Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| hiv-2 and t cell recognition. | hiv-2 is less pathogenic and less transmissible than hiv-1. recent research in relation to deletions in the hiv nef gene and to immune cross-reactions between infections by hiv-2, hiv-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus suggests that t cell recognition and the control of viral replication may be more efficient in hiv-2 infection than in hiv-1 infection. these insights may be crucial to the design of effective vaccines. | 1998 | 9722912 |
| improved detection of hiv-2 proviral dna in dually seroreactive individuals by pcr. | to improve the detection rate of hiv-2 proviral dna in primary uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of hiv-2-seroreactive and hiv-1-hiv-2 dually seroreactive individuals. | 1998 | 9727562 |
| genetic variation in a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 live-virus macaca nemestrina vaccine model. | four pigtailed macaques were inoculated with an infectious, apathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) molecular clone (hiv-2kr) and subsequently challenged with a highly pathogenic strain, hiv-2287, together with two naive control animals. after challenge, two animals inoculated with a high dose of the immunizing strain were protected from cd4 decline and immunodeficiency. to examine the role of genetic heterogeneity in protection, fragments of the env gene were amplified from peri ... | 1998 | 9733824 |
| mortality among human immunodeficiency virus type 2-positive villagers in rural guinea-bissau is correlated with viral genotype. | we present the results of a 6-year study of 131 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 (hiv-2)-infected individuals from a rural population in guinea-bissau. proviral dna sequences 1.3 kb in length were obtained from each individual and, together with clinical data, including proviral load and cd4 and cd8 levels, were used to assess whether viral genotype influences clinical outcome. with a phylogenetic model, a correlation was found between viral genotype and mortality; this correlation was ... | 1998 | 9733826 |
| an orphan seven-transmembrane domain receptor expressed widely in the brain functions as a coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. | both cd4 and an appropriate coreceptor are necessary for infection of cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and most strains of hiv-2. the chemokine receptors ccr5 and cxcr4 are the major hiv-1 coreceptors, although some virus strains can also utilize alternative coreceptors such as ccr3 to infect cells. in contrast, most if not all simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strains use ccr5 as a coreceptor, and many siv strains can use ccr5 independently of cd4. in addition, several orp ... | 1998 | 9733831 |
| interaction of hiv-1 nef with the cellular dileucine-based sorting pathway is required for cd4 down-regulation and optimal viral infectivity. | the hiv-1 nef protein is important for pathogenesis, enhances viral infectivity, and regulates the sorting of at least two cellular transmembrane proteins, cd4 and major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i. although several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that the nef protein interacts directly with the cellular protein sorting machinery, the sorting signal in hiv-1 nef has not been identified. by using a competition assay that functionally discriminates between dileucine-based and ... | 1998 | 9736718 |
| antibodies to the hiv type 2 core protein p26 and vpx: association with disease progression. | a longitudinal cohort study was conducted to define the prevalence and temporal pattern of antibody response to the hiv-2 virion-associated proteins p26gag and vpx. one hundred and forty-one asymptomatic hiv-2-infected women were enrolled, and followed for up to 11 years. eighty-one percent of the subjects had antibodies to p26, and 51% to vpx; response to these two antigens was not correlated. the response to both proteins was determined early in infection, and remained stable over time. the ab ... | 1998 | 9737587 |
| hiv seronegativity in an infant with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | we report the case of an infant with progressive human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and persistent seronegativity. the child had pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 4 months of age and was documented to be hiv-infected by hiv-1 deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) polymerase chain reaction (pcr), but enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot tests for hiv-1 and hiv-2 specific antibodies remained negative until the infant was 10 months old. this case should increase awareness abou ... | 1998 | 9743066 |
| the simian immunodeficiency virus mnd(gb-1) strain uses cxcr4, not ccr5, as coreceptor for entry in human cells. | the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) mnd(gb-1) strain, isolated from a mandrill, replicates in a human t cell line, cem cells, and is inhibited by the cxc-chemokines, stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha and 1beta (sdf-1alpha/sdf-1beta), the natural ligands for cxcr4. the ic50 was around 70-80 ng/ml, which corresponds to the ic50 of sdf-1alpha/sdf-1beta for t-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2. the specific anti-cxcr4 mab 12g5 inhibited replication of sivmnd at an ic50 ... | 1998 | 9747729 |
| sequence diversity of siv(mne) nef in vivo and in vitro. | we have compared nef gene sequences isolated by pcr from peripheral blood lymphocyte dna of macaques which had been inoculated with either biologically or molecularly cloned siv(mne). two samples from each animal obtained either early after infection (week 2-8) or after significant cd4+ depletion (week 21-137) were analyzed. three substitutions in the predicted nef amino acid sequence were seen in all animals at the late time point, and two more in all but one. two of the common exchanges are lo ... | 1998 | 9747946 |
| [left ventricular aneurysm in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case report]. | the authors report the case of a 30 year old man with a left ventricular aneurysm who was seropositive to hiv 1 and hiv 2. the patient was stage ivc 1 (aids related complex) by the "center for disease control" classification. the clinical presentation was pyrexia, loss of weight, micropolyadenopathy and cardiac failure. the electrocardiogramme showed low voltage in the peripheral leads with a qs morphology in s2, s3 and avf and abrasion, of the r wave in the precordial leads. doppler echocardiog ... | 1998 | 9749229 |
| candidate vaccines protect macaques against primate immunodeficiency viruses. | the preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of potential vaccines against aids requires challenge models. the experimental infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) or chimeric viruses have proven to be most valuable. the progress made using simian models to assess the efficacy and identify the correlates or mechanism of protection by whole inactivated virus, live attenuated virus or recombinant sub-unit vaccines is reviewed. it is possi ... | 1998 | 9814954 |
| field evaluation of a combination of monospecific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for type-specific diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infections in hiv-seropositive persons in abidjan, ivory coast. | serologic distinction between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infection is made difficult because of the cross-reactivity and high cost of existing differentiation assays. an evaluation of a strategy based on a combination of monospecific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) (cme), was carried out in abidjan, ivory coast, where both hiv-1 and hiv-2 are present, to determine its accuracy and cost-effectiveness. a total of 1,608 (428 hiv-1-positive, 361 hiv-2-positive, ... | 1998 | 9431934 |
