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comparison of polymerase chain reaction tests for diagnosis of feline herpesvirus, chlamydophila felis, and mycoplasma spp. infection in cats with ocular disease in canada.this study assessed the value of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for making a diagnosis of feline herpesvirus (fhv-1) infection, and for differentiating this from chlamydophila felis and mycoplasma spp. infection in a clinical setting in canada. we compared the frequency of positive fhv-1 pcr test results from 48 clinical cases of ocular disease in cats suspected to be due to fhv-1 between 1 research and 2 commercial laboratories in canada. we also compared pcr results for chlamydophila felis an ...201020808575
contribution of herpesvirus specific cd8 t cells to anti-viral t cell response in humans.herpesviruses infect most humans. their infections can be associated with pathological conditions and significant changes in t cell repertoire but evidences of symbiotic effects of herpesvirus latency have never been demonstrated. we tested the hypothesis that hcmv and ebv-specific cd8 t cells contribute to the heterologous anti-viral immune response. volume of activated/proliferating virus-specific and total cd8 t cells was evaluated in 50 patients with acute viral infections: 20 with hbv, 12 w ...201020808900
differential quantification of cloned cvi988 vaccine strain and virulent rb-1b strain of marek's disease viruses in chicken tissues, using real-time pcr.the 'gold standard' vaccine against marek's disease in poultry is the cvi988/rispens virus, which is not easily distinguishable, antigenically or genetically, from virulent marek's disease herpesvirus. accurate differential measurement of the cvi988 vaccine and virulent viruses is important to investigate mechanisms of vaccinal protection. minimal sequence differences between cvi988 and virulent mdv strains restrict the application of molecular diagnostic methods such as real-time pcr to disting ...201020810138
effective formation of the segregation-competent complex determines successful partitioning of the bovine papillomavirus genome during cell division.effective segregation of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv1), epstein-barr virus (ebv), and kaposi's sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus type 8 (kshv) genomes into daughter cells is mediated by a single viral protein that tethers viral genomes to host mitotic chromosomes. the linker proteins that mediate bpv1, ebv, and kshv segregation are e2, lana1, and ebna1, respectively. the n-terminal transactivation domain of bpv1 e2 is responsible for chromatin attachment and subsequent viral genome ...201020810736
herpesvirus vectors for therapy of brain tumors.genetically modified, conditionally-replicating herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) vectors for the treatment of malignant glioma have provided encouraging results in the handful of phase i and phase ii clinical trials conducted to date. in recent years, a number of new strategies have been developed to improve anti-tumor activity of these attenuated vectors, through either introduction of foreign gene inserts to enhance tumor killing through a variety of mechanisms, or through combination with ...201020811578
herpesvirus vectors in gene therapy. 201020811579
human cytomegalovirus: propagation, quantification, and storage.human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is the largest and perhaps the most structurally complex member of the family of human herpesviruses. it is the prototypic virus of the beta-herpesvirus subfamily. as with other cytomegaloviruses, hcmv is exquisitely species specific and undergoes lytic replication only in cells of human origin. in addition, its replication is limited almost entirely to primary cells and a limited number of transformed cell lines. together with its prolonged replicative cycle of appr ...201020812216
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 dna.a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for rapid, specific and sensitive detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (oshv-1) dna. a set of four primers was designed, based on the sequence of the atpase subunit of the oshv-1 dna-packaging terminase gene. the reaction temperature and time were optimized to 64°c and 60min, respectively. lamp products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis or by visual inspection of a color change due to addition of fluorescent dye. the de ...201020813133
genetics and vaccine efficacy: host genetic variation affecting marek's disease vaccine efficacy in white leghorn chickens.marek's disease (md) is a t-cell lymphoma disease of domestic chickens induced by md virus (mdv), a naturally oncogenic and highly contagious cell-associated α-herpesvirus. earlier reports have shown that the mhc haplotype as well as non-mhc genes are responsible for genetic resistance to md. the mhc was also shown to affect efficiency of vaccine response. using specific-pathogen-free chickens from a series of 19 recombinant congenic strains and their 2 progenitor lines (lines 6(3) and 7(2)), va ...201020852098
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus load in asymptomatic contacts of cuban epidemic ks patients.to evaluate the pathogenic mechanisms and transmission routes involved in kshv infection in 22 cuban individuals who maintained close contact with epidemic ks patients, real-time pcr was used to quantify kshv-dna in clinical samples of plasma, saliva and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). kshv-dna was detected in 72.7% (16/22) of the contacts. the highest levels of kshv load were detected in saliva, followed by pbmc (average log copies/100 ng dna = 1.28 and 1.12), while significantly low ...201020852904
integration of bovine herpesvirus 4 genome into cultured persistently infected host cell genome.persistent infection of macrophages with bovine herpesvirus 4 (bohv-4) has been proposed to play a secondary causal role, along with bacterial infection, in bovine post-partum metritis. mechanisms of maintenance of bohv-4 persistent infection are not understood. we previously generated in vitro models of bohv-4 persistent infection in human rhadomyosarcoma and bovine macrophage cell lines by drug selection of cells infected with bohv-4 carrying a drug-resistance marker, and demonstrated circular ...201020854697
secretion of the human toll-like receptor 3 ectodomain is affected by single nucleotide polymorphisms and regulated by unc93b1.the innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) can be present on the surface of the plasma membranes of cells and in endolysosomes. the unc93b1 protein has been reported to facilitate localization of tlr7 and 9 and is required for tlr3, -7, and -9 signaling. we demonstrate that sirna knockdown of unc93b1 reduced the abundance of tlr3 on the cell surface without altering total tlr3 accumulation. in addition, sirna to unc93b1 reduced the secretion of the tlr3 ectodomain (t3ecd) into the ce ...201020855885
