycoproteins are homologous proteins that protect cattle against tick infestations. in this study, we demonstrated that the recombinant chimeric protein comprising tick bm95 immunogenic peptides fused to the a. marginale msp1a n-terminal region for presentation on the escherichia coli membrane was protective against r. microplus infestations in rabbits. this system provides a novel and simple approach for the production of tick protective an ...200919835826
thymidylate kinase: the lost chemotherapeutic target.here we highlight the unusual substrate specificity of plasmodium falciparum thymidylate kinase (pftmk) and the validity of the enzyme as a new drug target. furthermore, we predict that the anaplasma marginale enzyme has attractive domain constituents and may be functionally different from other tmpks. we postulate that thymidylate kinases could have multiple attractive functions in pathogens and may be a new drug target against numerous microorganisms.200919749371
canine granulocytic anaplasmosis: a review.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen of humans, horses, and dogs worldwide that is transmitted by ixodid ticks and maintained in a variety of small wild mammal species. recent studies suggest that multiple strains of a. phagocytophilum may be circulating in wild and domestic animal populations, and these strains may have differential host tropisms and pathogenicity. the organism infects and survives within neutrophils by disabling key neutrophil functions, including neutrophil motil ...200919761477
failure to demonstrate babesia, anaplasma or ehrlichia in thrombocytopenic dogs from st kitts.thrombocytopenia is common in dogs on st kitts but there is no data on the possible etiological role played by infections with anaplasma, babesia and ehrlichia, other than e. canis, which are known to occur in the caribbean.200919762975
effect of prescribed fire for tick control in california chaparral.prescribed fire was investigated as a method for controlling ixodid and argasid ticks in chaparral habitats in northern california. two experimental and two adjacent control plots within a wildlife preserve were monitored for 1 yr postburn. ticks were collected by flagging vegetation, by co2-baited pitfall trap, and by live-trapping rodents. twice as many rodents were caught at control sites compared with burn sites and no dusky-footed woodrats, neotoma fuscipes baird, were found in the treatmen ...200919769046
anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis - maine, 2008.anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis are rickettsial tickborne diseases that have had at least a twofold increase in prevalence in the united states since 2000. despite similar clinical presentations, the causative organisms are carried by different ticks with distinct geographic and ecologic associations. surveillance efforts are complicated by ambiguous terminology and serologic testing with antibody cross-reactivity. although anaplasmosis historically has been reported in maine, ehrlichiosis has bee ...200919779398
molecular epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis with a particular focus in mexico.bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the rickettsia anaplasma marginale, has a worldwide distribution and is the cause of great economic losses in developing countries where it is highly endemic. transmission is carried mainly by ixodid ticks: dermacentor spp. and rhipicephalus (boophilus) spp. mechanical transmission is important in disseminating the disease within and across herds. the relationship between the rickettsia, the host and the vector is complex. several surface proteins (msps) have been ...200919786123
anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris induce cytopenias and global defects in hematopoiesis. 200919793126
babesia canis and other tick-borne infections in dogs in central poland.vector-borne infections constitute increasing health problem in dogs worldwide, including sled dogs, dramatically decreasing the fitness of working dogs and even leading to death. in the period 2006-2008 eighty-two blood samples were collected from eight sled dog kennels in central poland. the prevalence of four vector-borne infections (babesia canis, bartonella sp., anaplasma/ehrlichia and borrelia burgdorferi) was estimated in 82 sled dogs using pcr and nested pcr for diagnosis and the same me ...200919837515
superinfection occurs in anaplasma phagocytophilum infected sheep irrespective of infection phase and protection status.anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in domestic ruminants is widespread in the coastal areas of southern norway. the bacteria may persist in mammalian hosts. several genetic variants of a. phagocytophilum exist. in the present study, we investigate whether superinfection occurs in the acute and persistent phase of the infection.200919857248
granulocytic anaplasmosis in three dogs from saskatoon, saskatchewan.three dogs from saskatoon, saskatchewan were diagnosed with acute granulocytic anaplasmosis. fever, lethargy, inappetence, vomiting, diarrhea, and lameness were reported. lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and splenomegaly were identified in all dogs. inclusions were identified within the cytoplasm of blood neutrophils, and infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction.200919881921