| phosphorylation of triciribine is necessary for activity against hiv type 1. | triciribine (tcn) is a tricyclic nucleoside with known antineoplastic and antiviral activity. it is a potent and selective inhibitor of hiv-1 and hiv-2, including strains known to be resistant to azt or tibo. tcn is phosphorylated to its 5'-monophosphate (tcn-p) by intracellular adenosine kinase (ak), but is not converted to di- or triphosphates. we now report that 5'-phosphorylation is requisite for the activity of tcn against hiv-1. cem cells incubated with tcn at concentrations ranging from 0 ... | 1998 | 9788672 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylates and regulates the hiv-1 vif protein. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vif protein plays a critical role in virus replication and infectivity. here we show that vif is phosphorylated and regulated by p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk). vif phosphorylation by mapk was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo and was shown to occur on serine and threonine residues. two-dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide mapping indicated that vif is phosphorylated by mapk on the same sites in vitro and in vivo. radioactive p ... | 1998 | 9792705 |
| inactivation of viruses by beta-propiolactone in human cryo poor plasma and igg concentrates. | virus inactivation by cold treatment with beta-propiolactone (bpl) was investigated in human cryo poor plasma and purified igg concentrates spiked with relevant human viruses or appropriate animal model viruses. the samples were treated with 0.1 or 0.25% bpl for 300 or 480 min, respectively. residual infectivity was determined by standard microtitration assays on tissue culture cells. the inactivation of all viruses tested was more effective in igg than in plasma. igg: r1=4-5.5 log10 for vesicul ... | 1998 | 9811521 |
| a dileucine motif in hiv-1 nef acts as an internalization signal for cd4 downregulation and binds the ap-1 clathrin adaptor. | human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) nef downregulates surface expression of cd4, an integral component of the functional hiv receptor complex, through accelerated endocytosis of surface receptors and diminished transport of cd4 from the golgi network to the plasma membrane. hiv-1 nef also diminishes surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i antigens. in the case of hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus 1 (siv-1) nef, aminoterminal tyrosine-based motifs mediate the ... | 1998 | 9811606 |
| zeta chain of the t-cell receptor interacts with nef of simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | a truncated version of the nef gene of simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac239 capable of encoding amino acids 98 to 263 was used as bait to screen a cdna library from activated lymphocytes in a yeast two-hybrid system. the zeta chain of the t-cell receptor (tcrzeta) was found to interact specifically not only with truncated siv nef in yeast cells but also with full-length glutathione s-transferase (gst)-sivnef fusion protein in vitro. coimmunoprecipitation of tcrzeta with full-length siv nef wa ... | 1998 | 9811718 |
| rapid assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of immunoglobulin g antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group m, hiv-1 group o, and hiv-2. | a rapid immunodiagnostic test that detects and discriminates human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections on the basis of viral type, hiv type 1 (hiv-1) group m, hiv-1 group o, or hiv-2, was developed. the rapid assay for the detection of hiv (hiv rapid assay) was designed as an instrument-free chromatographic immunoassay that detects immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to hiv. to assess the performance of the hiv rapid assay, 470 hiv-positive plasma samples were tested by pcr and/or western blot ... | 1998 | 9817891 |
| reduction of the diagnostic window with a new combined p24 antigen and human immunodeficiency virus antibody screening assay. | in order to reduce the window phase between time of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and laboratory diagnosis, new fourth generation screening assays which permit a simultaneous detection of hiv antigen and antibody have been developed. in a multicenter study, a new automated fourth generation assay, enzymun-test hiv combi (boehringer mannheim gmbh) was compared to third generation assay, p24 antigen tests and western blot. a total of 37 seroconversion panels, samples of the early in ... | 1998 | 9820572 |
| binding of hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein to cd8 molecules and related chemokine production. | we recently found that human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 envelope glycoprotein, but not that of hiv-1, could bind to cd4 and cd8 molecules on t cells, and that the binding site of hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein was located on the alpha-chain (but not the beta-chain) of cd8. this study showed that the binding of hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein could induce phosphorylation of protein tyrosine kinase p56lck in cd8+ t cells. we also found that production of beta-chemokines in response to hiv-2 envelope ... | 1998 | 9824478 |
| polyanion inhibitors of hiv and other viruses. 7. polyanionic compounds and polyzwitterionic compounds derived from cyclodextrins as inhibitors of hiv transmission. | new polyanionic compounds were obtained from radical addition of thiomalic acid and mercaptopropionic acid onto perallylated cyclodextrins (cds) under uv irradiation with a catalytic amount of alpha,alpha'-azobis(isobutyronitrile). all these polyanions, bearing 18-48 carboxylate groups, inhibited human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) strain iiib replication in mt-4 cells at a 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) of 0.1-2.9 microm, while not being toxic to the host cells at concentrations up ... | 1998 | 9836609 |
| natural infection of a homozygous delta24 ccr5 red-capped mangabey with an r2b-tropic simian immunodeficiency virus. | a homozygous 24-bp deletion (delta24) was found in the cc chemokine receptor 5 (ccr5) of 11 out of 15 red-capped mangabeys (rcms), cercocebus torquatus torquatus, both in africa and in an american zoo. the ccr5 delta24 defect encompassed eight amino acids in frame in the fourth transmembrane region. unexpectedly, rcm-009, one of 11 homozygotes (delta24ccr5/ delta24ccr5), was found to be naturally infected with a divergent simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strain, which was not r5-tropic, but u ... | 1998 | 9841919 |
| [7 new cases of hiv-2 infection recognized in madrid in 1996 and 1997]. | the infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) is endemic in western africa, where it is responsible for many of aids cases. in spain, 72 cases with hiv-2 until december 1997 had been reported, mainly in african immigrants. seven of these cases (4 males and 3 females) were identified during 1996 and 1997. five came from western africa and other two were spanish, one from alicant and the other from vigo. only one out of the seven patients presented clinical manifestations (pneumoc ... | 1998 | 9844454 |
