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evidence of multiple zoonotic agents in a wild rodent community in the eastern sierra nevada.this study aimed to describe the occurrence of yersinia pestis, rickettsia rickettsii, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and ectoparasites in a wild rodent community in the eastern sierra nevada. from may to september 2006, rodents were live-trapped, examined for ectoparasites, and blood was collected. all rodents were serologically tested for antibodies to y. pestis, r. rickettsii, and a. phagocytophilum; in addition, blood samples and ectoparasites were tested by pcr to detect the presence of these z ...200818689664
canine vector-borne diseases in brazil.abstract: canine vector-borne diseases (cvbds) are highly prevalent in brazil and represent a challenge to veterinarians and public health workers, since some diseases are of great zoonotic potential. dogs are affected by many protozoa (e.g., babesia vogeli, leishmania infantum, and trypanosoma cruzi), bacteria (e.g., anaplasma platys and ehrlichia canis), and helminths (e.g., dirofilaria immitis and dipylidium caninum) that are transmitted by a diverse range of arthropod vectors, including tick ...200818691408
first report of bovine anaplasmosis by anaplasma centrale in europe, molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis. 200818696245
selenium status and antibodies to selected pathogens in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in southern minnesota.to determine exposure to a variety of infectious diseases potentially important for native ungulates, livestock, and humans, serum samples from 114 (94 adults, 20 fawns) female white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were collected during january 2000-03 from multiple locations in southeast (se) and southwest (sw) minnesota. antibody prevalence was determined for the following pathogens: mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, leptospira interrogans (six serovars), anaplasma marginale, b ...200818263838
validation of an anaplasma marginale celisa for use in the diagnosis of a. ovis infections in domestic sheep and anaplasma spp. in wild ungulates.a commercially available (celisa) kit for diagnosing anaplasma marginale infection in cattle was validated for diagnosing a ovis infection in sheep using the bovine serum controls as supplied by the manufacturer (bcelisa) and sheep serum controls from pathogen-free sheep (ocelisa). true positives were identified using two previously established assays, a nested pcr (npcr) test and an indirect immunofluorescent assay (ifa). the bcelisa was also applied to sera from various species of wild ruminan ...200818272296
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in horses in the netherlands. 200818281631
comparison of the efficiency of biological transmission of anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) by dermacentor andersoni stiles (acari: ixodidae) with mechanical transmission by the horse fly, tabanus fuscicostatus hine (diptera: muscidae).mechanical transmission ofanaplasma marginale by horse flies (tabanidae) is thought to be epidemiologically significant in some areas of the united states. we compared the relative efficiencies of mechanical transmission of anaplasma marginale by the horse fly, tabanus fuscicostatus hine, during acute infection (approximately 10(7) to approximately 10(9) infected erythrocytes [ie]/ml blood) with biological transmission by dermacentor andersoni stiles in the persistent phase of infection (approxi ...200818283950
anaplasma phagocytophilum msp2(p44)-18 predominates and is modified into multiple isoforms in human myeloid cells.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the etiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. msp2(p44), the bacterium's major surface protein, is encoded by a paralogous gene family and has been implicated in a variety of pathobiological processes, including antigenic variation, host adaptation, adhesion, porin activity, and structural integrity. the consensus among several studies performed at the dna and rna levels is that a heterogeneous mix of a limited number of msp2(p44) transcripts is expressed b ...200818285495
culture, isolation, and labeling of anaplasma phagocytophilum for subsequent infection of human neutrophils.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the etiologic agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis, a tick-borne, zoonotic, emerging infectious disease. a. phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular pathogen that primarily resides within membrane-bound, cytoplasmic vacuoles of host neutrophils. closely related to ehrlichial and rickettsial organisms, a. phagocytophilum is a small, fragile, gram-negative bacterium that presents unique challenges for culture, isolation, enumeration, and labeling. this chapter deline ...200818287755
infectious diseases of dogs and cats on isabela island, galapagos.vaccination and importation of dogs and cats are prohibited in the galapagos, resulting in a uniquely isolated population. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases of dogs and cats that impact their health, could spill over to native wildlife, or sentinel diseases of concern to humans.200818289290
bartonella dna in the blood and lymph nodes of golden retrievers with lymphoma and in healthy controls.although lymphoma is the most common neoplastic process reported in dogs, its precise etiology is unknown. golden retrievers are more likely to develop lymphoma, suggesting a breed predisposition; however, other factors, including environment, immunity, and infection, are likely contributors to oncogenesis.200818289294
a serosurvey of anaplasma phagocytophilum in blood donors in crete, greece. 200818293019
serological and molecular prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and ehrlichia species in dogs from minnesota.a population of 731 naturally exposed pet dogs examined at a private practice in baxter, minnesota, an area endemic for lyme disease and anaplasmosis, was tested by serological and molecular methods for evidence of exposure to or infection with selected vector-borne pathogens. serum samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, and ehrlichia canis antibodies and for dirofilaria immitis antigen. blood samples from 273 dogs we ...200818302532
competitive exclusion between piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis agents within cattle. 200818225951
prevalence of seropositivity to spotted fever group rickettsiae and anaplasma phagocytophilum in a large, demographically diverse us sample.most epidemiologic studies of tick-borne rickettsial diseases in the united states are small and have limited demographic scope, making broader risk assessment difficult.200818171216
expression of perilipin in human promyelocytic cells in response to anaplasma phagocytophilum infection results in modified lipid metabolism.the obligate intracellular pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum is transmitted by ticks and causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis, tick-borne fever of ruminants, and equine and canine granulocytic anaplasmosis. in a previous study, the perilipin (plin) gene was identified as one of the genes differentially expressed in human promyelocytic hl-60 cells in response to infection with a. phagocytophilum. plin is a major adipocyte lipid droplet-associated phosphoprotein that plays a central role in lip ...200818201980