detection of babesia canis subspecies and other arthropod-borne diseases in dogs from tirana, albania.summary. the importance of arthropod-borne diseases increased in the recent past in particular due to frequent travel with dogs in or by importing of dogs from regions with endemic occurrence of these diseases. while the epidemiological situation is well known for the western parts of the mediterranean, only limited data is available for eastern europe and the balkans. thirty clinically healthy dogs from suburban areas of tirana, albania, were tested for babesia canis, hepatozoon spp., leishmani ...200919915816
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ixodes ricinus ticks in relation to the density of wild cervids.borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum have been considered as pathogens in animals and humans. the role of wild cervids in the epidemiology is not clear. we analyzed questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected in spring for these pathogens from sites with high (fjelløyvaer and strøm) and low density (tjore, hinnebu and jomfruland) of wild cervids to study the spread of the pathogens in questing ticks.200919943915
tick-borne agents in rodents, china, 2004-2006.a total of 705 rodents from 6 provinces and autonomous regions of mainland people's republic of china were tested by pcrs for tick-borne agents (anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, spotted fever group rickettsiae, and francisella tularensis). infection rates were 5.5%, 6.7%, 9.1% and 5.0%, respectively. eighteen (2.6%) rodents of 10 species were positive for 2 or 3 agents. sequence analysis of pcr products confirmed the presence and genotypes of detected agents. these fin ...200919961668
delineating anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotypes in coexisting, discrete enzootic cycles.the emerging tick-borne pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum is under increasing scrutiny for the existence of subpopulations that are adapted to different natural cycles. here, we characterized the diversity of a. phagocytophilum genotypes circulating in a natural system that includes multiple hosts and at least 2 tick species, ixodes ricinus and the small mammal specialist i. trianguliceps. we encountered numerous genotypes, but only 1 in rodents, with the remainder limited to deer and host-seek ...200919961674
persistence mechanisms in tick-borne diseases.the use of new, highly sensitive diagnostic methods has revealed persistent infections to be a common feature of different tick-borne diseases, such as babesiosis, anaplasmosis and heartwater. antigenic variation can contribute to disease persistence through the continual elaboration of new surface structures, and we know in several instances how this is achieved. known or suspected mechanisms of persistence in babesial parasites include cytoadhesion and rapid variation of the adhesive ligand in ...200919967928
sir arnold theiler and the discovery of anaplasmosis: a centennial perspective.sir arnold theiler's research in 1908/09 led to the discovery of the first rickettsial pathogen, anaplasma marginale, and set the stage for his development and implementation of an effective live vaccine based on a less virulent strain, a. marginale ss. centrale. his 1910 report, describing a. marginale, is among the classic monographs in infectious disease research, presenting not only observations in exacting detail but also highlighting the deductive reasoning leading to association of a new ...200919967931
emergence of tick-borne granulocytic anaplasmosis associated with habitat type and forest change in northern california.an important ecosystem service of intact forests is protection from some emerging infectious diseases. tick-transmitted disease granulocytic anaplasmosis increasingly occupies second-growth forest. we hypothesized that areas of second growth would have increases in tick and rodent abundance, facilitating emergence of anaplasmosis. we predicted anaplasma phagocytophilum presence as a function of biocomplexity and forest structure, including vegetation, ticks, and rodents in four sites in californ ...200919996448
[pandora's box: pathogens in ixodes ricinus ticks in central europe].among the various species of hard ticks, ixodes ricinus is the most frequently found tick throughout europe. as with other ixodid ticks, the developmental cycle runs through three stages. in each stage a blood meal is required in order to develop to the next stage. ixodes ricinus has been found to feed on more than 300 different vertebrate species. usually, larval ticks feed on small mammals such as mice and become infected with various microorganisms and viruses, of which some are substantial p ...200919998007
use of tick surveys and serosurveys to evaluate pet dogs as a sentinel species for emerging lyme disease.to evaluate dogs as a sentinel species for emergence of lyme disease in a region undergoing invasion by ixodes scapularis.200919119948