involvement of human herpesvirus-6 variant b in classic hodgkin's lymphoma via dr7 oncoprotein.hodgkin's lymphoma (hl) is associated with the presence of ebv in reed-sternberg (rs) cells in ∼40% of cases. here, we studied the presence of human herpesvirus type 6 (hhv-6) variant b in rs cells of hl patients and correlated results with clinical parameters. we then examined the implication of hhv-6 dr7b protein in cell deregulation.201020858841
immune evasion by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.persistent viral infections are often associated with serious diseases, primarily by altering functions of the host immune system. the hallmark of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) infection is the establishment of a life-long persistent infection, which leads to several clinical, epidemiological and infectious diseases, such as kaposi's sarcoma, a plasmablastic variant of multicentric castleman's disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. to sustain an efficient life-long persistency, ...201020860481
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor 4 (virf4/k10) is a novel interaction partner of csl/cbf1, the major downstream effector of notch signaling.in cells infected with the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), csl/cbf1 signaling is essential for viral replication and promotes the survival of kshv-infected cells. csl/cbf1 is a dna adaptor molecule which recruits coactivator and corepressor complexes to regulate viral and cellular gene transcription and which is a major downstream effector molecule of activated notch. the interaction of kshv rta and lana with csl/cbf1 has been shown to balance the lytic and latent viral life cycl ...201020861242
a double mutation in glycoprotein gb compensates for ineffective gd-dependent initiation of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection.herpes simplex virus (hsv) entry into cells is triggered by the binding of envelope glycoprotein d (gd) to a specific receptor, such as nectin-1 or herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem), resulting in activation of the fusion effectors gb and gh and virus penetration. here we report the identification of a hyperactive gb allele, d285n/a549t, selected by repeat passage of a gd mutant virus defective for nectin-1 binding through cells that express a gd-binding-impaired mutant nectin-1. the gb allele in ...201020861246
toxic epidermal necrolysis with prominent facial pustules: a case with reactivation of human herpesvirus 7.a 37-year-old japanese man presented with confluent erythemas and progressive erosive lesions on the almost entire body including the oral mucosa and genitalia. this was accompanied with prominent facial pustules. although a lymphocyte stimulation test was positive only for acetaminophen, he took other agents including carbamazepine for his depression. he was diagnosed as having toxic epidermal necrolysis with prominent facial pustules and treated by methylprednisolone pulse therapy, which resul ...201020861604
characterization of epstein-barr virus mirnaome in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by deep sequencing.virus-encoded micrornas (mirnas) have been shown to regulate a variety of biological processes involved in viral infection and viral-associated pathogenesis. epstein-barr virus (ebv) is a herpesvirus implicated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) and other human malignancies. ebv-encoded mirnas were among the first group of viral mirnas identified. to understand the roles of ebv mirnas in the pathogenesis of npc, we utilized deep sequencing technology to characterize the ebv mirna transcriptome in ...201020862214
sex and geographic patterns of human herpesvirus 8 infection in a nationally representative population‐based sample in uganda.human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8), the infectious cause of kaposi sarcoma, varies dramatically across africa, suggesting that cofactors correlated with large-area geographic or environmental characteristics may influence risk of infection. variation in hhv8 seropositivity across small-area regions within countries in africa is unknown. we investigated this issue in uganda, where kaposi sarcoma distribution is uneven and well described.201020863232
human herpesvirus 6 encoded glycoprotein q1 gene is essential for virus growth.human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) glycoprotein q1 (gq1), a unique gene in hhv-6, forms a complex with glycoproteinh (gh) and gl, which is the viral ligand for its cellular receptor, cd46. however, whether gq1 is essential for virus growth is unknown, because a system is lacking for making gene knockouts for hhv-6. recently, bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) and e. coli mutagenesis techniques have been applied to herpesvirus investigation. here we successfully inserted the hhv-6a genome into a bac, ...201020863544
expression of the c-terminal orf2 protein of duck astrovirus for application in a serological test.duck astrovirus (dastv) is an important pathogen causing duck viral hepatitis (dvh), a highly contagious and fatal disease in young ducklings. to provide an antigen for a diagnostic serum test, the c-terminus of dastv orf2 protein was expressed in escherichia coli. four positive and 30 negative sera were used to validate the purified orf2 protein by developing an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). no cross-reactions were found against other duck pathogens, including duck hepatit ...201020863856
cell membrane-bound kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded glycoprotein b promotes virus latency by regulating expression of cellular egr-1.one of the important questions in the field of virus research is about the balance between latent and lytic cycles of replication. kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) remains predominantly in a latent state, with only 1-3% of cells supporting a lytic replication at any time. kshv glycoprotein b (gb) is expressed not only on the virus envelope but also on the surfaces of the few cells supporting lytic replication. using co-culture experiments, we determined that expression of kshv gb o ...201020864524
castleman disease in the 21st century: an update on diagnosis, assessment, and therapy.castleman disease (cd) is a nonclonal lymphoproliferative disorder that can affect single lymph node stations or, alternatively, can be generalized. interleukin 6 (il6) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of cd. human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8), which encodes a viral homolog of il6, is the driving force in hiv-positive patients. the role of hhv8 in hiv-negative cd is controversial. historically, the prognosis of patients with generalized or multicentric cd has been thought to be poor. however, ...201020864917