| live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)mac in macaques can induce protection against mucosal infection with sivsm. | to investigate whether vaccination of macaques with attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)macc8 could induce long-term protective immunity against rectal exposure to sivsm and intravenous exposure to the more divergent hiv-2. | 1998 | 9863867 |
| hiv-2 infection throughout the world. a geographical perspective | the geographical distribution of hiv-2 is not fully understood. however, there is enough evidence to speculate about the origins and differentiation of this geographical pattern. foci of infection probably developed in some african countries, such as guinea-bissau, angola and mozambique, in the 1970s. the decolonization of these countries led to the movement of people, and the virus, to historically associated countries such as portugal, india and brazil. in ivory coast, a focus was probably cre ... | 1998 | 9917568 |
| effect of rantes on the infection of monocyte-derived primary macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2. | the effect of beta chemokines on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection of primary macrophages is controversial, and their effect on hiv-2 infection of these cells has not yet been documented. we examined the effect of synthetic and recombinant regulated-on-activation, normal t cell-expressed and -secreted (rantes) on hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection of primary monocyte-derived-macrophages (mdm) that were obtained as the adherent cells of 5-day cultures of blood mononuclear cells (pbmc), ... | 1998 | 9921414 |
| high-resolution solution nmr structure of the minimal active domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type-2 nucleocapsid protein. | the retroviral nucleocapsid (nc) protein is a multifunctional protein essential for rna genome packaging and viral infectivity. the nc protein, ncp8, of the human immunodeficiency virus type-ii (hiv-2) is a 49 amino acid peptide containing two zinc fingers, of the type c-x2-c-x4-h-x4-c, connected by seven amino acid residues, called the "basic amino acid cluster." it has been shown that the n-terminal zinc finger flanked by the basic amino acid cluster is the minimal active domain for the specif ... | 1998 | 9922136 |
| [hiv-2 infection in the world. a geographical perspective]. | the geographical distribution of hiv-2 is not fully understood. however, there is enough evidence to speculate about the origins and differentiation of this geographical pattern. foci of infection probably developed in some african countries, such as guinea-bissau, angola and mozambique, in the 1970s. the decolonization of these countries led to the movement of people, and the virus, to historically associated countries such as portugal, india and brazil. in ivory coast, a focus was probably cre ... | 1998 | 10064918 |
| in vitro evaluation and characterization of newly designed alkylamidophospholipid analogues as anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 agents. | our laboratories first reported two novel classes of complex synthetic lipids, including alkylamidophosphocholines (pc lipid; cp-51) and alkylamidophosphate ester-linked lipid-azt conjugates (lipid-azt conjugates; cp-92), with selective and potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). to extend these observations, we synthesized additional pc lipids and lipid-azt conjugates (ink and ink-azt conjugate) to evaluate their structure-activity relationships by testing for selec ... | 1998 | 9875387 |
| broad-spectrum antiviral activity and mechanism of antiviral action of the fluoroquinolone derivative k-12. | the fluoroquinolone derivatives have been shown to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) replication at the transcriptional level. we confirmed the anti-hiv activity of the most potent congener, 8-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-[4-(2- methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid (k-12), in both acutely and chronically infected cells. k-12 was active against different strains of hiv-1 (including azt- and ritonavir-resistant hiv-1 strains), hiv-2 and simian immu ... | 1998 | 9875393 |
| an approach towards the synthesis of potential metal-chelating tsao-t derivatives as bidentate inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. | novel derivatives of the potent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitor tsao-t have been designed, synthesized and tested for their in vitro antiretroviral activity against hiv. these tsao-t derivatives have been designed as potential bidentate inhibitors of hiv-1 rt, which combine in their structure the functionality of a non-nucleoside rt inhibitor (tsao-t) and a bivalent ion-chelating moiety (a beta-diketone moiety) linked through an appropriate spacer ... | 1998 | 9875394 |
| synthesis, structure and in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of novel 3-methyl-1h,3h-thiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazoles. | a series of novel 1-aryl-3-methyl-1h,3h-thiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazoles, tbz analogues, were synthesized and investigated as anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) agents in order to study the effects of structural modifications on antiviral activity and cytotoxicity. they were proved to inhibit significantly hiv-1 replication in vitro without showing inhibitory activity on hiv-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus. their potency was influenced by the presence of suitable substituents in the phenyl ... | 1998 | 9875396 |
| imidazo[1,5-b]pyridazine-d4t conjugates: synthesis and anti-human immunodeficiency virus evaluation. | in an attempt to combine the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-inhibitory capacity of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydronucleoside analogues [nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors; nrti] and non-nucleoside rt inhibitors (nnrti), we have designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-hiv activity several heterodimers of the general formula [d4t]-nh-(ch2)n-nh-[imidazo[1,5-b]pyridazine]. the synthesis of these heterodimers was conducted in three parts. the first part focused on ... | 1998 | 9875400 |
| detection of jc virus in two african cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy including identification of jcv type 3 in a gambian aids patient. | progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) is a fatal demyelinating central nervous system (cns) infection, affecting mainly oligodendrocytes, but also occasional astrocytes. in the usa, europe and asia, pml is caused by the human polyomavirus jc virus (jcv) and in autopsy series occurs in about 4-7% of aids patients. in africa, the prevalence of pml in aids patients is uncertain and the causative agent is unknown. this study reports immunocytochemical and pcr confirmation of pml in the cn ... | 1998 | 9877195 |
| chemokine receptor (ccr5) expression in human kidneys and in the hiv infected macaque. | the chemokine receptor, ccr5, has been identified as an essential co-receptor with cd4, which permits entry of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) into mammalian cells. this receptor may also mediate leukocyte and parenchymal responses to injury by virtue of its binding to locally released chemokines such as rantes, mip-1 alpha and mip-1 beta during inflammation. the localization of ccr5 in human or primate kidney is unknown. in this study we sought to identify sites of ccr5 synthesis through loc ... | 1998 | 9853259 |