seroprevalence of tick-borne diseases among cattle in the sudan.this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of theileria annulata, theileria mutans, babesia bigemina, and anaplasma marginale antibodies among cattle in the sudan. a total of 600 serum samples were collected from indigenous (zebu) and crossbred cattle (zebu x friesian) of both sex and different age groups. indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess antibodies against tick-borne diseases in apparently healthy cattle. the overall prevalence rates of t. annulata, t. m ...200919030878
'nothing is permanent but change'- antigenic variation in persistent bacterial pathogens.pathogens persist in immunocompetent mammalian hosts using various strategies, including evasion of immune effectors by antigenic variation. among highly antigenically variant bacteria, gene conversion is used to generate novel expressed variants from otherwise silent donor sequences. recombination using oligonucleotide segments from multiple donors is a combinatorial mechanism that tremendously expands the variant repertoire, allowing thousands of variants to be generated from a relatively smal ...200919709057
structural analysis of a p44/msp2 expression site of anaplasma phagocytophilum in naturally infected ticks in japan.anaplasma phagocytophilum, an agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, infects neutrophils and causes an emerging tickborne febrile disease. the genome of this bacterium contains a large number of p44/msp2-related genes encoding 44 kda major outer-membrane proteins, and it is known that a specific p44/msp2 gene is predominantly transcribed from a single expression locus. this study successfully characterized the genomic expression site for p44/msp2 (3.8 kb) in uncultured a. phagocytophilum from ...200919713360
phylogeographic analysis reveals association of tick-borne pathogen, anaplasma marginale, msp1a sequences with ecological traits affecting tick vector performance.the tick-borne pathogen anaplasma marginale, which is endemic worldwide, is the type species of the genus anaplasma (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae). rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is the most important tick vector of a. marginale in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. despite extensive characterization of the genetic diversity in a. marginale geographic strains using major surface protein sequences, little is known about the biogeography and evolution of a. marginale and other a ...200919723295
lack of evidence for perinatal transmission of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis from a bitch to her offspring.granulocytic anaplasmosis is an emerging infectious disease affecting dogs and humans in the united states and other regions of the world. relatively few cases have been described in pregnant women, and perinatal transmission appears to occur infrequently in humans. infection in pregnant dogs has not been reported. diagnosis of infection during pregnancy poses therapeutic challenges, because doxycycline, the treatment of choice, is teratogenic. also, infection during pregnancy may result in more ...200919723846
independence of anaplasma marginale strains with high and low transmission efficiencies in the tick vector following simultaneous acquisition by feeding on a superinfected mammalian reservoir host.strain superinfection occurs when a second pathogen strain infects a host already carrying a primary strain. anaplasma marginale superinfection occurs when the second strain carries a variant repertoire different from that of the primary strain, and the epidemiologic consequences depend on the relative efficiencies of tick-borne transmission of the two strains. following strain superinfection in the reservoir host, we tested whether the presence of two a. marginale (sensu lato) strains that diff ...200919188360
short report: serologic evidence of human ehrlichiosis in peru.a serosurvey for human ehrlichiosis caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum was performed in different regions of peru by using indirect immunofluorescence assays (ifas). regions included an urban community in a shantytown in lima (pampas) and three rural communities located on the northern coast of peru (cura mori), in the southern peruvian andes (cochapata), and in the peruvian jungle region (santo tomas). an overall e. chaffeensis seroprevalence of 13% (21 of 160) was fo ...200919190221
concurrent infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum and mycoplasma haemolamae in a young alpaca. 200919192148
natural co-infection of ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma bovis in a deer in south korea.both ehrlichioses and anaplasmoses are zoonotic, fatal infectious diseases that caused by ticks. white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) are important hosts for ehrlichia chaffeensis, anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma-like organisms. in the present study, an evaluation of infection with tick-borne pathogens was conducted using a pcr assay on the blood of a deer that expressed anorexia and decreased activity. the results of the pcr assay revealed natural co-infection of e. chaffeensis an ...200919194084