identifying dysregulated genes induced by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv).currently ks is the most predominant hiv/aids related malignancy in southern africa and hence the world. it is characterized as an angioproliferative tumor of vascular endothelial cells and produces rare b cell lymphoproliferative diseases in the form of pleural effusion lymphomas (pel) and some forms of multicentric castleman's disease. only 1-5% of cells in ks lesions actively support lytic replication of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), the etiological agent associated with ks, ...201020864930
kaposi's sarcoma and its associated herpesvirus.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is the most common cancer in hiv-infected untreated individuals. kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv; also known as human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8)) is the infectious cause of this neoplasm. in this review we describe the epidemiology of ks and kshv, and the insights into the remarkable mechanisms through which kshv can induce ks that have been gained in the past 16 years. kshv latent transcripts, such as latency-associated nuclear antigen (lana), viral cyclin, viral f ...201020865011
herpesvirus telomerase rna(vtr)-dependent lymphoma formation does not require interaction of vtr with telomerase reverse transcriptase (tert).telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex involved in the maintenance of telomeres, a protective structure at the distal ends of chromosomes. the enzyme complex contains two main components, telomerase reverse transcriptase (tert), the catalytic subunit, and telomerase rna (tr), which serves as a template for the addition of telomeric repeats (ttaggg)(n). marek's disease virus (mdv), an oncogenic herpesvirus inducing fatal lymphoma in chickens, encodes a tr homologue, viral tr (vtr), which signi ...201020865127
repression of interferon-α stimulated genes expression by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus k-bzip protein.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) encodes a transcriptional repressor, k-bzip. we previously demonstrated that k-bzip suppresses interferon (ifn)-β expression. here, we provide evidence that k-bzip affects ifn signaling, resulting in impaired ifn-stimulated genes expression. inhibition by k-bzip is independent of the phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription proteins or the binding of the ifn-stimulated gene factor 3 to the ifn-stimulated responsive eleme ...201020870261
identification of a lysosomal pathway regulating degradation of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type ii.bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) are critically involved in early development and cell differentiation. in humans, dysfunction of the bone morphogenetic protein type ii receptor (bmpr-ii) is associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (pah) and neoplasia. the ability of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), the etiologic agent of kaposi sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma, to down-regulate cell surface receptor expression is well documented. here we show that kshv infection reduc ...201020870717
detection of β-herpesviruses in polish adult cord blood stem cell recipients by real-time pcr: single centre study.umbilical cord blood transplantation (ucbt) is known to be associated with increased risk of infections, compared to bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. in viral diseases for which specific treatment is available, real-time pcr assays are reliable diagnostic tools for timely initiation of appropriate therapy and for rapid assessment of the efficacy of antiviral treatment strategies. a retrospective review of samples from a group of seven adult cord blood stem cell recipien ...201020872080
review part 3: human herpesvirus-6 in multiple non-neurological diseases. 201020872717
[effects of silver and silicon dioxide nanopowders on the development of herpesvirus infection in vitro].estimation of the potential ability of nanoparticles (np) to affect human health has generated a need for developing rapid, sensitive, and efficient laboratory tests of the toxicity of nanomaterials. the purpose of the investigation was to study the cytotoxic effect of np of silver (ag) and silicon dioxide (sio2). the transplantable vero cells treated with np at different concentrations were used as target cells. some experiments examined the combined effects of nanopowders and herpes simplex vi ...201020873393
immunoliposomal systems targeting primary effusion lymphoma: in vitro study.to develop an appropriate liposomal formulation for gene delivery against primary effusion lymphoma (pel), a herpesvirus hhv8-associated b-cell lymphoma.201020874020
whole-exome sequencing-based discovery of stim1 deficiency in a child with fatal classic kaposi sarcoma.classic kaposi sarcoma (ks) is exceedingly rare in children from the mediterranean basin, despite the high prevalence of human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8) infection in this region. we hypothesized that rare single-gene inborn errors of immunity to hhv-8 may underlie classic ks in childhood. we investigated a child with no other unusually severe infectious or tumoral phenotype who died from disseminated ks at two years of age. whole-exome sequencing in the patient revealed a homozygous splice-site muta ...201020876309
a p53-dependent promoter associated with polymorphic tandem repeats controls the expression of a viral transcript encoding clustered micrornas.the tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a role in cellular responses to cancer-initiating events by regulating progress through the cell cycle. several recent studies have shown that p53 transactivates expression of the members of the proapoptotic microrna-34 family, which are underexpressed in several cancers. we demonstrate here that the latency-associated cluster of micrornas (mirna) encoded by an oncogenic herpesvirus, gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), is a direct target of p53. robust transcrip ...201020881002
covalent modification by sumo is required for efficient disruption of pml oncogenic domains by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent protein lana2.the multifunctional kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) latent protein latency-associated nuclear antigen 2 (lana2) has a critical role in kshv-induced b-cell malignancies. lana2 increases the level of small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo)2-ubiquitin-modified pml and induces the disruption of pml oncogenic domains (pods) by a process that requires a non-covalent sumo interaction domain (sim) in lana2. we now demonstrate that lana2 is covalently conjugated to sumo1 and sumo2 both in vit ...201020881090