| suppression of hiv replication by dominant negative mutants of hiv-1 (review). | various gag mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) generated in vitro were evaluated for their potentials to suppress the replication of wild-type (wt) virus. a single-round of wt virus replication in the presence of various mutant proteins was quantitatively monitored by transfection and infection experiments. out of 38 mutants examined, 15 were demonstrated to interfere with the replication of wt hiv-1 at early and/or late viral replication phase. some of these mutants were als ... | 1998 | 9855705 |
| dissecting the mode of action of various hiv-inhibitor classes in a stable cellular system. | we describe a stable and sensitive hiv evaluation system, which discriminates hiv-specific membrane fusion and early transcription events and is suitable for high-throughput inhibitor screening. a human lymphocytic line, constitutively producing infectious hiv-1, serves as env-positive donor. a second indicator cell line carries a silent hiv-1 ltr lacz reporter plasmid. a bicellular cocultivation setup allows titration and standardization of "fusion-induced gene stimulation (figs)" events. with ... | 1998 | 9856097 |
| functional roles of hiv accessory proteins for viral replication (review). | numerous lentiviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) of causative agents of human aids as representative, have been recently isolated from various species of primates. the fundamental and most prominent feature of the viruses is the presence of a number of accessory genes in their genomes. extensive biological and biochemical studies have demonstrated that the accessory gene products are not essential for viral replication at least in certain types of cel ... | 1998 | 9857229 |
| infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2: epidemiology and transmission (review). | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is known to be one of the agents that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). it has been present in west africa since the 1960s and is currently epidemic there. compared with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2 is genomically different. furthermore, it is less prevalent worldwide than hiv-1. in west africa, seropositive rates of hiv-2 are higher in urban versus rural communities, however, there are no gender differences. sexua ... | 1998 | 9858654 |
| [effect of hiv envelope glycoprotein on the induction of immune dysregulation in hiv infection]. | the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been know to play an important role in the induction of immune dysregulation of hiv infection. recent evidence suggests that hiv requires the chemokine receptors as a coreceptor. in addition, we found that hiv-2 (but not hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein can bind to not only cd 4 but also cd 8 molecules on human t cells. based upon these findings, we discuss the effect of hiv envelope glycoprotein on the pathogenic role of hiv infect ... | 1998 | 9884546 |
| changes in neuron size in cynomolgus macaques infected with various immunodeficiency viruses and poliovirus. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection leads to clinically significant neuronal pathology, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. infection of rhesus macaques with the simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac251 has been shown to cause atrophy of hippocampal pyramidal cells. the aim of the current investigation was to determine whether sivmac251 and other viruses with differing abilities to cause immune suppression or encephalitis could cause neuronal atrophy in cynomolgus macaques. ani ... | 1998 | 9888157 |
| clinical profile of aids: a study at a referral hospital. | the present study describes the clinical and epidemiological features of 74 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection who presented to a referral hospital. sixty two patients (83.7%) were diagnosed to have acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). mean age of the patients was 34.9 +/- 12 years and male to female ratio was 3:1. majority of patients (80%) were from lower socio-economic class. multiple unprotected heterosexual contact with commercial sex workers in metropolitan c ... | 1998 | 11229245 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection in a tertiary care hospital--clinical and microbiological profile. | infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has an increasing, direct and significant impact on the hospital, especially the emergency services. out of a total of 39,876 patients screened, 1061 patients were reactive for anti-hiv antibodies. the incidence of the infection showed a remarkable progression from 0.89% in 1992-1993 to 5.6% in 1997, among the seropositive patients. the number of patients with signs and symptoms related to hiv infection has also shown a 2 fold rise (from 42% ... | 1998 | 11273318 |
| human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 infection in some rural areas of nigeria. | the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in rural areas of nigeria was estimated using 1089 sera collected in 18 locations from 1992 to early 1994. the sera were tested with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and confirmed by western immunoblotting technique. overall, 13 (1.2%) of the 1089 sera were positive for antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2. prevalence of 0.6% and 0.8% were obtained for hiv-1 and hiv-2 respectively. the highest prevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 (50.0%) we ... | 1998 | 10892430 |
| use of lectins in affinity purification of hiv and siv envelope glycoproteins. | the human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2) are the etiologic agents of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and related disorders (1-3) simian immunodeficiency virus(siv) is the corresponding virus for nonhuman primates. sivmac has been isolated from rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) with immunosuppression and malignant lymphomas (4). | 1998 | 21374468 |
| inhibition of hiv infection by lectin binding to gp120. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the causative agent of aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). the polypeptide precursor gp160 of hiv-1 forms the external glycoprotein, gp120 and the transmembrane glycoprotein, gp41 (1). sequence variability is a feature of hiv viruses that have been classified into several subtypes (2). there are 22-31 potential n-linked glycosylation sites on gp120 depending on the hiv-1 isolate and thus, approximately half of its molecular weight is composed of carbo ... | 1998 | 21374492 |
| detection of treponema pallidum, haemophilus ducreyi, and herpes simplex virus by multiplex pcr. | the three major causes of genital ulcer disease (gud) are herpes simplex virus (hsv), treponema pallidum, and haemophilus ducreyi. although techniques exist for the laboratory diagnosis of all three organisms, constraints of cost, availability of equipment and expertise, and the lack of sensitivity and specificity of available tests, result in clinical presentation being primarily used for the diagnosis of gud both in the united states and in developing countries. due to the overlapping clinical ... | 1999 | 21390729 |
| [human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection]. | the isolation of a second retrovirus, hiv-2, led to fears that a second aids pandemic, similar in scope and magnitude to that caused by hiv-1, might ensue. however, the peculiar biologic properties of hiv-2, namely the lower transmissibility of this virus through both sexual and vertical routes, contributed to a more regionalized distribution of the virus, which became endemic in west africa. hiv-2 is genetically more closely related to siv than to hiv-1. when it comes to clinical disease, the s ... | 1999 | 10892439 |