prevalence of anaplasma marginale in different tick species from ngorongoro crater, tanzania.in 2001, ngorongoro crater was infested with high density of ticks on grassland, livestock and wildlife which was also associated with high mortality. adult ticks were collected, identified, processed for nucleic acids extraction and a molecular analysis was performed to determine the range of tick species harboring anaplasma marginale. the real-time pcr was used in the amplification of rickettsia dna in tick pools (n=527) from 11 identified tick species. six tick species were detected with a. m ...200919201099
serological and molecular survey of anaplasma species infection in dogs with suspected tickborne disease in portugal.fifty-five dogs with suspected tickborne disease were tested by immunofluorescence assay and pcr for anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. thirty (54.5 per cent) of the dogs were seropositive and five of them fulfilled the serological criteria for an active infection, with either seroconversion or a fourfold increase in antibody titres. fragments of dna of the expected size were detected by pcr in two seropositive and three seronegative dogs. however, direct amplicon sequencing failed to identify ...200919202169
purification and characterization of arsenite oxidase from arthrobacter sp.the chemolithoautotroph, arthrobacter sp.15b oxidizes arsenite to arsenate using a membrane bound arsenite oxidase. the enzyme arsenite oxidase is purified to its homogeneity and identified using maldi-tof ms analysis. upon further characterization, it was observed that the enzyme is a heterodimer showing native molecular mass as approximately 100 kda and appeared as two subunits of approximately 85 kda lsu and 14 kda ssu on sds-page. the v(max) and k(m) values of the enzyme was found to be 2.45 ...200919214757
differential expression and glycosylation of anaplasma phagocytophilum major surface protein 2 paralogs during cultivation in sialyl lewis x-deficient host cells.many microbial pathogens alter expression and/or posttranslational modifications of their surface proteins in response to dynamics within their host microenvironments to retain optimal interactions with their host cells and/or to evade the humoral immune response. anaplasma phagocytophilum is an intragranulocytic bacterium that utilizes sialyl lewis x (sle(x))-modified p-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 as a receptor for infecting myeloid cells. bacterial populations that do not rely on this recep ...200919223475
molecular detection and identification of ehrlichia and anaplasma species in ixodid ticks.a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay followed by partial sequencing of the 16s ribosomal rna gene was performed for the presence of ehrlichia and/or anaplasma. a total of 242 ixodid ticks were collected from domestic ruminants and their shelters, as well as humans, and their individual salivary glands were dissected out for dna. from the 242 ticks analyzed, six (2.47%), comprising three hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, one rhipicephalus bursa, and two rhipicephalus sanguineus, were positive. o ...200919247690
generation of antigenic variants via gene conversion: evidence for recombination fitness selection at the locus level in anaplasma marginale.multiple bacterial and protozoal pathogens utilize gene conversion to generate antigenically variant surface proteins to evade immune clearance and establish persistent infection. both the donor alleles that encode the variants following recombination into an expression site and the donor loci themselves are under evolutionary selection: the alleles that encode variants that are sufficiently antigenically unique yet retain growth fitness and the loci that allow efficient recombination. we examin ...200919487473
transovarial transmission of francisella-like endosymbionts and anaplasma phagocytophilum variants in dermacentor albipictus (acari: ixodidae).dermacentor albipictus (packard) is a north american tick that feeds on cervids and livestock. it is a suspected vector of anaplasmosis in cattle, but its microbial flora and vector potential remain underevaluated. we screened d. albipictus ticks collected from minnesota white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) for bacteria of the genera anaplasma, ehrlichia, francisella, and rickettsia using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) gene amplification and sequence analyses. we detected anaplasma phagoc ...200919496436
[seroprevalence of anaplasma marginale in cattle from center-south region of paraná state, brazil by a competitive elisa test with recombinant msp5-pr1 protein].anaplasma marginale prevalence was determined in 223 sera samples in 2-year old or older cattle, from the center-southern region of the paraná state, including ponta grossa, guarapuava and laranjeiras do sul municipalities. a survey of antibodies igg class against anaplasma marginale was performed through a competitive immune absorbent assay (celisa-pr1). from the 223 sera examined, 130 (58.74%) reacted to celisa-pr1 test, suggesting an region of enzootic instability, with a significant percenta ...200919500456
diversity of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains, usa.we analyzed the structure of the expression site encoding the immunoprotective protein msp2/p44 from multiple anaplasma phagocytophilum strains in the united states. the sequence of p44esup1 had diverged in ap-variant 1 strains infecting ruminants. in contrast, no differences were detected between a. phagocytophilum strains infecting humans and domestic dogs.200919523294