infections due to human herpesvirus 6 in solid organ transplant recipients.purpose of review: this article summarizes the current state of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) infection after solid organ transplantation. recent findings: hhv-6 reactivates commonly during the early weeks after solid organ transplantation. however, disease due to hhv-6 is uncommon and is manifested as a febrile illness associated with rash and tissue-invasive manifestations such as encephalitis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, and gastrointestinal disease. h ...201020881490
eruptive microvenular hemangiomas in 4 chinese patients: clinicopathologic correlation and review of the literature.microvenular hemangioma (mvh) is an uncommon benign vascular neoplasm that usually occurs as a solitary asymptomatic red or purple papule, nodule, or plaque with a predilection for the upper extremities. patients with more than 1 lesion, that is, multiple mvhs, are extremely rare. we describe the clinicopathologic features of 4 chinese patients who had a rapidly progressive abrupt onset of numerous mvhs numbering in the tens to hundreds. clinically, the correct diagnosis of mvh could not be made ...201020881833
infection of central nervous system endothelial cells by cell-associated ehv-1.infection with equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) causes respiratory disease, late-term abortions and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalitis (ehm). our understanding of ehm pathogenesis is limited except for the knowledge that ehv-1 infected, circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) transport virus to the central nervous system vasculature causing endothelial cell infection leading to development of ehm. our objective was to develop a model of cns endothelial cell infection using ehv-1 infe ...201020884134
[comprehensive examination of the female urogenital tract infection by polymerase chain reaction using multiplex test systems].the results of the polymerase chain reaction studies performed in 2006-2008 were used to make a retrospective analysis of the detection of urogenital herpesvirus infections in reproductive-aged women constituting the urban population of the central region of russia. the study used both monotarget and mutiplex test systems to detect herpes simplex virus (hsv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), human herpesvirus types 6 and 7. a total of about 7.500 referrals; the detection rate for ...201020886722
autoimmune hemolytic anemia and autoimmune neutropenia in a child with erythroblastopenia of childhood (tec) caused by human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6). 201020922523
marek's disease resistant/susceptible mhc haplotypes in xiayan chickens identified on the basis of blb2 pcr-rflp and blb2/bf2 sequence analyses.1. the aim was to analyse the variability of the blb2/bf2 genes of xiayan chickens to identify homozygous birds with resistance or susceptibility to marek's disease (md). 2. the experiment used two lines: birds from a common line were divided into group a (unvaccinated) and group b (vaccinated with herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt)); and birds from an md-resistant line were divided into group c (unvaccinated) and group d (vaccinated with hvt). they were challenged intra-abdominally with marek's disea ...201020924848
immature and transitional b cells are latency reservoirs for a gammaherpesvirus.gammaherpesviruses, including kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv; also known as human herpesvirus 8 [hhv-8]), epstein-barr virus (ebv), and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv68; also known as gammaherpesvirus 68 [γhv68] or murine herpesvirus 4 [muhv-4]), establish lifelong latency in the resting memory b cell compartment. however, little is known about how this reservoir of infected mature b cells is maintained for the life of the host. in the context of a normal immune system, the matur ...201020926565
human herpesvirus 6 infection as a trigger of multiple sclerosis.we systematically reviewed the existing evidence to determine whether a relationship exists between infection with human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) and multiple sclerosis (ms) and, if so, to define the strength of that relationship. the following terms were used in searches of the entrez-pubmed database (1966-2009): human herpes virus 6, hhv 6, demyelination, multiple sclerosis, pathogenesis, diagnosis, serology, cerebrospinal fluid, igg antibodies, igm antibodies, pcr, and lymphoproliferative techni ...201020926836
land use, macroalgae, and a tumor-forming disease in marine turtles.wildlife diseases are an increasing concern for endangered species conservation, but their occurrence, causes, and human influences are often unknown. we analyzed 3,939 records of stranded hawaiian green sea turtles (chelonia mydas) over 28 years to understand fibropapillomatosis, a tumor-forming disease linked to a herpesvirus. turtle size is a consistent risk factor and size-standardized models revealed considerable spatial and temporal variability. the disease peaked in some areas in the 1990 ...201020927370
a case of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8-unrelated but epstein-barr virus-positive primary effusion lymphoma-like lymphoma in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis c virus infection. 201020929325
antiviral therapy for feline herpesvirus infections.a large variety of antiviral agents exists for oral or topical treatment of cats infected with feline herpesvirus type 1. knowledge of the general principles can be used to better understand antiviral pharmacology and thereby guide therapy for cats with herpetic disease. this article compares the antiviral efficacy of these compounds and recommends a common protocol for administering lysine and antiviral drugs to infected cats.201020933135
risk of classical kaposi sarcoma by plasma levels of epstein-barr virus antibodies, scd26, scd23 and scd30.abstract:201020939920
[human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6) and human herpesvirus-7(hhv-7)]. 201020942070
the effect of houttuynia cordata injection on pseudorabies herpesvirus (prv) infection in vitro.pseudorabies herpesvirus (prv) belongs to the alphaherpesvirinae. piglets infected with prv die within a few days. development of effective antiviral agents is one alternative or complementary method to prevent prv infection. houttuynia cordata thunb. (saururaceae), h. cordata, a traditional chinese medicine, is often used to relieve lung abnormal symptoms, infectious disease, refractory hemoptysis and malignant pleural effusion in china.201020942608
nfat and creb regulate kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-induced cyclooxygenase 2 (cox-2).cox-2 has been implicated in kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) latency and pathogenesis (a. george paul, n. sharma-walia, n. kerur, c. white, and b. chandran, cancer res. 70:3697-3708, 2010; p. p. naranatt, h. h. krishnan, s. r. svojanovsky, c. bloomer, s. mathur, and b. chandran, cancer res. 64:72-84, 2004; n. sharma-walia, a. g. paul, v. bottero, s. sadagopan, m. v. veettil, n. kerur, and b. chandran, plos pathog. 6:e1000777, 2010; n. sharma-walia, h. raghu, s. sadagopan, r. sivak ...201020943963