| synthesis and anti-hiv activity of 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazines (ttds): a new family of hiv-1 specific non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | the anti-hiv activity of a novel series of 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazines (ttds) has been described. the compounds were synthesized via curtius rearrangement of appropriate sulfamoylcarboxy azides which, in turn, were prepared from known starting materials. several 4-substituted-2-benzyl-derivatives were found to selectively inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [hiv-1 (iiib)] replication in mt-4 and cem cells. these ttds were also effective against other strains of hi ... | 1999 | 10658585 |
| temperature inducible beta-sheet structure in the transactivation domains of retroviral regulatory proteins of the rev family. | the interaction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) regulatory protein rev with cellular cofactors is crucial for the viral life cycle. the hiv-1 rev transactivation domain is functionally interchangeable with analog regions of rev proteins of other retroviruses suggesting common folding patterns. in order to obtain experimental evidence for similar structural features mediating protein-protein contacts we investigated activation domain peptides from hiv-1, hiv-2, visna virus, fel ... | 1999 | 10629982 |
| virus safety of avital bone tissue transplants: evaluation of sterilization steps of spongiosa cuboids using a peracetic acid-methanol mixture. | the aim of this study was to validate the virus-inactivating/eliminating capacity of the manufacturing process of spongiosa cuboids. both the sterilization step with peracetic acid (paa)/ethanol and the defatting step of bones with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) were investigated. relevant enveloped, non-enveloped, and model viruses belonging to different virus families were included in the investigation: human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), hepatitis a virus (hav), poliovirus (pv-1), ps ... | 1999 | 10652175 |
| antiviral properties of a mangrove plant, rhizophora apiculata blume, against human immunodeficiency virus. | a polysaccharide extracted from the leaf of rhizophora apiculata (rap) was assessed in cell culture systems, for its activity against human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. rap inhibited hiv-1 or hiv-2 or siv strains in various cell cultures and assay systems. it blocked the expression of hiv-1 antigen in mt-4 cells and abolished the production of hiv-1 p24 antigen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc); the 50% effective concentration (ec50) of rap in hiv-1 infected mt-4 cells and in ... | 1999 | 10669261 |
| fine characterization of a v3-region neutralizing epitope in human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | we have previously identified two distinct antigenic sites in the third variable region (v3) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) corresponding to the principal neutralizing determinant (pnd) of hiv-1, the conserved phe-his-ser-gln and trp-cys-arg motifs (positions 315-318 and 329-331), which possibly interact to form a discontinuous antigenic site. the aim of this study was to further identify and characterize the immunogenic sites in the v3-loop of hiv-2 that are important in the bin ... | 1999 | 10854165 |
| increasing prevalence of hiv-2 and dual hiv-1-2 infections among patients attending various outdoor patient departments in mumbai (bombay). | between 1993-96, a serological study was carried out for differentially identifying hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among the high risk group persons attending the various outdoor patient departments of byl nair municipal hospital, mumbai. this study indicates that although hiv-1 is still the predominant virus among the high risk hiv infected persons in mumbai, dual hiv-1-2 infections are increasing especially among promiscuous heterosexuals and female commercial sex workers. increases in hiv-2 infec ... | 1999 | 11243075 |
| another undectectable viral load: hiv-2. | a case study is presented of a pregnant woman from ghana whose prenatal screening indicated that she was hiv-positive. she was given azt and 3tc to prevent transmitting the virus to her newborn, but declined to take the drugs, thinking they were unnecessary. the baby tested positive, and further testing of the mother revealed that they were infected with hiv-2, not hiv-1 for which they had been tested. hiv-2 is a lentivirus capable of causing the same clinical syndrome as hiv-1 with regard to cd ... | 1999 | 11366503 |
| evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. | a new immunochromatographic rapid test, determine hiv-1/2, for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 in human whole blood, serum, and plasma was evaluated. determine hiv-1/2 is a sandwich immunoassay and uses a nitrocellulose strip with a capture site for the patient's results and a procedural control site to confirm the validity of the assay. the results can be read visually, and a positive result is indicated by the formation of a red line within ... | 1999 | 9889220 |
| quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by using a quantitative-competitive pcr assay. | a new quantitative-competitive pcr-based human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) proviral dna assay (qc-pcr) was developed and used to determine the proviral load in hiv-2-infected individuals. proviral load varied considerably, with means of 1,831 copies per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells for asymptomatic subjects (n = 19) and 2,587 for aids patients (n = 2). hiv-2 viral and proviral loads also varied significantly over time in asymptomatic patients. these data suggest that a high ... | 1999 | 9889242 |
| primary dural leiomyosarcoma in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus: case report. | we report the magnetic resonance imaging, angiographic, and immunohistochemical characteristics of a dural leiomyosarcoma in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | 1999 | 9894982 |
| the connection domain is implicated in metalloporphyrin binding and inhibition of hiv reverse transcriptase. | we have shown that heme and zinc protoporphyrin inhibit both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) reverse transcriptases (rts) and, in combination with other nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors, exert an additive effect on hiv-1 rt inhibition. screening of a phage peptide library against heme resulted in the isolation of a peptide with sequence similarity to sequence 398-407 from the connection subdomain of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 rts, suggesting that this highly cons ... | 1999 | 9880532 |
| regulation of virus release by the macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ad8 isolate is redundant and can be controlled by either vpu or env. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vpu and env proteins are expressed from a bicistronic mrna. to address the biological significance of the coordinated expression of vpu and env, we compared the relative effects on particle release of hiv-1 isolates containing an intact vpu gene or carrying point mutations in its initiation codon or internal deletions, respectively. we found that the primary ad8 isolate, which is unable to express vpu due to a mutation in its translation initiation ... | 1999 | 9882289 |
| characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from l'hoest monkeys (cercopithecus l'hoesti): implications for the origins of sivmnd and other primate lentiviruses. | the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) appear to have originated by cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from asymptomatically infected african primates. few of the sivs characterized to date efficiently infect human primary lymphocytes. interesting, two of the three identified to infect such cultures (sivsm and sivcpz) have appeared in human populations as genetically related hivs. in the present study, we characterized a novel siv isolate ... | 1999 | 9882304 |
| human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 differ in the predominant mechanism used for selection of genomic rna for encapsidation. | retroviral rna encapsidation is a highly selective process mediated through recognition by the viral gag proteins of cis-acting rna packaging signals in genomic rna. this rna species is also translated, producing the viral gag gene products. the relationship between these processes is poorly understood. unlike that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), the dominant packaging signal of hiv-2 is upstream of the major splice donor and present in both unspliced and spliced viral rnas, nece ... | 1999 | 10074152 |
| dissecting the role of the n-terminal domain of human immunodeficiency virus integrase by trans-complementation analysis. | the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) integrase protein (in) catalyzes two reactions required to integrate hiv dna into the human genome: 3' processing of the viral dna ends and integration. in has three domains, the n-terminal zinc-binding domain, the catalytic core, and the c-terminal sh3 domain. previously, it was shown that in proteins mutated in different domains could complement each other. we now report that this does not require any overlap between the two complementing proteins; an n-t ... | 1999 | 10074170 |
| epithelin/granulin growth factors: extracellular cofactors for hiv-1 and hiv-2 tat proteins. | epithelin/granulin growth factor is synthesized as a 593 amino acid precursor protein that contains 7.5 imperfectly conserved repeats of approximately 57 amino acids. processed epithelin/granulin peptides have been isolated from vertebrate/invertebrate species and are growth factors implicated in epithelial and haemic cell function. here they are identified as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) tat binding proteins using the yeast two-hybrid assay. intracellularly in yeast, mutation of selected ... | 1999 | 10079180 |
| pmti, a broadly active unusual single-stranded polyribonucleotide, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication by multiple mechanisms. | poly(1-methyl-6-thioinosinic acid), or pmti, is a single-stranded polyribonucleotide and is the first homopolyribonucleotide devoid of watson-crick hydrogen bonding sites to show potent human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) inhibition. pmti was found to be active when evaluated against a variety of low passage clinical hiv isolates in fresh human peripheral blood cells, including t cell-tropic and monocyte-macrophage-tropic viruses, syncytium-inducing and non-syncytium-inducing viruses and viruses ... | 1999 | 10079876 |
| kaposi's sarcoma: breeding ground of herpesviridae - a tour de force over viral evolution (review). | after reviewing the molecular biological basis of prominent theories for the integration of viruses into the earliest forms of living matter, an account is given on the immunoevasive strategies viruses have had to acquire in order to secure their existence against the most sophisticated anti-viral defensive mechanisms evolving in their hosts. herpes-viridae and kaposi's sarcoma illustrate the complexity of host-virus relationship. in following the evolutionary steps of simians and hominoids to h ... | 1999 | 10087309 |
| tyrosine sulfation of the amino terminus of ccr5 facilitates hiv-1 entry. | chemokine receptors and related seven-transmembrane-segment (7tms) receptors serve as coreceptors for entry of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv) into target cells. each of these otherwise diverse coreceptors contains an n-terminal region that is acidic and tyrosine rich. here, we show that the chemokine receptor ccr5, a principal hiv-1 coreceptor, is posttranslationally modified by o-linked glycosylation and by sulfation of its n-terminal tyrosines. sulfated tyros ... | 1999 | 10089882 |
| characterization of antigens expressed in normal baboon trophoblast and cross-reactive with hiv/siv antibodies. | electron microscopic studies have revealed the presence of endogenous retroviral (erv) particles in normal primate placental tissues. these particles have ultrastructural similarities to type c retroviral particles and are mainly associated with the trophoblast. in normal human placental tissues, they have antigenic similarity with exogenous retroviruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and may have a role to play in the regulation of cellular gene expression, syncytiotrophoblast ... | 1999 | 10098831 |
| effect of 3-hydroxyphthaloyl-beta-lactoglobulin on vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus in rhesus monkeys. | heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is the major cause of the ongoing aids epidemic. application of chemical barrier methods is expected to contribute to the worldwide control of this epidemic. bovine beta-lactoglobulin modified by 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride (3-hydroxyphthalovyl-beta-lactoglobulin [3hp-beta-lg]) was shown to inhibit hiv-1, hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, and chlamydia trachomatis infection in vi ... | 1999 | 10103216 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | 1999 | 9934673 | |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase protein promotes reverse transcription through specific interactions with the nucleoprotein reverse transcription complex. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase protein (in) is essential for integration of the viral dna into host cell chromosomes. since in is expressed and assembled into virions as part of the 160-kda gag-pol precursor polyprotein and catalyzes integration of the provirus in infected cells as a mature 32-kda protein, mutations in in are pleiotropic and may affect virus replication at different stages of the virus life cycle in addition to integration. several different phenotypes ... | 1999 | 9971795 |
| primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates, like hiv-1 isolates, frequently use ccr5 but show promiscuity in coreceptor usage. | coreceptor usage of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolates varies according to biological phenotype. the chemokine receptors ccr5 and cxcr4 are the major coreceptors that, together with cd4, govern hiv-1 entry into cells. since cxcr4 usage determines the biological phenotype for hiv-1 isolates and is more frequent in patients with immunodeficiency, it may serve as a marker for viral virulence. this possibility prompted us to study coreceptor usage by hiv-2, known to be less ... | 1999 | 9971817 |
| origin of hiv-1 in the chimpanzee pan troglodytes troglodytes. | the human aids viruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) represent cross-species (zoonotic) infections. although the primate reservoir of hiv-2 has been clearly identified as the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys), the origin of hiv-1 remains uncertain. viruses related to hiv-1 have been isolated from the common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), but only three such sivcpz infections have been documented, one of which involved a virus so divergent that it might represent a ... | 1999 | 9989410 |