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in dogs: 34 cases (2000-2007).objective- to determine demographic characteristics of dogs from the upper midwest infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum and identify clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities and response to treatment. design- retrospective case series and owner telephone survey. animals- 34 dogs with granulocytic anaplasmosis. procedures- records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic and serologic findings, and treatment. owners were contact ...200919527130
the differential interaction of brucella and ochrobactrum with innate immunity reveals traits related to the evolution of stealthy pathogens.during evolution, innate immunity has been tuned to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. however, some alpha-proteobacteria are stealthy intracellular pathogens not readily detected by this system. brucella members follow this strategy and are highly virulent, but other brucellaceae like ochrobactrum are rhizosphere inhabitants and only opportunistic pathogens. to gain insight into the emergence of the stealthy strategy, we compared these two phylogenetically close but biologically ...200919529776
type iv secretion system of anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis.the intracellular bacterial pathogens ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum have evolved to infect leukocytes and hijack biological compounds and processes of these host defensive cells. bacterial type iv secretion (t4s) system transports macromolecules across the membrane in an atp-dependent manner and is increasingly recognized as a virulence factor delivery mechanism that allows pathogens to modulate eukaryotic cell functions for their own benefit. genes encoding t4s system homo ...200919538269
epigenetic silencing of host cell defense genes enhances intracellular survival of the rickettsial pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum.intracellular bacteria have evolved mechanisms that promote survival within hostile host environments, often resulting in functional dysregulation and disease. using the anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected granulocyte model, we establish a link between host chromatin modifications, defense gene transcription and intracellular bacterial infection. infection of thp-1 cells with a. phagocytophilum led to silencing of host defense gene expression. histone deacetylase 1 (hdac1) expression, activity an ...200919543390
rickettsia raoultii and anaplasma phagocytophilum in dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected from bialowieza primeval forest european bison (bison bonasus bonasus), poland. 200919548992
tick-borne zoonotic bacteria in ticks collected from central spain.the prevalence of tick-borne and related bacteria infecting adult ticks in central spain was assessed by molecular methods. six areas were sampled monthly during a 2-year longitudinal study. a total of 1,038 questing and 442 feeding ticks, belonging to eight different species, were tested. the most abundant species were hyalomma lusitanicum (54% of captures), followed by dermacentor marginatus (23%) and rhipicephalus sanguineus (10%). four human pathogens, including seven rickettsia species, ana ...200919556569
infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum induces multilineage alterations in hematopoietic progenitor cells and peripheral blood cells.infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum, a gram-negative, lipopolysaccharide (lps)-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium, results in multiple peripheral blood cytopenias. we hypothesized that infection with this organism would result in decreased bone marrow (bm) function and shifts in hematopoietic progenitor cells (hpcs) and lineage-committed cells in a well-established murine model of infection. hpcs and lineage-committed progenitors were enumerated in the bm and spleen during acute inf ...200919564373
[anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a cat in switzerland].the following case report describes the diagnosis and therapy of a cat with an anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. the cat from the canton of st. gallen was presented because of lethargy and lack of appetite. the clinical symptoms established were fever and minor exsiccosis. the diagnosis of granulocytic anaplasmosis was established through microscopic evidence of inclusion bodies in neutrophil granulocytes, the detection of pathogen dna in the blood by pcr and positive igm and igg antibody tit ...200919565457
detectability of tick-borne agents dna in the blood of dogs, undergoing treatment for borreliosis.in the wake of controversies surrounding the usefulness of pcr in the diagnostics of borreliosis, the aim of the presented study was to monitor the presence of b. burgdorferi s.l. in dogs with clinical borreliosis in the course of relevant treatment. the monitoring was based on detecting borrelia's dna before- (study i), during- (study ii), and after completion of the therapy (study iii). in addition, to rule out possible coinfections, the dogs' blood was examined for the presence of anaplasma, ...200919572472