structural basis of local, ph-dependent conformational changes in glycoprotein b from herpes simplex virus type 1.herpesviruses enter cells by membrane fusion either at the plasma membrane or in endosomes, depending on the cell type. glycoprotein b (gb) is a conserved component of the multiprotein herpesvirus fusion machinery and functions as a fusion protein, with two internal fusion loops, fl1 and fl2. we determined the crystal structures of the ectodomains of two fl1 mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) gb to clarify whether their fusion-null phenotypes were due to global or local effects of th ...201020943984
non-muscle myosin iia is a functional entry receptor for herpes simplex virus-1.herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1), the prototype of the α-herpesvirus family, causes life-long infections in humans. although generally associated with various mucocutaneous diseases, hsv-1 is also involved in lethal encephalitis. hsv-1 entry into host cells requires cellular receptors for both envelope glycoproteins b (gb) and d (gd). however, the gb receptors responsible for its broad host range in vitro and infection of critical targets in vivo remain unknown. here we show that non-muscle myosin ...201020944748
the effect of the time interval between exposures on the susceptibility of chickens to superinfection with marek's disease virus.marek's disease virus (mdv) is ubiquitous within commercial poultry flocks because current vaccines do not prevent mdv infection or transmission. in order for newly-evolved mdv strains to become established within a flock, it seems inevitable that any new strain would need to infect and replicate in chickens previously infected with resident mdv strains. this phenomenon is difficult to detect and there is no clear evidence that it is even possible. four experiments were performed to demonstrate ...201020945786
herpesvirus saimiri-based endothelin-converting enzyme-1 shrna expression decreases prostate cancer cell invasion and migration.the zinc metalloprotease, endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ece-1), which converts the mitogenic peptide endothelin-1 (et-1) from its biologically inactive precursor big-et-1, is commonly upregulated in prostate cancer (pc) cells. consequently, we have sought to suppress ece-1 expression by using rnai as a potentially novel therapeutic approach. therefore, a synthetic 64-nt short-hairpin rna (shrna), designed to target the ece-1 gene, was expressed in an herpesvirus saimiri (hvs)-based delivery ve ...201020949559
recurrent haemophagocytic syndrome in an hiv-infected patient.we describe a case of recurrent haemophagocytic syndrome (hs) in an hiv-infected patient.the first episode was associated with active human herpesvirus 8 infection and progressive kaposi's sarcoma which was successfully treated with splenectomy, foscarnet and chemotherapy. the second episode was triggered by a clostridium difficile colitis and resolved completely after treatment with metronidazole only. recurrent hs has rarely been described in adult patients out of the setting of relapsing mali ...201020954469
the nucleolus and viral infection.the nucleolus is a subnuclear structure of eukaryocytes. it was thought that nucleolus only participates in the biogenesis and processing of rrna. however, more and more evidence shows that it has many other functions, such as trna precursor processing, stress sensing and it is also involved in gene silencing, senescence and cell cycle regulation. here, we summarize the recent understandings about the nucleolar functions, the regulation of nucleolar localization of proteins and the role that the ...201020960288
establishment of an elisa to detect kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus using recombinant orf73.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is causally related to kaposi's sarcoma (ks), primary effusion lymphoma (pel) and a proportion of cases of multicentric castleman's disease (mcd). the orf73 protein was cloned into pqe80l-orf73 and expressed in e.coli and purified. the expressed recombinant orf73 was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). a protein of about 27 kda was expressed as expected. western blotting showed that the purified recombi ...201020960290
detection of human herpesvirus 6 dna but not human herpesvirus 7 or 8 dna in atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic vascular tissues.various viral infections are thought to play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. a number of studies suggest that certain viruses from the herpesviridae family in particular may lead to atherosclerosis.201020961841
marek's disease virus type 1 microrna mir-m3 suppresses cisplatin-induced apoptosis by targeting smad2 of the transforming growth factor beta signal pathway.viruses cause about 15% of the cancers that are still the leading causes of human mortality. the discovery of viral oncogenes has enhanced our understanding of viral oncogenesis. however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of virus-induced cancers are complex and require further investigation. the present study has attempted to investigate the effects of the micrornas (mirnas) encoded by marek's disease virus 1 (mdv1), a chicken herpesvirus causing acute t-cell lymphomas and solid visceral tumo ...201020962090
mass mortality associated with koi herpesvirus in wild common carp in canada.koi herpesvirus (khv) was identified as being associated with more than one mortality event affecting common carp in canada. the first was an extensive mortality event that occurred in 2007 in the kawartha lakes region, ontario, affecting lakes scugog and pigeon. fish had branchial necrosis and hepatic vasculitis with an equivocal interstitial nephritis. several fish also had branchial columnaris. subsequent mortality events occurred in 2008 in additional bodies of water in south-central ontario ...201020966274
herpes virus reactivation by low-intensity diode and co₂ lasers.the herpes virus enters into latency after symptomatic or asymptomatic herpetic infection. during latency, the virus has no impact on infected cells. however, internal or external stimuli, including certain lasers, can induce virus reactivation.201020969439
salivary shedding of hhv-8 in people infected or not by human immunodeficiency virus 1.human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), the main agent involved in the etiopathogenesis of kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is primarily transmitted through sexual contact. the potential of saliva as a source of hhv-8 transmission remains unclear. the purpose of this work was to determine the frequency of hhv-8 detection in saliva of hiv-infected individuals and their family contacts.201020969629