| incidence of human immunodeficiency virus antibody in a prenatal population at a community hospital. | prenatal human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) screening may reduce vertical hiv transmission. we screened 4,419 prenatal sera and found 38 repeatedly reactive specimens with an hiv-1-hiv-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. western blot analysis confirmed four of these specimens as positive for hiv-1 antibodies. screening detects previously unidentified hiv infections, but false-positive results may also occur. | 1999 | 9874679 |
| cutaneous infections by papillomavirus, herpes zoster and candida albicans as the only manifestation of idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia. | selective depletion of cd4+ t lymphocytes is common in both primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia (icl) cases are defined as a persistent cd4+ t lymphocyte count of less than 300x10(6) cells/l and/or less than 20% of the total t-cell count. | 1999 | 10192160 |
| "hidden" dutpase sequence in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. | a coding region homologous to the sequence for essential eukaryotic enzyme dutpase has been identified in different genomic regions of several viral lineages. unlike the nonprimate lentiviruses (caprine arthritis- encephalitis virus, equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and visna virus), where dutpase is integrated into the pol coding region, this enzyme has never been demonstrated to be present in the primate lentivirus genomes (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [hiv ... | 1999 | 9847382 |
| lack of effect of cytoplasmic tail truncations on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 rod env particle release activity. | in addition to its role in receptor binding, the envelope glycoprotein of certain human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates, including rod10, exhibits a biological activity that enhances the release of hiv-2, hiv-1, and simian immunodeficiency virus particles from infected cells. the present study aims at better defining the functional domains involved in this biological activity. to this end, we have characterized the envelope protein of the rod14 isolate of hiv-2, which, despite 95% ... | 1999 | 9847387 |
| hiv coreceptors, cell tropism and inhibition by chemokine receptor ligands. | hiv is a persistent virus that survives and replicates despite an onslaught by the host's immune system. a strategy for cell entry, requiring the use of two receptors, has evolved that may help evade neutralizing antibodies. hiv and siv usually require both cd4 and a seven transmembrane (7tm) coreceptor for infection. at least eleven different 7tm coreceptors have been identified that confer hiv and/or siv entry. for hiv-1, the major coreceptors are ccr5 and cxcr4, while the role of other corece ... | 1999 | 10332737 |
| characterization of neutralizing sites in the second variable and fourth variable region in gp125 and a conserved region in gp36 of human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | several determinants of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have been suggested to harbor sites important for neutralization. the third variable region (v3) of the envelope glycoprotein (gp) is an important neutralizing determinant for both serotypes of hiv. the localization of additional neutralizing regions is an urgent task because the virus appears to mutate to phenotypes that escape neutralizing antibodies. therefore, we have focused on the possibility of finding other immunodominant regions ... | 1999 | 10333245 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by rd6-y664, a novel benzylhydroxylamine derivative. | we have examined novel benzylhydroxylamine derivatives for their inhibitory effects on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in cell cultures. among the series, o-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (rd6-y664) was found to be the most potent inhibitor of hiv-1. the ec50 for hiv-1 strain iiib was 1.6 micrograms/ml with a selectivity index greater than 38 in mt-4 cells. it also inhibited the replication of other hiv strains including a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) i ... | 1999 | 10335401 |
| pyrido [1,2a] indole derivatives identified as novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | pyrido [1,2a] indole derivatives were identified as potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication during a random screening programme. the compounds showed no antiviral activity against hiv-2 or in cells chronically infected with hiv-1, but had good inhibitory effect against purified hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) in an in vitro assay. they were therefore classified as non-nucleoside rt inhibitors (nnrti). the synthesis of additional compounds of the same class r ... | 1999 | 10335402 |
| multiplex detection of four pathogenic retroviruses using molecular beacons. | we describe a multiplex nucleic acid assay that identifies and determines the abundance of four different pathogenic retroviruses (hiv-1, hiv-2, and human t-lymphotrophic virus types i and ii). retroviral dna sequences are amplified in a single, sealed tube by simultaneous pcr assays, and the resulting amplicons are detected in real time by the hybridization of four differently colored, amplicon-specific molecular beacons. the color of the fluorescence generated in the course of amplification id ... | 1999 | 10339598 |
| coreceptor usage of bob/gpr15 and bonzo/strl33 by primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | primary isolates of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv) use the chemokine receptor ccr5, in association with cd4, as coreceptor. during aids progression, hiv-1 and hiv-2 often adapt to use additional cofactors, particularly cxcr4. in contrast, siv isolates do not use cxcr4, but other coreceptors such as bob/gpr15 and bonzo/strl33. only limited information is currently available on usage of bob/gpr15 and bonzo/strl33 by hiv-1. therefore, we investigated a panel of gp160 clones ... | 1999 | 10355771 |
| analysis of the effect of natural sequence variation in tat and in cyclin t on the formation and rna binding properties of tat-cyclin t complexes. | the biological activity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) tat (tat1) transcriptional activator requires the recruitment of a tat1-cyclint1 (cyct1) complex to the tar rna target encoded within the viral long terminal repeat (ltr). while other primate immunodeficiency viruses, such as hiv-2 and mandrill simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmnd), also encode tat proteins that activate transcription via rna targets, these proteins differ significantly, both from each other and from tat ... | 1999 | 10364329 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type (hiv-1) replication by some diversely functionalized spirocyclopropyl derivatives. | inhibition of hiv-1 replication by differently substituted spirocyclopropyl compounds has been evaluated. compound 21 showed a moderate activity (ec50 ranging from 2.3 to 5.8 micrograms/ml) against different hiv-1 strains (iiib, rf, ndk, and an azt-resistant strain) in different cell lines (mt-4 and c-8166 cells), while it was cytotoxic at 77.7 micrograms/ml, resulting in a selectivity index of 34. this compound was inactive against hiv-2 (rod) and siv (mac251). from "time-of-addition" experimen ... | 1999 | 10366901 |