differential exposure to anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodent species in northern california.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoonotic tick-borne rickettsial pathogen that causes granulocytic anaplasmosis (ga) in humans, horses, and dogs. in california, dusky-footed woodrats (neotoma fuscipes) are a putative reservoir host, and ixodes pacificus is a vector for transmission from rodents to humans, dogs, and horses. cases are clustered in coastal and sierra nevada foothill regions, but not necessarily in proximity to infected woodrats. this study was designed to compare exposures and active ...200818047398
c-jun nh2-terminal kinase 2 inhibits gamma interferon production during anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) plays a critical role in the early eradication of anaplasma phagocytophilum. however, the mechanisms that regulate ifn-gamma production upon infection remain poorly understood. here we show that c-jun nh2-terminal kinase 2 (jnk2) inhibits ifn-gamma production during a. phagocytophilum infection. jnk2-null mice were more refractory to infection with a. phagocytophilum and produced increased levels of ifn-gamma after challenge with the pathogen. the resistance of jnk2- ...200817998313
high-throughput identification of t-lymphocyte antigens from anaplasma marginale expressed using in vitro transcription and translation.the ability to rapidly screen a complex pathogen proteome for proteins that elicit recall t-lymphocyte responses from immune individuals would accelerate vaccine development. an outer membrane fraction of the rickettsial pathogen anaplasma marginale induces protective immunity against infection and disease in cattle. we have used this immunization model to evaluate high-throughput screening of proteins expressed by in vitro transcription and translation (ivtt) for recognition by memory cd4(+) t- ...200818243240
role of migratory birds in introduction and range expansion of ixodes scapularis ticks and of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in canada.during the spring in 2005 and 2006, 39,095 northward-migrating land birds were captured at 12 bird observatories in eastern canada to investigate the role of migratory birds in northward range expansion of lyme borreliosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and their tick vector, ixodes scapularis. the prevalence of birds carrying i. scapularis ticks (mostly nymphs) was 0.35% (95% confidence interval [ci] = 0.30 to 0.42), but a nested study by experienced observers suggested a more realistic infe ...200818245258
prevalence and genotypes of anaplasma species and habitat suitability for ticks in a mediterranean ecosystem.anaplasma species are tick-transmitted pathogens that impact veterinary and human health. sicily is one of the locations where these pathogens are endemic. sicily represents a typical mediterranean ecosystem to study anaplasma infection and tick habitat suitability. the aims of this study were (i) to characterize by 16s rrna and species-specific msp4 gene pcr the prevalence and genotypes of a. marginale, a. phagocytophilum, and a. ovis in the most abundant host species in sicilian provinces and ...200818978093
skin manifestations of lyme borreliosis: diagnosis and management.lyme borreliosis is a multisystem infectious disease caused by tick-transmitted spirochetes of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. the three characteristic cutaneous manifestations are erythema migrans, borrelial lymphocytoma, and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. erythema migrans occurs in acute lyme borreliosis, lymphocytoma is a subacute lesion, and acrodermatitis is the typical manifestation of late lyme borreliosis. clinical appearances of erythema migrans and lymphocytoma (when ...200818973402
molecular and serological evidence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of farm animals in the black sea region of turkey.this study was designed to determine the presence and the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in sheep and cattle in the middle and eastern black sea regions of turkey in which the potential vector, ixodes ricinus, is widespread. blood samples were collected from 720 sheep and 720 cattle from 6 provinces of the region, and used for detecting antibodies to a. phagocytophilum by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat) and specific nucleic acids by a nested polymerase chain re ...200818828480
genetic diversity of anaplasma marginale strains from an outbreak of bovine anaplasmosis in an endemic area.anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne pathogen of cattle that causes the disease bovine anaplasmosis worldwide. major surface proteins (msps) are involved in host-pathogen and tick-pathogen interactions and have been used as markers for the genetic characterization of a. marginale strains. a. marginale genotypes are highly variable in endemic areas worldwide. the genetic composition of a. marginale strains during anaplasmosis outbreaks has been characterized in one study only which reported a sing ...200818842342
seroprevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in domestic and wild animals from central italy.from january 2004 to july 2007, 2455 sera were collected from domestic and wild animals living in central italy and tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum. considering sera with 1:40 antibody titers as positive, 336 (13.68%) animals scored positive. the percentages of seropositivity were: 46.26% (31/67) in fallow deer, 46.15% (24/52) in red deer, 16.89% (134/793) in horses, 16.78% (23/137) in cattle, 12.74% (13/102) in sheep, 8.76% (108 ...200818843892
anaplasma phagocytophilum transmitted through blood transfusion--minnesota, 2007.anaplasma phagocytophilum, a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium of neutrophils, causes human anaplasmosis, a tickborne rickettsial disease formerly known as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. in november 2007, the minnesota department of health was contacted about a. phagocytophilum infection in a hospitalized minnesota resident who had recently undergone multiple blood transfusions. subsequent investigation indicated the infection likely was acquired through a transfusion of red bloo ...200818946461
retrospective clinical and molecular analysis of conditioned laboratory dogs (canis familiaris) with serologic reactions to ehrlichia canis, borrelia burgdorferi, and rickettsia rickettsii.dogs are susceptible to different tickborne infections, including members of the anaplasmataceae (ehrlichia canis, e. ewingii, e. chaffeensis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, a. platys), borrelia burgdorferi, and rickettsia rickettsii. these diseases can manifest with clinical signs including fever, anorexia, malaise, lameness, rash, and bleeding episodes; however, these signs are nonpathognomonic, and infections can occur in the absence of clinical signs. hematologic abnormalities can include leukop ...200818947166