viruses and human cancer: from detection to causality.the study of cancer is incomplete without taking into consideration of tumorigenic viruses. initially, searches for human cancer viruses were fruitless despite an expansion of our knowledge in the same period concerning acute-transforming retroviruses in animals. however, over the last 40years, we have witnessed rapid progress in the tumor virology field. currently, acknowledged human cancer viruses include epstein-barr virus, hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus, high-risk human papilloma virus ...201020971551
whole-genome sequencing and comprehensive variant analysis of a japanese individual using massively parallel sequencing.we report the analysis of a japanese male using high-throughput sequencing to × 40 coverage. more than 99% of the sequence reads were mapped to the reference human genome. using a bayesian decision method, we identified 3,132,608 single nucleotide variations (snvs). comparison with six previously reported genomes revealed an excess of singleton nonsense and nonsynonymous snvs, as well as singleton snvs in conserved non-coding regions. we also identified 5,319 deletions smaller than 10 kb with hi ...201020972442
risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome under combination antiretroviral therapy can be aetiology-specific.in order to discriminate general from aetiology-specific risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris), we followed up, during six months, 99 patients with advanced hiv infection commencing antiretroviral therapy (art) without active opportunistic infections or evident inflammation. iris predictors were determined by univariate analysis using clinical data from 76 art-responding patients either completing follow-up or developing iris, and by multivariate analysis of inflamm ...201020975091
cytomegalovirus micrornas facilitate persistent virus infection in salivary glands.micro (mi)rnas are small non-coding rnas that regulate the expression of their targets' messenger rnas through both translational inhibition and regulation of target rna stability. recently, a number of viruses, particularly of the herpesvirus family, have been shown to express their own mirnas to control both viral and cellular transcripts. although some targets of viral mirnas are known, their function in a physiologically relevant infection remains to be elucidated. as such, no in vivo phenot ...201020976200
the cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine receptor us28 promotes intestinal neoplasia in transgenic mice.us28 is a constitutively active chemokine receptor encoded by cmv (also referred to as human herpesvirus 5), a highly prevalent human virus that infects a broad spectrum of cells, including intestinal epithelial cells (iecs). to study the role of us28 in vivo, we created transgenic mice (vs28 mice) in which us28 expression was targeted to iecs. expression of us28 was detected in all iecs of the small and large intestine, including in cells expressing leucine rich repeat containing gpcr5 (lgr5), ...201020978345
cancer biomarkers in hiv patients.in this review, we update investigations related to cancer biomarkers in hiv-infected populations.201020978397
mechanisms of autoinhibition of irf-7 and a probable model for inactivation of irf-7 by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus protein orf45.irf-7 is the master regulator of type i interferon-dependent immune responses controlling both innate and adaptive immunity. given the significance of irf-7 in the induction of immune responses, many viruses have developed strategies to inhibit its activity to evade or antagonize host antiviral responses. we previously demonstrated that orf45, a kshv immediate-early protein as well as a tegument protein of virions, interacts with irf-7 and inhibits virus-mediated type i interferon induction by b ...201020980251
translational control of the abundance of cytoplasmic poly(a) binding protein in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells.irrespective of their effects on ongoing host protein synthesis, productive replication of the representative alphaherpesvirus herpes simplex virus type 1, the representative gammaherpesvirus kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus, and the representative betaherpesvirus human cytomegalovirus [hcmv] stimulates the assembly of the multisubunit, cap-binding translation factor eif4f. however, only hcmv replication is associated with an increased abundance of eif4f core components (eif4e, eif4g, eif4a) and the ...201020980505
activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is associated with multiple human malignancies, including kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric castleman's disease. following primary infection, kshv typically goes through a brief period of lytic replication prior to the establishment of latency. plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) are the major producers of type 1 interferon (ifn), primarily in response to virus infection. toll-like receptors (tlrs) are key components of t ...201020980519
x-box binding protein 1 induces the expression of the lytic cycle transactivator of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus but not epstein-barr virus in co-infected primary effusion lymphoma.cells of primary effusion lymphoma (pel), a b-cell non-hodgkin's lymphoma, are latently infected by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), with about 80 % of pel also co-infected with epstein-barr virus (ebv). both viruses can be reactivated into their lytic replication cycle in pel by chemical inducers. however, simultaneous activation of both lytic cascades leads to mutual lytic cycle co-repression. the plasma cell-differentiation factor x-box binding protein 1 (xbp-1) transactivates ...201020980528
[therapeutic effects of b and t lymphocyte attenuator extracellular domain and heat shock protein 70 antigen peptide on cervical cancer in mouse model].to investigate the synergistic therapy effects of b and t lymphocyte attenuator (btla) extracellular domain in combination with heat shock protein 70 (hsp70)-tc-1 antigen peptide complex on the mouse model of cervical cancer and the related immunological mechanisms.201021029617
bovine herpesvirus 4 immediate early 2 (rta) gene is an essential gene and is duplicated in bovine herpesvirus 4 isolate u.the orf50/rta gene has been shown to be an essential gene for many gammaherpesviruses. although the bohv-4 orf50/rta homolog, immediate early gene 2 (ie2), has been shown to activate several bohv-4 early and late promoters in cotransfection assays, there is no direct proof of its indispensability for progression of the virus to the lytic replication cycle in the context of the viral genome. in the present communication, replication defective bohv-4-v.test ie2 mutants were efficiently rescued, wi ...201021035279
kinetics of cytokine and chemokine responses in patients with primary human herpesvirus 6 infection.cytokines and chemokines induced by human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) infection may play an important role in the observed hhv-6-associated clinical complications. however, basic data for cytokine and chemokine synthesis in primary hhv-6 infected patient without complication is lacking.201021035385