| a simple saliva-based test for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. | this study was performed to determine the feasibility of using saliva as a diagnostic medium for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 under nonlaboratory conditions and to evaluate the performance characteristics of such a test. we developed for this purpose a self-contained kit (saliva. strip [st]), which combines the collection and processing, as well as the analysis, of the specimen. the kit's performance was evaluated in a blinded study. saliva ... | 1999 | 10391866 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection in spain. the hiv-2 spanish study group. | the first cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection in spain were identified in 1988, in 3 african immigrants living in barcelona. since then, up to december 1998, 92 individuals with hiv-2 infection have been reported in spain. most are adult men, infected through heterosexual contacts, originating from west african countries, and currently living in the largest urban spanish cities. fifteen individuals have developed aids, meanwhile the rest remain asymptomatic. for 22 sub ... | 1999 | 10393502 |
| v3 loop-derived peptide spc3 inhibits infection of cd4- and galactosylceramide- cells by lav-2/b. | spc3, a synthetic multibranched peptide including the gpgraf consensus motif of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gp120 v3-loop is a potent inhibitor of hiv infection of human cd4+ lymphocytes, macrophages and cd4-/galactosylceramide+ human colon epithelial cells and is currently tested in phase ii clinical trials (fda protocol 257 a). the antiviral property of spc3 was further investigated for its ability to inhibit lav-2/b, an hiv-2 clone with a cd4-independent tropism. spc3 inhi ... | 1999 | 10408339 |
| je-2147: a dipeptide protease inhibitor (pi) that potently inhibits multi-pi-resistant hiv-1. | we designed, synthesized, and identified je-2147, an allophenylnorstatine-containing dipeptide hiv protease inhibitor (pi), which is potent against a wide spectrum of hiv-1, hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus, and various clinical hiv-1 strains in vitro. drug-resistant clinical hiv-1 strains, isolated from seven patients who had failed 9-11 different anti-hiv therapeutics after 32-83 months, had a variety of drug-resistance-related amino acid substitutions and were highly and invariably resist ... | 1999 | 10411934 |
| in vitro phenotype of sdf1 gene mutant that delays the onset of human immunodeficiency virus disease in vivo. | inheritance of a mutant allele of the sdf1 gene delays the onset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) disease. because the mutation lies in the 3' untranslated region of the gene, it was suggested that this mutation may upregulate transcription of the gene, resulting in more abundant sdf1, which in turn inhibits t-tropic hiv-1 and delays disease onset. this implies that this segment of sdf1 gene contains a negative regulatory element. we directly tested this hypothesis in vitro. | 1999 | 10413364 |
| transactivation is a conserved function among primate lentivirus vpr proteins but is not shared by vpx. | to investigate the transactivating activity of vpr proteins from human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) on various primate lentivirus long terminal repeats (ltrs), and to determine whether the vpx proteins shared by hiv-2 and siv are able to transactivate any hiv or siv promoter. | 1999 | 10413368 |
| modulation of major histocompatibility complex antigen expression by human immunodeficiency virus-2 gp36. | 1999 | 10424452 | |
| thrombotic microangiopathy in the hiv-2-infected macaque. | thrombotic microangiopathy (tma) has been increasingly reported in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected humans over the past decade. the pathogenesis is unknown. we prospectively analyzed the renal pathology and function of 27 pigtailed macaques (macaca nemestrina), infected intravenously with a virulent hiv-2 strain, hiv-2(287), in addition to that of four uninfected control macaques. necropsies were performed between 12 hours and 28 days after infection. hiv-2 antigen was detectable in ... | 1999 | 10433958 |
| identification of a window period for susceptibility to dual infection with two distinct human immunodeficiency virus type 2 isolates in a macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaque) model. | the potential to establish dual retroviral infections was investigated in this study. groups of macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolate (either gb122 or cdc77618) were exposed to the other virus at 2, 4, 8, 12, 14, or 72 weeks after primary inoculation. dual infections were established in macaques simultaneously exposed to both viruses. in other groups, secondary infections were observed only if challenge occurred at early intervals after primary infection but ... | 1999 | 10438354 |
| roles of p53 and caspases in the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by hiv-1 vpr. | the vpr gene from the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) encodes a 14-kda protein that prevents cell proliferation by causing a block in the g(2) phase of the cell cycle. this cellular function of vpr is conserved in evolution because other primate lentiviruses, including hiv-2, siv(mac), and siv(agm) encode related genes that also induce g(2) arrest. after g(2) arrest, cells expressing vpr undergo apoptosis. the signaling pathways that result in vpr-induced cell cycle arrest and apopto ... | 1999 | 10438581 |
| primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates infect cd4-negative cells via ccr5 and cxcr4: comparison with hiv-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus and relevance to cell tropism in vivo. | cell surface receptors exploited by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) for infection are major determinants of tropism. hiv-1 usually requires two receptors to infect cells. gp120 on hiv-1 virions binds cd4 on the cell surface, triggering conformational rearrangements that create or expose a binding site for a seven-transmembrane (7tm) coreceptor. although hiv-2 and siv strains also use cd4, several laboratory-adapted hiv-2 strains infect cells without cd4 ... | 1999 | 10438870 |
| truncation of the human immunodeficiency virus-type-2 envelope glycoprotein allows efficient pseudotyping of murine leukemia virus retroviral vector particles. | the incorporation of human immunodeficiency virus-type-2 (hiv-2) envelope glycoprotein into murine leukemia virus (mulv) particles was studied in a transient transfection packaging cell system. we observed that wild-type hiv-2 envelope protein or a frameshift mutant with 187 unrelated carboxyl-terminal residues did not allow the formation of infectious retroviral particles. in view of recent findings that an hiv-1 envelope protein variant with a shortened cytoplasmic domain was incorporated into ... | 1999 | 10441556 |
| sero-prevalence of hiv antibodies in tuberculosis patients in ile-ife, nigeria. | the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is of major public health concern worldwide more so in sub-saharan africa where there is an upsurge in the incidence of the disease. reports from developed countries have shown that a close link exists between the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and pulmonary tuberculosis. no such study has ever been carried out in ile-ife, nigeria. | 1999 | 10442110 |
| human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among inmates of the penitentiary complex of the region of campinas, state of são paulo, brazil. | six hundred and ninety three male inmates from three penitentiaries, two (a and b) maximum-security systems and one (c) minimum-security facility, located in campinas, state of são paulo, brazil were studied for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies, using a cross-sectional design. the search for anti-hiv antibodies in 693 samples of sera collected was carried out by two serological tests: (a) the microparticle enzyme immunoassay-hiv-1 and hiv-2 (meia) (abbott laboratorie ... | 1999 | 10446005 |