[seroepidemiological evidence of human exposure to anaplasma sp in santiago, chile].to find more evidence of human exposure to anaplasma sp in chile, we studied 108 contacts of dogs with canine ehrlichiosis (ce) (risk group) and 61 persons without tick or ce cases contact (control group). a survey including risk factors and history of diseases compatible with ehrlichiosis/ anaplasmosis was applied to the risk group. serum igg anti-anaplasma sp antibodies were determined in both groups.200818949148
duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection and quantification of anaplasma marginale and anaplasma centrale.anaplasma marginale and anaplasma centrale are rickettsial pathogens responsible for acute disease and mild infections, respectively, in cattle herds. a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay with probes labeled with different fluorophores was developed for simultaneous detection and quantification of a. marginale and a. centrale dna in bovine blood samples. the assay was able to detect as few as 10(1) and 10(2) dna copies for a. marginale and a. centrale, respectively, with opti ...200818776093
pcr-based survey of anaplasma phagocytophilum in portuguese ticks (acari: ixodidae).a total of two-thousand and six ticks, collected from 2002 to 2006 in areas belonging to seven districts of mainland portugal and also in madeira island, were examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. active infections were detected exclusively in ixodes species, including six questing i. ricinus nymphs from madeira island, one questing i. ventalloi nymph from setúbal district, and two i. ventalloi adults found parasitizing domestic cats in both s ...200818781886
clinical features of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis in 18 naturally infected dogs.anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis (cga), is a gram-negative intracellular organism transmitted by ixodid ticks. thus far, only a few clinical studies evaluating dogs with cga have been published.200818783353
meta-analysis of coinfection and coexposure with borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and ixodes ricinus-complex ticks.anaplasma phagocytophilum, which causes granulocytic anaplasmosis, and borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme borreliosis, are transmitted in multiple holarctic regions by the same ixodes sp. tick vectors and maintained in sylvatic cycles with the same rodent reservoirs. coinfection of humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and ticks with both b. burgdorferi and a. phagocytophilum appears to be common, yet the pathologic mechanisms and ecology remain poorly understood compared with single-agent in ...200818789001
cyclic variation in lambs infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum. 200818791211
human granulocytic anaplasmosis.tick-borne infections have been recognized in the united states for more than a century. patients who present with nonspecific fever after exposure to ticks should be evaluated by clinical examination and routine laboratory testing to determine if the illness is potentially a tick-borne infection. this article focuses on the diagnosis and management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum.200818755383
[microorganisms of the order rickettsiales in taiga tick (ixodes persulcatus sch.) from the pre-ural region].the pcr and sequence analysis revealed dna ehrlichia muris, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia spp. in the i. persulcatus ticks and blood samples from a patients with acute febrile illness occurring after a tick bite, registered in the seasonal peak of the tick activity of one of the highly endemic areas of russia (perm region). these data confirmed the validity a diagnosis of hme and hga, which were made earlier on the basis of the clinical-serologic survey. in 10.0% of the tested taiga ...200818756787
prevalence of tick-borne zoonotic bacteria in questing adult ticks from northern spain.a total of 691 questing adult ixodid ticks of the genera ixodes, haemaphysalis, dermacentor, and rhipicephalus were tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse line blot (rlb) for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, coxiella burnetii, borrelia spp., and spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae. ticks were collected by blanket dragging during 2 sampling years (2003-2005) in 10 recreational areas in the basque country (northern spain). adult ticks were collected every month of the ye ...200818759563
evaluation of sequential coinfection with anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma marginale in cattle.to determine whether sequelae of infection differed among single versus double infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum or anaplasma marginale, with and without tick salivary extract, in cattle.200818764690
anaplasma phagocytophilum increases cathepsin l activity, thereby globally influencing neutrophil function.anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, is an unusual obligate intracellular pathogen that persists in neutrophils. a. phagocytophilum increases the binding of a repressor, ccaat displacement protein (cdp), to the gp91(phox) promoter, thereby diminishing the host oxidative burst. we now show that a. phagocytophilum infection also enhances the binding of cdp to the promoters of human neutrophil peptide 1 and c/ebpepsilon--molecules important for neutrophil defense ...200818765732
laboratory maintenance of ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia canis and recovery of organisms for molecular biology and proteomics studies.tick-borne illnesses are emerging as a major concern for human health in recent years. these include the human monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by the amblyomma americanum tick-transmitted bacterium, ehrlichia chaffeensis; human ewingii ehrlichiosis caused by ehrlichia ewingii (also transmitted by a. americanum ticks); and human granulocytic anaplasmosis caused by the ixodes scapularis tick-transmitted pathogen, anaplasma phagocytophilum. likewise, tick-borne rickettsial pathogens are also a major ...200818770537
relative importance of ixodes ricinus and ixodes trianguliceps as vectors for anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti in field vole (microtus agrestis) populations.the importance of ixodes ricinus in the transmission of tick-borne pathogens is well recognized in the united kingdom and across europe. however, the role of coexisting ixodes species, such as the widely distributed species ixodes trianguliceps, as alternative vectors for these pathogens has received little attention. this study aimed to assess the relative importance of i. ricinus and i. trianguliceps in the transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti among united kingdom fiel ...200818820068