is hcmv a tumor promoter?human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is a beta-herpesvirus that causes persistent infection in humans and can cause severe disease in fetuses and immunocompromised individuals. although hcmv is not currently causally implicated in human cancer, emerging evidence suggests that hcmv infection and expression may be specifically associated with human malignancies including malignant glioma, colon, and prostate cancer. in addition, multiple investigators have demonstrated that hcmv can dysregulate signaling ...201021036194
infectious complications in the early postoperative period in liver transplant patients.liver transplantation (ltx) is a technically well established procedure in acute and in end-stage liver diseases. however, opportunistic infections remain one of the important complications in short and long-term outcome of ltx patients. bloodstream and pulmonary infections are the major cause of death in the first year following liver transplantation. due to extended use of chinolons and third generation cephalosporines there is a shift towards multidrug-resistant bacteria including methicillin ...201021037551
the role of human herpesvirus-6, epstein–barr virus and cytomegalovirus infections in the etiopathogenesis of different types of cutaneous drug reactions.recently, it has been recognized that drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (dihs) is associated with reactivation of human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6), epstein–barr virus (ebv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv). however, whether those viruses have a role in the development of cutaneous drug reactions (cdrs) other than dihs is not known.201021038542
pemphigus vulgaris and herpesviruses: is there any relationship?pemphigus is an autoimmune disorder, which results from interaction of exogenous and endogenous factors. one of these environmental factors is viral infections particularly, herpesviruses. we aimed to detect the presence of hsv 1 and 2 (herpes simplex virus) and hhv8 (human herpesvirus 8) in our patients who were suffering from pemphigus vulgaris.201021038546
relevance of feline calicivirus, feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, feline herpesvirus and bartonella henselae in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis.despite its common occurrence, the aetiology of chronic gingivostomatitis in cats remains uncertain. aetiology is likely multifactorial, and several infectious agents may be associated with chronic gingivostomatitis. the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of feline calicivirus (fcv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), feline leukemia virus (felv), feline herpesvirus (fhv), and bartonella henselae (b. henselae) in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis and in an age-matched co ...201021038808
relationship between equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy and viral genotype. 201021039794
getting the message direct manipulation of host mrna accumulation during gammaherpesvirus lytic infection.the gammaherpesvirinae subfamily of herpesviruses comprises lymphotropic viruses, including the oncogenic human pathogens epstein-barr virus and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. during lytic infection, gammaherpesviruses manipulate host gene expression to optimize the cellular environment for viral replication and to evade the immune response. additionally, although a lytically infected cell will itself be killed in the process of viral replication, lytic infection can contribute to path ...201021040830
molecular biology of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and related oncogenesis.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), is the most recently identified human tumor virus,and is associated with the pathogenesis of kaposi's sarcoma and two lymphoproliferative disorders known to occur frequently in aids patients-primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric castleman disease. in the 15 years since its discovery, intense studies have demonstrated an etiologic role for kshv in the development of these malignancies. here, we review ...201021040832
[research advances of herpesvirus gb gene and its encoding protein]. 201021043145
new drug targets in kaposi sarcoma.kaposi sarcoma (ks) occurs as a result of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) infection, typically in the context of an immunodeficient state such as coinfection with hiv or transplantation. systemic treatment of ks has traditionally involved one of several chemotherapeutic agents either in combination or as single agents, which typically provides reasonable response rates and short-term control. however, recurrence of ks is common and progression-free intervals are short. for these rea ...201021043836
study of the morphological patterns and association of epstein-barr virus and human herpes virus 8 in acquired immunodeficiency deficiency syndrome-related reactive lymphadenopathy.study of the morphological patterns of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)-related lymphadenopathy.201021045401
bovine herpesvirus 4 based vector as a potential oncolytic-virus for treatment of glioma.the application of gene therapy for malignant gliomas is still under study and the use of specific vectors represents an important contribution. here, we investigated bovine herpesvirus 4 (bohv-4), which is non-pathogenic if injected into the rodent brain. we show that the vector can infect mouse, rat and human glioma cell lines and primary cultures obtained from human glioblastoma in vitro. bohv-4 was injected into a tumour grown in rat brain. although virus expression was scattered across the ...201021047419
the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus orf6 dna binding protein forms long dna-free helical protein filaments.the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus orf6 has a 41% sequence identity with balf2 protein of epstein-barr virus and 23% with icp8 protein of herpes simplex type i. balf2 and icp8 are multi-functional dna binding proteins with roles central to viral dna replication and recombination. in this study, we cloned the kshv orf6 gene, expressed the full length orf6 protein in insect cells and purified it to homogeneity. gel filtration revealed the protein to be present in a broad spectrum of sizes ...201021047556
the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus g protein-coupled receptor contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif that activates shp2.the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) g protein-coupled receptor (vgpcr) is a constitutively active, highly angiogenic homologue of the interleukin-8 (il-8) receptors that signals in part via the cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase shp2. we show that vgpcr contains a bona fide immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (itim) that binds and constitutively activates shp2.201021047965