current surveys on the prevalence and distribution of dirofilaria spp. in dogs in germany.the central upper-rhine (baden-württemberg, germany) is one of the warmest regions in germany and also harbours abundant numbers of mosquitoes. case reports on presumably autochthonous occurrence of dirofilaria spp. were reported previously and were a reason for a further investigation into the occurrence of vector-borne pathogens. for this purpose, 44 hunting dogs from the central upper-rhine region were tested between 4(th) and 29(th) june 2007. the blood samples were tested using the knott's ...200919575227
occurrence of dirofilaria immitis and tick-borne infections caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and ehrlichia canis in domestic dogs in france: results of a countrywide serologic survey.the occurrence of dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against tick-borne pathogens in french dogs has been analysed based on 1,050 blood samples. serum samples of 919 dogs (group a) were sent for a variety of diagnostic investigations, further 131 dogs (group b) were tested for a tentative diagnosis of heartworm disease. all samples were tested for d. immitis antigen. samples in group a were also tested for specific antibodies against three tick-borne pathogens (anaplasma phagocytophilum, ...200919575231
validation and field assessment of a rapid lateral flow assay for detection of bovine antibody to anaplasma marginale.the lateral flow assay (lfa) is a rapid diagnostic test which may be performed under most conditions and is especially useful for field applications. this type of assay was applied to the detection of antibody to bovine anaplasma marginale using sera from endemic areas and from areas which have been free from infection for more than 25 years. briefly, the test uses recombinant a. marginale major surface protein 5 peptide (msp5), immobilized on a cellulose acetate membrane. a serum sample is adde ...200919591044
anaplasma phagocytophilum dense-cored organisms mediate cellular adherence through recognition of human p-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects granulocytes to cause human granulocytic anaplasmosis. the susceptibilities of human neutrophils and promyelocytic hl-60 cells to a. phagocytophilum are linked to bacterial usage of p-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (psgl-1) as a receptor for adhesion and entry. a. phagocytophilum undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle, transitioning between a smaller electron dense-cored cell (dc), which has a dense nucleoid, and a l ...200919596771
[cloning, expression, molecular characterization of the msp5 protein from pr1 strain of anaplasma marginale and its application in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent test].a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent test using the pr1 recombinant major surface protein 5 (rmsp5-pr1-elisa) of anaplasma marginale was standardized and validated using sera from anaplasmosis free and endemic regions. the sequencing of the msp5 gene of pr1 isolate showed 98% of identity with the florida and saint maries isolates, 97% with brazil (pernambuco) and havana isolates; and 91% with a. centrale. the celisa-pr1 test was compared to ifi and celisa-usa. for the standardization and va ...200919602309
silencing of genes involved in anaplasma marginale-tick interactions affects the pathogen developmental cycle in dermacentor variabilis.the cattle pathogen, anaplasma marginale, undergoes a developmental cycle in ticks that begins in gut cells. transmission to cattle occurs from salivary glands during a second tick feeding. at each site of development two forms of a. marginale (reticulated and dense) occur within a parasitophorous vacuole in the host cell cytoplasm. however, the role of tick genes in pathogen development is unknown. four genes, found in previous studies to be differentially expressed in dermacentor variabilis ti ...200919607704
[assessment of rate of infection with agents of bacterial infections in ticks captured on one of the moscow park terrains].to study the rate of infection of ticks captured one of the moscow park terrains with bacteria (agents of tick borreliosis and anaplasmosis).200919621812
coincidence of three pathogens (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti) in ixodes ricinus ticks in the lublin macroregion.ticks are very important vectors of pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, protozoans), which may induce serious contagious diseases in humans and in farm animals. the aim of the study was to determine the coincidence of 3 pathogens: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti in ixodes ricinus ticks in south-eastern poland and to estimate the degree of infection with each of the examined pathogens depending on the developmental stage of ticks (nymph, fe ...200919630205
seroprevalence of human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis in central and southeastern china.human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) is an emerging tick-borne infectious disease. to determine the prevalence of hga in central and southeastern china, a total of 323 human sera were collected from individuals at high risk for exposure to ticks and animals. the igg antibody against the etiologic agent of hga, anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected with indirect immunofluorescence assay. the results showed that 20% of the tested individuals (64/323) were positive to a. phagocytophilum and that ...200919635886
anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma marginale elicit different gene expression responses in cultured tick cells.the genus anaplasma (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) includes obligate tick-transmitted intracellular organisms, anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma marginale that multiply in both vertebrate and tick host cells. recently, we showed that a. marginale affects the expression of tick genes that are involved in tick survival and pathogen infection and multiplication. however, the gene expression profile in a. phagocytophilum-infected tick cells is currently poorly characterized. the objectives o ...200919636428
detection and identification of rickettsial agents in ticks from domestic mammals in eastern panama.several outbreaks of rocky mountain spotted fever have occurred in recent years in colombian communities close to the border with panama. however, little is known about rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases in eastern panamanian provinces, the darien province and the kuna yala, located north of the endemic area in colombia. in 2007, 289 ticks were collected in several towns from dogs, horses, mules, cows, and pigs. dna was extracted from 124 dermacentor nitens, 64 rhipicephalus sanguineus, 43 amb ...200919645289
new approaches to detection and identification of rickettsia africae and ehrlichia ruminantium in amblyomma variegatum (acari: ixodidae) ticks from the caribbean.imported from africa in the 1700s and despite frequent modern eradication efforts, amblyomma variegatum (f.) spread through the caribbean by cattle transport, small ruminants, and migrating birds. a. variegatum is a vector for rickettsia africae, the causative agent of african tick bite fever, and ehrlichia ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater. we examined 95 a. variegatum and six rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) collected from cattle at an abattoir in antigua. engorged ...200919645301
molecular evidence for persistence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in the absence of clinical abnormalities in horses after recovery from acute experimental infection.anaplasma phagocytophilum infects several mammalian species, and can persist in sheep, dogs, and calves. however, whether this organism persists in horses or induces long-term clinical abnormalities is not known.200919645847
identification of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in patients with erythema migrans.anaplasma phagocytophilum has been first isolated from the blood of two czech patients simultaneously with a cultivation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from their erythema migrans lesions. cultivation of different borrelia spp. from 12 erythema migrans biopsies, from 2 blood, one liquor and one placenta sample in bsk-h medium was successful. adapted conventional methods targeting 16s rrna and ospa genes for real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and partial sequencing of these genes toget ...200919649743
effects of tick control by acaricide self-treatment of white-tailed deer on host-seeking tick infection prevalence and entomologic risk for ixodes scapularis-borne pathogens.we evaluated the effects of tick control by acaricide self-treatment of white-tailed deer on the infection prevalence and entomologic risk for three ixodes scapularis-borne bacteria in host-seeking ticks. ticks were collected from vegetation in areas treated with the "4-poster" device and from control areas over a 6-year period in five geographically diverse study locations in the northeastern united states and tested for infection with two known agents of human disease, borrelia burgdorferi and ...200919650738
[identification of anaplasma phagocytophilum in small mammals from hengduan mountains of southwest china.].to investigate the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in small mammals from the forest area of hengduan mountains in southwestern china.200920193314
[effect of coinfections in ixodidae ticks on transmission of blood microparasites].the purpose of this review was to describe and discuss the current spectrum of coinfections in ixodidae ticks and their effects on the transmission of blood microparasites. coinfections with borrelia burgdorferi s. l. and anaplasma phagocytophilum and/or babesia sp. in ticks from poland appear to be common, however, the potential influence on transmission dynamics, the mechanism of genetic variation and the ecology of interactions between pathogens remain poorly understood compared with infectio ...200920209806
the first detection of babesia eu1 and babesia canis canis in ixodes ricinus ticks (acari, ixodidae) collected in urban and rural areas in northern poland.ixodes ricinus, the most commonly observed tick species in poland, is a known vector of such pathogenic microorganisms as tbe viruses, borrelia burgdoferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum, rickettsia helvetica, babesia divergens and b. microti in our country. our study aimed to find out whether this tick can also transmit other babesiae of medical and veterinary importance. dna extracts of 1392 ticks (314 nymphs, 552 male and 526 female ticks) collected in urban and rural areas in the pomer ...200919899616