[immune-humoral response of water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) against anaplasma marginale (theiler, 1910)].the aim of the present study was to analyze the humoral-immune response of water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) naturally infected against anaplasma marginale. for this work, colostrums/milk and blood samples were sequentially collected from buffalo cows prior and after partum for a period of 335 days and from buffalo calves from birth to 365 days after. the antibodies in the colostrums/milk and serum samples of these animals were determined using an elisa indirect method and the data were analyzed a ...200818823574
frequency of antibodies to babesia bigemina, b. bovis, anaplasma marginale, trypanosoma vivax and borrelia burgdorferi in cattle from the northeastern region of the state of pará, brazil.babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and trypanosomosis are relevant diseases, potentially causing morbidity in cattle, leading to economic losses. borreliosis is import as a potential zoonosis. the objective of this study was to determine, by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), the frequency of seropositive cattle to babesia bigemina, b. bovis, anaplasma marginale, trypanosoma vivax and borrelia burgdorferi in cattle from the northeastern region of pará, brazil. sera samples from 246 femal ...200818823579
[detection of antibodies against anaplasma sp. in small ruminants from the semi-arid region against pernambuco state, brazil].this paper reports the detection of antibodies against anaplasma sp. in goats and sheep from the semi-arid region from pernambuco state, brazil, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with recombinant msp5 of anaplasma marginale. sera from 243 goats and 68 sheep from ibimirim municipality were analyzed and frequencies of antibodies of 11.93% (29/243) and 16.17% (11/68) were found for goats and sheep, respectively. the epidemiological relevance of the findings was discussed.200818823582
characterization of 'candidatus neoehrlichia lotoris' (family anaplasmataceae) from raccoons (procyon lotor).recently, a novel ehrlichial organism was isolated from a raccoon (procyon lotor) and the isolate (rac413) was infectious to two naïve raccoons but not laboratory mice, rats or rabbits. in this study, amplification and sequencing of four gene targets (16s rrna gene, groesl, glta and rpob) confirmed that the novel ehrlichial organism was a member of the family anaplasmataceae and was most closely related to, but distinct from, 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis' tk4456(r) and is58. rac413 shared ...200819060060
[human anaplasmosis--a hidden disease in norway?].ticks and tick-borne infections will most probably increase in norway due to global warming, regrowth of pastures and an increasing number of cervids. a. phagocytophilum is already a common infection among domestic ruminants and cervids in tick (ixodes ricinus) infested areas in norway.200819023355
defining the immune response to ehrlichia species using murine models.pathogenic bacteria belonging to the family anaplasmataceae include species of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma. ehrlichia chaffeensis, first known as the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, also infects several vertebrate hosts including white-tailed deer, dogs, coyotes and goats. e. chaffeensis is transmitted from the bite of an infected hard tick, such as amblyomma americanum. e. chaffeensis and other tick-transmitted pathogens have adapted to both the tick and vertebrate host ...200819028013
[microbiological diagnosis of emerging bacterial pathogens: anaplasma, bartonella, rickettsia, and tropheryma whipplei].ehrlichia/anaplasma, bartonella, rickettsia and tropheryma whipplei (formerly called whippelii) are fastidious bacterial organisms, considered the causative agents of potentially severe emerging and re-emerging diseases with repercussions on public health. the recent availability of advanced molecular biology and cell culture techniques has led to the implication of many of these species in human pathologies. these issues are extensively covered in number 27 of the seimc microbiological procedur ...200819100178
incidence of various tick-borne microorganisms in rodents and ticks of central slovakia.in this study, we detected rickettsia helvetica, candidatus midichloria mitochondrii, anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia muris, candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, and bartonella sp. infections in wild rodents and ticks collected from the vegetation of central slovakia. the microorganisms were identified by pcr and sequencing. yellow-necked mice (apodemus flavicollis) were infected with e. muris and bartonella sp., while ticks ixodes ricinus collected from the vegetation were infected with r. ...200818999892
nosocomial transmission of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in china.human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) is an emerging tick-borne disease in china. a cluster of cases among health care workers and family members following exposure to a patient with fulminant disease consistent with hga prompted investigation.200819017912
nosocomial transmission of human granulocytic anaplasmosis? 200819017920
rapid deletion of antigen-specific cd4+ t cells following infection represents a strategy of immune evasion and persistence for anaplasma marginale.acquired t cell immunity is central for protection against infection. however, the immunological consequences of exposing memory t cells to high ag loads during acute and persistent infection with systemic pathogens are poorly understood. we investigated this by using infection with anaplasma marginale, a ruminant pathogen that replicates to levels of 10(9) bacteria per ml of blood during acute infection and maintains mean bacteremia levels of 10(6) per ml during long-term persistent infection. ...200819017965
spread of ticks and tick-borne diseases in germany due to global warming.tick-transmitted diseases like tick-borne encephalitis and lyme borreliosis have been well known in germany for decades. global climate changes may influence the emergence and reemergence of diseases. ongoing research now gives an additional focus on other tick-borne pathogens such as coxiella burnetii, rickettsia conorii, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia spp., the causative agents of q-fever, mediterranean spotted fever, anaplasmosis and babesiosis, respectively. the epidemiology of these ...200819030892
the elimination of anaplasma phagocytophilum requires cd4+ t cells, but is independent of th1 cytokines and a wide spectrum of effector mechanisms.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium that exhibits a striking tropism for neutrophils. when we depleted mice of neutrophils, we found that murine susceptibility to anaplasmal infection was dependent on their presence. while serving as sites of bacterial replication, neutrophils do not seem to act as efficient killer cells in a. phagocytophilum infection, because mice deficient for antimicrobial effectors of neutrophils such as myeloperoxidase, granulocyt ...200819039769