herpesvirus bacs: past, present, and future.the herpesviridae are a large family of dna viruses with large and complicated genomes. genetic manipulation and the generation of recombinant viruses have been extremely difficult. however, herpesvirus bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) that were developed approximately 10 years ago have become useful and powerful genetic tools for generating recombinant viruses to study the biology and pathogenesis of herpesviruses. for example, bac-directed deletion mutants are commonly used to determine ...201021048927
human gamma-herpesviruses ebv and hhv-8 are not detected in the lungs of patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension.abstractrationale: in susceptible individuals, multiple events may trigger pulmonary vascular remodelling and pulmonary arterial hypertension (pah). human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8), a gamma-herpesvirus homologous to epstein-barr virus (ebv), was suggested to act as a "second hit" in the development of pah in susceptible patients. although there are indirect evidences from in vitro and from animal studies in favour of a link between gamma-herpesviruses and the pathophysiology of pah, results remains ...201021051388
kaposi's sarcoma after repeated surgical procedures in an immunocompetent patient: the lymphatic hypothesis.a 63-year-old swiss patient developed acquired nodules on his right palm after 3 localized surgeries, called 'needle fasciotomy', for dupuytren's disease. kaposi's sarcoma (ks) was diagnosed in a biopsy of a nodule. a positive immunolabeling and serology for human herpesvirus 8 has been found, but human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis c identification remained negative. the nodules were limited to the surgically traumatized area. this first report of a nonimmunocompromised patient developin ...201021051867
viral impact on long-term kidney graft function.acute rejection episodes are an important risk factor for the functional deterioration of solid-organ transplants. with more intense immunosuppressive protocols, the rate of acute rejection episodes has significantly declined in the last decade, but long-term graft function and graft survival are challenged by increasing viral complications. in this article, recent data on the role of adenovirus, polyomavirus bk and jc, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus-6 and -7, and parvovirus b19 on the long- ...201020466274
prevalence of varicella-zoster virus genotypes in australia characterized by high-resolution melt analysis and orf22 gene analyses.dna sequence variation analysis has divided varicella-zoster virus (vzv; human herpesvirus 3) into distinct geographical clades: european, asian, african and japanese. these genotypes are becoming increasingly prevalent within regions atypical to their original source and there has been the suggestion of recombination between genotypes. seventy-eight clinical isolates from hospitalized patients with varicella were collected in new south wales, the northern territory, western australia and victor ...201020466839
emerging and reemerging infectious diseases of nonhuman primates in the laboratory setting.despite numerous advances in the diagnosis and control of infectious diseases of nonhuman primates in the laboratory setting, a number of infectious agents continue to plague colonies. some, such as measles virus and mycobacterium tuberculosis, cause sporadic outbreaks despite well-established biosecurity protocols, whereas others, such as retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus, have only recently been discovered, often as a result of immunosuppressive experimental manipulation. owi ...201020472806
human herpesvirus-6 in patients with crohn's disease.human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6) infections are usually asymptomatic reactivations in immunocompetent persons, but may be severe in immunocompromised individuals. although primary hhv-6 infection is mainly associated with roseola infantum, it has also been associated with gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and nausea in children. in this study, we investigated the potential role of hhv-6 in crohn's disease (cd). evidence of hhv-6 infection in cd patients and controls was determined by immunohistochemistry (i ...201020477816
a novel fish herpesvirus of osmerus eperlanus.a herpesvirus of smelt (osmerus eperlanus) was identified by thin section electron microscopy. degenerated cells of skin lesions located on the back fin of smelt showed either intranucleic- or cytoplasmic herpesvirus-specific structures. in the nuclei "naked" virus capsids with a diameter of about 100 nm were observed. the diameter of the complete virion including its unilaterally extended envelope ranged from 200 to 350 nm. remarkably, in complete virions the electron-opaque tegument is complet ...201020480219
herpesvirus infection with severe lymphoid necrosis affecting a beaked whale stranded in the canary islands.this report describes the pathologic findings in a single, adult female cuvier's beaked whale ziphius cavirostris stranded in the canary islands. the study indicated that this whale died with a severe, systemic, herpesviral infection and clearly exhibited lesions different from those of the fat and gas embolic syndrome described in beaked whale mass strandings associated with sonar exposure. this is the first report of a cetacean alphaherpesvirus infection of the lymphoid system in a beaked whal ...201020481092
effective inhibition of hcmv ul49 gene expression and viral replication by oligonucleotide external guide sequences and rnase p.human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that typically causes asymptomatic infections in healthy individuals but may lead to serious complications in newborns and immunodeficient individuals. the emergence of drug-resistant strains of hcmv has posed a need for the development of new drugs and treatment strategies. antisense molecules are promising gene-targeting agents for specific regulation of gene expression. external guide sequences (egss) are oligonucleotides that consist o ...201020482805
stabilization of an e3 ligase-e2-ubiquitin complex increases cell surface mhc class i expression.the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded ubiquitin e3 ligase k3 ubiquitinates cell-surface mhc class i molecules (mhc i), causing the internalization and degradation of mhc i via the endolysosomal pathway. k3 recruits the cellular e2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme ubc13 to generate lysine-63-linked polyubiquitin chains on mhc i, leading to the clathrin-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of mhc i. in this study, we identify a ubiquitin isoleucine-44-alanine mutant (i44a) that ...201020483773
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