antigen diversity in the parasitic bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum arises from selectively-represented, spatially clustered functional pseudogenes.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen of humans and other animals, and is an obligate intracellular parasite. throughout the course of infection, hosts acquire temporary resistance to granulocytic anaplasmosis as they develop immunity specific for the major antigen, major surface protein 2 (msp2). however, the bacterium then utilizes a novel recombination mechanism shuffling functional pseudogenes sequentially into an expression cassette with conserved 5' and 3' ends ...200920016821
[comparison of nested-pcr with blood smear examination in detection of ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys in dogs].the clinical signs of ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys infection are similar, and the diagnosis of these pathogens made by stained blood smears is poor due sensibility and specificity. on the other hand, the molecular diagnosis is highly sensitive and specific and nested-pcr have been optimized for accurate diagnosis these pathogens in dogs. at the veterinary teaching hospital, whole-blood samples with edta were obtained from 100 dogs and smears were made from blood samples for evaluation fo ...200920040193
molecular diagnosis of anaplasmataceae organisms in dogs with clinical and microscopical signs of ehrlichiosis.ehrlichioses are important emerging zoonotic tick-borne diseases that can affect both animals and humans. clinical manifestations of ehrlichiosis caused by different members of anaplasmataceae in dogs are similar to each other and to other diseases showing systemic manifestation. the observation of inclusions in white blood cells and in platelets cannot be used to confirm the anaplasmataceae etiologic agent of the disease. in this work we assessed the presence of anaplasmataceae agents in 51 dog ...200920040204
phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rrna gene of anaplasma species detected from japanese serows (capricornis crispus).nineteen blood samples collected from free-living japanese serows, capricornis crispus, between 2006 and 2008 in iwate prefecture were examined for the anaplasma infection by pcr amplification of a part of the 16s rrna gene. ten (52.6%) out of the 19 samples produced a visible band in electrophoresed agarose gels. positive pcr products were subjected to dna sequencing. we found the nucleotide sequences were identical. almost entire length of the 16s rrna gene for a representative stain was then ...200920046041
occurrence of igg antibodies to anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans suspected of lyme borreliosis in eastern slovakia.human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) and lyme borreliosis (lb) are tick-borne and emerging infectious diseases caused by the anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi species. in europe, including slovakia, the principal vector of both pathogens is the common tick - ixodes ricinus, in which double infections with these pathogens have been reported. the aim of our study was evidence of igg antibodies against a. phagocytophilum in blood sera of humans with suspects lb from several clinic ...200920047263
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of red foxes (vulpes vulpes).the investigation of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection covered 111 red foxes from the mazovian province. determination was based on pcr amplification of 16s rrna gene and the portion of msp4 gene coding msp4 major surface protein. the presence of a. phagocytophilum was found in 2.7 % of foxes.200920047265
[transfer of exotic ticks (acari: ixodida) on reptiles (reptilia) imported to poland].in the of period 2003-2007, a total of 382 specimens of reptiles belonging to the following genera were investigated: testudo, iguana, varanus, gongylophis, python, spalerosophis, psammophis. the material for the present study was a collection of reptiles owned by the "animals" ltd from swietochłowice (upper silesia, poland), specialising in import of exotic animals to poland, as well as the reptile collections of private breeders. the reptiles that turned out to be the most heavily infected wit ...200920066784
[ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis].ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are zoonoses caused by bacteria from the family anaplasmataceae, including human and animal pathogens. the human pathogens are ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme), anaplasma phagocytophilum, the pathogen causing human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), e. ewingii and neorickettsia sennetsu, granulocytotropic and monocytotropic ehrlichia species, respectively. ehrlichia spp. are small, gram-negative, obligate intracellular b ...200920077398
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