detection of anaplasma antibodies in wildlife and domestic species in wildlife-livestock interface areas of kenya by major surface protein 5 competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.the seroprevalence of anaplasma antibodies in wildlife (eland, blue wildebeest, kongoni, impala, thomson's gazelle, grant's gazelle, giraffe and plains zebra) and domestic animal (cattle, sheep and goat) populations was studied in wildlife/livestock interface areas of kenya. serum samples were analyzed by competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ci-elisa), using a recombinant antigen (msp-5) from anaplasma marginale surface membrane. a monoclonal antibody, fc-16, was used as the ...200819040134
differential expression of the tick protective antigen subolesin in anaplasma marginale- and a. phagocytophilum-infected host cells.subolesin was recently shown in vaccine and rna interference (rnai) studies to protect against tick infestations and to affect tick feeding, reproduction, and development as well as infection of host cells by anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophilum. recent experiments provided evidence that infection of both tick and vertebrate host cells with these two pathogens modified gene expression. we therefore hypothesized that infection of host cells with a. marginale and a. phagocytophilum affects e ...200819120168
characterization of anaplasma infections in sicily, italy.this study aimed to characterize infection with anaplasma marginale, a. phagocytophilum, a. ovis, and a. platys in humans, animals, and ticks in sicily, italy, during 2003-2006. serologic (competitive elisa [celisa]) and indirect immunofluorescence antibody [ifa]; n= 1990) and dna (polymerase chain reaction [pcr]; n= 2788) tests were conducted on horse, donkey, cattle, sheep, goat, pig, dog, cat, roe deer, wild boar, human, and tick samples. the results reported herein suggested that in sicily c ...200819120181
possible differential host tropism in anaplasma phagocytophilum strains in the western united states.despite organization into a single species, anaplasma phagocytophilum, of bacteria from diverse hosts, there is evidence that different hosts vary in susceptibility to local strains of this bacterial pathogen. in particular, there is evidence that clinical hosts (humans, horses, and dogs) in the western part of the united states may be infected with strains of bacteria that differ from those in the reported wildlife reservoir, the dusky-footed woodrat. there is a lack of spatial overlap between ...200819120182
anaplasma marginale yucatan (mexico) strain. assessment of low virulence and potential use as a live vaccine.anaplasma marginale yucatan strain was found to have low virulence in cattle. we studied the virulence of this isolate by experimental inoculation of 113 susceptible cattle at increasing doses, after which only one animal required treatment for clinical disease. subsequently, 104 cattle received a live vaccine of this strain by inoculation, which induced immunoprotection after heterologous challenged exposure with a different a. marginale isolate. in this study 14% of the immunized cattle requir ...200819120183
first report of bovine anaplasmosis caused by anaplasma centrale in europe.anaplasma centrale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) is used as a live vaccine for cattle against the pathogenic anaplasma marginale in tropical and subtropical areas. herein we report a clinical case of bovine anaplasmosis associated with a. centrale infection in italy, together with the first molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of this anaplasma species or subspecies in europe.200819120185
flow cytometry to evaluate anaplasma marginale parasitemia using a fluorescent nucleic acid stain.in this work we describe a flow cytometry-based method using syto16 (a dna intercalating agent) to quantify anaplasma marginale-infected erythrocytes in blood from bovine animals. the linearity and reproducibility of the results obtained with syto16 labeling followed by flow cytometry analysis make it a suitable approach for measurement of parasitemia in a. marginale infections.200819120186
the application of pcr and reverse line blot hybridization to detect arthropod-borne hemopathogens of dogs and cats in trinidad.arthropod-borne diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality of companion animals in trinidad. as clinical signs are vague, more sensitive methods to diagnose these diseases based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by reverse line blot hybridization (rlb) of amplified products are being developed. an rlb of 14 oligonucleotide probes coupled with polymerase chain-amplified regions of 16s rrna or 18s rrna genes of hemoparasites from cats and dogs detected ehrlichia canis, ...200819120209
small-scale expressed sequence tag analysis of theileria uilenbergi: identification of a gene family encoding potential antigenic proteins.recently, theileria sp. (china) has been designated as t. luwenshuni[formerly theileria sp. (china 1)] and t. uilenbergi[formerly theileria sp. (china 2)]. a cdna library of t. uilenbergi merozoites was constructed and subjected to random sequencing. among the obtained sequences were three highly identical cdna clones, indicating a gene family. bioinformatic analyses indicated these genes contain signal peptides and encode potential immunogenic proteins. the presence of tandemly arranged and add ...200819120214
rickettsial agents in slovakian ticks (acarina, ixodidae) and their ability to grow in vero and l929 cell lines.a total of 80 adult ticks (55 haemaphysalis inermis, 12 dermacentor reticulatus, 11 d. marginatus, 2 ixodes ricinus) were collected from vegetation in three areas of slovakia (forest and pasture habitat) in central europe. forty-six (46 ticks) (57.5%) of all species tested were positive by the hemocyte test, pcr assays based on the glta and ompa genes showed a rickettsiaceae infection in 77.5% of the ticks, whereas only one h. inermis tick was positive for anaplasmataceae on a 16s rrna-based pcr ...200819120229
tick-borne ehrlichiosis infection in human beings.human monocytic ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne infectious disease transmitted by several tick species, especially amblyomma spp caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis. e. chaffeensis is an obligatory intracellular, tick-transmitted bacterium that is maintained in nature in a cycle involving at least one and perhaps several vertebrate reservoir hosts. two additional ehrlichia spp, anaplasma (formerly ehrlichia) phagocytophila (the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis [hge]) and e. ewingii (a cause of ...200819248653
composition of the surface proteome of anaplasma marginale and its role in protective immunity induced by outer membrane immunization.surface proteins of tick-borne, intracellular bacterial pathogens mediate functions essential for invasion and colonization. consequently, the surface proteome of these organisms is specifically relevant from two biological perspectives, induction of protective immunity in the mammalian host and understanding the transition from the mammalian host to the tick vector. in this study, the surface proteome of anaplasma marginale, a tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen, was targeted by using surface-s ...200818316389
parasitic infections in dairy cattle around hanoi, northern vietnam.in northern vietnam, dairy cattle are mainly managed in small-scale farms, where animals are kept confined and feeding occurs by cut and carry methods. in the present study the occurrence of parasitic infections was examined in five provinces around hanoi. a total of 201 farms were visited, and 334 stool and 239 blood samples were collected from calves younger than 3 months, animals between 3 and 24 months and adult cows. furthermore, 254 milk samples were collected from lactating animals. copro ...200818328629
prevalence of babesia canis, borrelia afzelii, and anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in hard ticks removed from dogs in warsaw (central poland).the purposes of this study were to specify the occurrence and prevalence of babesia canis, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks removed from dogs in warsaw, and to determine the borrelia species occurring in ixodes ricinus ticks. among 590 collected ticks, 209 were identified as i. ricinus, and 381 as dermacentor reticulatus. dna of b. canis was detected in 11% of d. reticulatus ticks. we found that 6.2% of i. ricinus ticks harbored b. burgdorferi s.l. specific ...200818328630
the importance of early treatment with doxycycline in human ehrlichiosis.human ehrlichiosis is a serious disease that can be fatal if not treated appropriately. we examined patients with a clinical presentation consistent with the syndrome of ehrlichiosis and a positive blood polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test for all known ehrlichia species or anaplasma phagocytophilum admitted to barnes-jewish hospital in st. louis, mo, from 1996 to 2006. patients who had doxycycline initiated within the first 24 hours of admission to the hospital were compared with patients who ...200818344803
anaplasma phagocytophilum infects cells of the megakaryocytic lineage through sialylated ligands but fails to alter platelet production.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that principally inhabits neutrophils. however, infection with a. phagocytophilum results in a moderate to marked thrombocytopenia. in host neutrophils, a. phagocytophilum uses sialylated ligands, primarily p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (psgl-1), to enter its host cell. psgl-1 is expressed on a wide array of haematopoietic cells, including megakaryocytes. in this study, it was hypothesized that (i) cells of the megakary ...200818349358
a sustained-release formulation of doxycycline hyclate (atridox) prevents simultaneous infection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi transmitted by tick bite.current prophylaxis for infected tick bites consists of personal protective measures directed towards ticks. this study compared the efficacy of a single oral dose of doxycycline with that of a single injection of sustained-release doxycycline in a model of lyme borreliosis and anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. dosages of doxycycline were equilibrated based on previously determined peak plasma levels in mice [oral, 2.4 microg (ml plasma)(-1); sustained release, 1.9 microg (ml plasma)(-1)] det ...200818349366
application of 10% imidacloprid/50% permethrin to prevent ehrlichia canis exposure in dogs under natural conditions.canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme) caused by ehrlichia canis is the most known canine tick-borne disease (tbd) spread throughout the world. preventing tick bites is a priority to reduce the risk of tbds and it was the aim of the present study to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% (imper) (advantix; bayer ag, germany) in a spot-on formulation to control cme under field conditions. on january-march 2005, 845 dogs from two kennels in southern italy (kenne ...200818359166
dynamic transmission of numerous anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes among lambs in an infected sheep flock in an area of anaplasmosis endemicity.the transmission dynamics of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains circulating within juvenile members of a sheep flock grazing on an ixodes ricinus-infested pasture in southern norway were monitored. pcr-based detection of the bacterial p44 fragments in the blood of 16 lambs sampled weekly for 16 weeks following their release into pasture revealed rickettsemia in all animals, with an increasing proportion of infected animals as the survey progressed. comparison of partial msp4 sequences obtained fr ...200818367562
succinate dehydrogenase gene arrangement and expression in anaplasma phagocytophilum.dna sequencing of the region directly downstream of the anaplasma phagocytophilum (strain mrk) 16s rrna gene identified homologues of sdhc and sdhd; however, further sequencing by gene walking failed to identify additional sdh gene homologues. the sequence downstream of sdhd identified a partial gene, pep1, predicted to encode a protein >35.3 kda with 26.3% identity to a hypothetical ehrlichia canis protein with no known function. the recently completed sequence of the a. phagocytophilum genome ...200818378408
concomitant infection of cattle with the vaccine strain anaplasma marginale ss centrale and field strains of a. marginale.bovine anaplasmosis, caused by anaplasma marginale, the intraerythrocytic rickettsia, is controlled by vaccination with live anaplasma marginale ss centrale (a. centrale), a subspecies of relatively low pathogenicity. we have experimentally demonstrated that an animal primarily infected with a. marginale, or with the related vaccine subspecies a. centrale can be infected with the heterologous subspecies, and carries both bacteria. the co-infection was detected in experimentally cross-infected ca ...200818387757
larvae of chigger mites neotrombicula spp. (acari: trombiculidae) exhibited borrelia but no anaplasma infections: a field study including birds from the czech carpathians as hosts of chiggers.chigger mites were collected from 1,080 wild birds of 37 species at certak (czech republic), in the western carpathian mountains, from 29 july to 24 september 2005. the prevalence of infestation with chigger larvae was 7%. a total of 325 chigger specimens from 10 bird species was identified and three chigger species were found: neotrombicula autumnalis, n. carpathica, and n. inopinata, the latter two species being reported on new hosts. neotrombicula carpathica is reported in the czech republic ...200818401688
infection and co-infection rates of anaplasma phagocytophilum variants, babesia spp., borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial endosymbiont in ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) from sites in indiana, maine, pennsylvania, and wisconsin.in total, 394 questing adult blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say (acari: ixodidae), collected at four sites were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for five microbial species: anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia microti, babesia odocoilei, borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial i. scapularis endosymbiont. identities of genetic variants of a. phagocytophilum were determined by sequencing a portion of the 16s dna. in 55% of infected ticks (193/351), a single agent was detected. in ...200818402145
emerging pathogens: challenges and successes of molecular diagnostics.more than 50 emerging and reemerging pathogens have been identified during the last 40 years. until 1992 when the institute of medicine issued a report that defined emerging infectious diseases, medicine had been complacent about such infectious diseases despite the alarm bells of infections with human immunodeficiency virus. molecular tools have proven useful in discovering and characterizing emerging viruses and bacteria such as sin nombre virus (hantaviral pulmonary syndrome), hepatitis c vir ...200818403608
enhanced spatial models for predicting the geographic distributions of tick-borne pathogens.disease maps are used increasingly in the health sciences, with applications ranging from the diagnosis of individual cases to regional and global assessments of public health. however, data on the distributions of emerging infectious diseases are often available from only a limited number of samples. we compared several spatial modelling approaches for predicting the geographic distributions of two tick-borne pathogens: ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichi ...200818412972
igg and igg2 antibodies from cattle naturally infected with anaplasma marginale recognize the recombinant vaccine candidate antigens virb9, virb10, and elongation factor-tu.anaplasma marginale is an important vector-borne rickettsia of ruminants in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. immunization with purified outer membranes of this organism induces protection against acute anaplasmosis. previous studies, with proteomic and genomic approach identified 21 proteins within the outer membrane immunogen in addition to previously characterized major surface protein1a-5 (msp1a-5). among the newly described proteins were virb9, virb10, and elongation factor-tu ...200818425271
predicting the emergence of tick-borne infections based on climatic changes in korea.granulocytic anaplasmosis (ga) and monocytic ehrlichiosis (me) are maintained in wild rodent reservoirs and tick vectors in the republic of korea. this study investigated the prevalence of 2 tick-borne pathogens, anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis, in wild rodents and ticks in central korea to identify any significant associations with existing or changing climatic conditions. specifically, the goal of this study was to develop simple models for the probability of occurrence of ...200818429692
experimental and field studies on the suitability of raccoons (procyon lotor) as hosts for tick-borne pathogens.we investigated the experimental susceptibility and natural exposure of raccoons (procyon lotor) to five tick-borne pathogens of human and veterinary importance, ehrlichia canis, e. chaffeensis, e. ewingii, anaplasma phagocytophilum (apvariant 1 and ap-ha hge-1 strains), and borrelia lonestari. infections were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) testing, and/or culture isolation methods for at least 30 days postinoculation (dpi). two e. chaffeensis-in ...200818429696
detection of borrelia lusitaniae, rickettsia sp. irs3, rickettsia monacensis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus collected in madeira island, portugal.a total of 300 ixodes ricinus ticks were tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of borrelia spp., rickettsia spp., and anaplasma phagocytophilum. sequence analysis demonstrated 8 (2.7%) ticks infected with b. lusitaniae, 60 (20%) with rickettsia spp., and 1 (0.3%) with a. phagocytophilum. seven (2.3%) ticks were coinfected with b. lusitaniae and rickettsia spp., 2 (0.6%) with r. monacensis, and 5 (1.7%) with rickettsia sp. irs3. the results of this study suggest simultaneous ...200818454598
detection of anaplasma bovis and anaplasma phagocytophilum from cattle on yonaguni island, okinawa, japan.dna fragments of anaplasma bovis and anaplasma phagocytophilum were detected in cattle on yonaguni island, okinawa, japan. although the pathogenesis and epidemiology of these pathogens have not yet been clarified, this is the first detection of their presence in cattle from japan.200818468796
a newly discovered anaplasma phagocytophilum variant in rodents from southeastern china.anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 13 (14.1%) of 92 rodents captured from a mountainous area of zhejiang province in southeastern china. the nucleotide sequences of 1442-bp, nearly entire 16s rrna gene amplified from these rodents, had 100% identity, but varied from all known corresponding sequences of a. phagocytophilum deposited in genbank. to further identify and classify the variant, fragments of 357-bp partial citrate synthase gene (glta), 849-bp major su ...200818471056
productivity and health effects of anaplasmosis and babesiosis on bos indicus cattle and their crosses, and the effects of differing intensity of tick control in australia.tick fever is an important disease of cattle where rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus acts as a vector for the three causal organisms babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale. bos indicus cattle and their crosses are more resistant to the clinical effects of infection with b. bovis and b. bigemina than are bos taurus cattle. resistance is not complete, however, and herds of b. indicus-cross cattle are still at risk of babesiosis in environments where exposure to b. bovis is light ...200818472219
anaplasma phagocytophilum psgl-1-independent infection does not require syk and leads to less efficient anka delivery.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects neutrophils to cause granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and mammals. p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (psgl-1) and the tetrasaccharide sialyl lewis x (sle(x)), which caps the psgl-1 n-terminus, are confirmed a. phagocytophilum receptors. a. phagocytophilum is capable of sle(x)-modified psgl-1-dependent and -independent infection. psgl-1 n-terminus-mediated entry is dependent on spleen tyrosine kinase (syk). here, we d ...200818485118
molecular identification of anaplasma marginale and rickettsial endosymbionts in blood-sucking flies (diptera: tabanidae, muscidae) and hard ticks (acari: ixodidae).in an attempt to identify the main vector and possible transmission routes of anaplasma spp. in a region of hungary with high prevalence of ovine and bovine anaplasmosis, dna was extracted from 316 haematophagous arthropods (individually or in pools), including 4 species of ixodid ticks, 6 species of tabanid flies and hornflies. midichloria-like organisms were identified with pcr (amplifying a portion of the 16s rrna gene) and sequencing from dermacentor marginatus and ixodes ricinus. significan ...200818495345
in situ detection of anaplasma spp. by dna target-primed rolling-circle amplification of a padlock probe and intracellular colocalization with immunofluorescently labeled host cell von willebrand factor.endothelial cell culture and preliminary immunofluorescent staining of anaplasma-infected tissues suggest that endothelial cells may be an in vivo nidus of mammalian infection. to investigate endothelial cells and other potentially cryptic sites of anaplasma sp. infection in mammalian tissues, a sensitive and specific isothermal in situ technique to detect localized anaplasma gene sequences by using rolling-circle amplification of circularizable, linear, oligonucleotide probes (padlock probes) w ...200818495855
induced immune response of dna vaccine encoding an association msp1a, msp1b, and msp5 antigens of anaplasma marginale.the outer membrane proteins of anaplasma marginale have been the focus of research to obtain an improved vaccine against bovine anaplasmosis. we evaluated the capacity of the recombinant plasmids pcdna-msp1alpha, pcdna-msp1beta, and pcdna-mp5 to express msp1a, msp1b, and msp5 proteins, and to determine the immunogenicity of balb/c mice immunized with these plasmids individually or in association. expression of proteins was confirmed in vero cells by ifa. the combination of recombinant plasmids s ...200818502005
molecular detection of tick-borne protozoal and ehrlichial infections in domestic dogs in south africa.a total of 1,138 blood specimens were collected over a 6-year period (2000-2006) from domestic dogs in south africa. specimens from domestic dogs were obtained from the onderstepoort veterinary academic hospital (ovah) in pretoria, the society for the prevention of cruelty to animals (johannesburg, durban, east london and bloemfontein) and private practices from four provinces (gauteng, mpumalanga, kwazulu-natal and western cape). all specimens were screened for babesia, theileria, hepatozoon an ...200818502588
rickettsial seroepidemiology among farm workers, tianjin, people's republic of china.high seroprevalence rates for anaplasma phagocytophilum (8.8%), coxiella burnetii (6.4%), bartonella henselae (9.6%), and rickettsia typhi (4.1%) in 365 farm workers near tianjin, people's republic of china, suggest that human infections with these zoonotic bacteria are frequent and largely unrecognized. demographic features of seropositive persons suggest distinct epidemiology, ecology, and risks.200818507907
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ixodes ricinus, bavaria, germany.anaplasma phagocytophilum dna was detected by real-time pcr, which targeted the msp2 gene, in 2.9% of questing ixodes ricinus ticks (adults and nymphs; n = 2,862), collected systematically from selected locations in bavaria, germany, in 2006. prevalence was significantly higher in urban public parks in munich than in natural forests.200818507918
advances toward understanding the molecular biology of the anaplasma-tick interface.the genus anaplasma includes a diverse group of tick-borne pathogens found exclusively within membrane-bound vacuoles in host cells. while a. marginale, a. centrale and a. ovis, vectored by dermacentor and rhipicephalus ticks, are host-specific for ruminants, a. phagocytophilum, vectored by ixodes spp., infects a wide range of hosts. in ticks anaplasma undergoes a developmental cycle that is coordinated with the tick feeding cycle. although research at the tick/anaplasma interface is in its infa ...200818508714
silencing expression of the defensin, varisin, in male dermacentor variabilis by rna interference results in reduced anaplasma marginale infections.antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, are components of the innate immune system in ticks that have been shown to provide protection against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. varisin, one of the defensins identified in dermacentor variabilis, was shown to be produced primarily in hemocytes but transcript levels were also expressed in midguts and other tick cells. in this research, we studied the role of varisin in the immunity of ticks to the gram-negative cattle pathogen, an ...200818523848
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a child.this is the first case of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection described in cyprus. a 9-year-old girl was infected after a tick-bite. the infection was diagnosed by molecular-based detection of the bacterium in 2 blood samples. the polymerase chain reaction product was sequenced, revealing a novel strain of anaplasma phagocytophilum.200818536621
rhabdomyolysis associated with anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a horse. 200818537881
divergence within the marker region of the groesl operon in anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterial parasite in human and animal granulocytes. in europe, a. phagocytophilum is transmitted by ixodes ticks; ixodes ricinus is the vector of the parasite in poland. in terms of epidemiology, the identification of pathogens in ticks increasingly relies on molecular techniques. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with species-specific primers is a tool that allows the quick and accurate detection of pathogens in ticks, humans, or animals. dn ...200818551326
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum, francisella tularensis and their co-infections in host-seeking ixodes ricinus ticks collected in serbia.to evaluate the prevalence rate of tick-borne bacterial pathogens, unfed adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from vegetation in 2001, 2003, and 2004 at 18 localities throughout serbia. a total of 287 ticks were examined by pcr technique for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and francisella tularensis. the highest prevalence rate was that for b. burgdorferi sensu lato (42.5%), followed by a. phagocytophilum (13.9%) and f. tularensis (3.8%). the pres ...200818551370
studies on correlations among parasitaemia and some hemolytic indices in two tropical diseases (theileriosis and anaplasmosis) in fars province of iran.this study was carried out in two observational clinical studies. study 1 comprised 50 adult crossbred cattle naturally infected by theileria annulata. infected animals were divided into 4 subgroups with different parasitaemia (<1%, 1-3%, 3-5% and >5%). study 2 comprised 20 adult crossbred cattle naturally infected by anaplasma marginale. infected animals were divided into 3 subgroups with different parasitaemia (<10%, 10-20% and 20-30%). in study 1, a significant negative correlation (p<0.001) ...200818551778
cloning, sequencing and antigenic characterization of rvirb9 of anaplasma marginale isolated from paraná state, brazil.anaplasma marginale, a tick-borne bacterium, causes bovine anaplasmosis responsible for significant economic losses in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. various major outer membranes have been described, and virb9, a type iv secretion system protein, has been recently indicated as a candidate in vaccine development against anaplasmosis. the virb9 gene of an a. marginale strain isolated in paraná, brazil, was cloned by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced; its cloning into the petsum ...200818561379
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