Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| genetic variation in human immunodeficiency virus type 2: identification of a unique variant from human plasma. | 1997 | 9075481 | |
| evidence of hiv-2 infection in equatorial guinea (central africa): partial genetic analysis of a b subtype virus. | a case of hiv-2 infection is described in a 35-year-old woman born in malabo, equatorial guinea, who migrated to madrid, spain, in 1995. it was determined through questioning the woman that her only hiv-associated risk factor was unprotected heterosexual contacts in her country of origin. her ex-husband, to whom she had been married for 18 years, was also from equatorial guinea and was known to have had multiple sex partners. the woman reported having had heterosexual encounters with five oth ... | 1997 | 9075486 |
| prevention of simian immunodeficiency virus, sivsm, or hiv-2 infection in cynomolgus monkeys by pre- and postexposure administration of bea-005. | to study the possibilities and limitations of postexposure treatment to prevent the establishment of infection after accidental exposure to hiv. | 1997 | 9030361 |
| novel 3'-c/n-substituted 2',3'-beta-d-dideoxynucleosides as potential chemotherapeutic agents. 1. thymidine derivatives: synthesis, structure, and broad spectrum antiviral properties. | a synthetic scheme for the 3'-oxime derivatives 3e, 5e, 5z, 7e and 7z of 1-(2,3-dideoxy-beta-d-glycero-pentofuranosyl)thymine and for 1-(2,3-dideoxy-3-nitro-beta-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-thymine (10) has been developed starting from appropriately 5'-protected 3'-ketothymidine. x-ray analysis showed that 3'-n-hydroxyimino 3e and 3'-n-methoxyimino 5z derivatives have close molecular conformations: anti about the n1-c1' bond, and gauche+ about the c4'-c5' exocyclic bond. their sugar conformations ... | 1997 | 9046339 |
| new anti-human immunodeficiency virus immunoblot assays resolve nonspecific western blot results. | two new anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 (hiv-1/2) immunoblot assays, which use recombinant and synthetic antigens for antibody detection have become available. these assays might be able to resolve indeterminate anti-hiv western blot results. | 1997 | 9051095 |
| association of tat with purified hiv-1 and hiv-2 transcription preinitiation complexes. | the hiv-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) and hiv-2 tat proteins increase the level of transcription from their corresponding long terminal repeats. tat activates transcription likely by interaction with components of the transcriptional initiation and elongation complexes during different stages of the transcription reaction. in the current study, two approaches were used to address the sites at which tat becomes stably associated with the hiv transcription complex. first, we isolated col ... | 1997 | 9054383 |
| human immunodeficiency virus strains differ in their ability to infect cd4+ cells expressing the rat homolog of cxcr-4 (fusin). | a clade b strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1(lai)) could infect cd4+ cells expressing human cxcr-4 (fusin) or its rat homolog with similar efficacy. by contrast, cells expressing rat cxcr-4 were not permissive to hiv-1(ndk) (clade d), hiv-2(rod), or hiv-1(lai) with chimeric envelope protein gp120 bearing the v3 domain from hiv-1(ndk). the reciprocal chimeric gp120 (hiv-1(ndk) with v3 from hiv-1(lai)) could mediate infection of cells expressing either human or rat cxcr-4. geneti ... | 1997 | 9060691 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 preintegration complexes: activities in vitro and response to inhibitors. | we have established an assay for the function of preintegration complexes (pics) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) to investigate the integration mechanism and to develop additional methods for screening candidate integration inhibitors. we partially purified hiv-2 pics and found that they were competent to integrate viral cdna into target dna in vitro. analysis of the structure of integration products on southern blots revealed forms consistent with those expected for authentic int ... | 1997 | 9060709 |
| the neutralization relationship of hiv type 1, hiv type 2, and sivcpz is reflected in the genetic diversity that distinguishes them. | neutralizing antibody (na) patterns in the sera of individuals naturally infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1, hiv-2, and the simian immunodeficiency virus (sivcpz) to their homologous and heterologous isolates were determined in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based neutralization assay. we examined the role of the v3 loop of hiv-1 and sivcpz in neutralization and the cross-reactivities among them. cross-neutralization by sera of humans and chimpanzees naturally infected, ... | 1997 | 8989422 |
| cd8+ t cells from hiv type 1-seronegative individuals suppress virus replication in acutely infected cells. | cd8+ lymphocytes (cd8 cells) have been shown to inhibit replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in vitro when cocultured with hiv-infected cd4+ lymphocytes (cd4 cells). this suppressive effect on hiv replication in experimentally infected cd4 cells has so far been demonstrated only for cd8 cells from hiv-seropositive individuals. in the present study we have investigated if cd8 cells from hiv-negative individuals can also suppress hiv replication in experimentally infected cd4 cell ... | 1997 | 8989430 |
| human plasmatic apolipoprotein h binds human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 proteins. | apolipoprotein h (apo h), isolated from human plasma albumin solution, was shown to capture hiv-1-related antigens from antigen-positive sera (hiv-1 ag+) of aids patients, by using hiv-1-specific polyclonal antibodies. in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ligand blot and dot assays, apo h was able to bind recombinant retroviral hiv antigens, especially gag proteins p18 of hiv-1, p26 of hiv-2, and env gp160 of hiv-1. binding was shown to be ph and nacl dependent, with an optimum at acidic ... | 1997 | 8989432 |
| impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on abdominal tuberculosis in western india. | we studied the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and abdominal tuberculosis. we also assessed the clinical characteristics, risk factors, tuberculin status, site, and response to therapy of abdominal tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-seropositive and hiv-seronegative patients. volunteer blood donors (n = 8,395), patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 387), and patients with abdominal tuberculosis (n = 108) were sc ... | 1997 | 9013351 |
| detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 antibodies by a new automated microparticle immunoassay axsym hiv-1/hiv-2. | a new automated microparticle enzyme immunoassay (meia) for the axsym instrument developed recently by abbott laboratories was compared with two established assays, i.e. hiv-1/hiv-2 3rd gen. plus eia (abbott, delkenheim, frg) and wellcozyme hiv 1 + 2 (murex diagnostics, dartford, england) devised for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 antibodies. a total of 7293 serum samples were tested by the axsym hiv-1/hiv-2. the test panel included seroconversions (n = 22 ... | 1997 | 9015284 |
| srr-sb3, a disulfide-containing macrolide that inhibits a late stage of the replicative cycle of human immunodeficiency virus. | from a series of macrocyclic diamides possessing the disulfide linkage, only srr-sb3, a compound that complexes with zinc, was found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1; strain iiib) replication at a concentration of 1.8 to 6.5 micrograms/ml in mt-4, cem, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. srr-sb3 was toxic to mt-4 cells at a concentration of 15.9 micrograms/ml, resulting in a selectivity index of 9 in these cells. this macrolide was also effective against various other hi ... | 1997 | 9021177 |
| diarylsulfones, a novel class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase inhibitors. | a majority of reported human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase (hiv-1 in) inhibitors are polyhydroxylated aromatic compounds containing two phenyl rings separated by aliphatic or aromatic linkers. most inhibitors possessing a catechol moiety exhibit considerable toxicity in cellular assays. in an effort to identify nonhydroxylated analogs, a series of aromatic sulfones were tested for their ability to inhibit the 3' processing and strand transfer steps that are necessary for hiv replicatio ... | 1997 | 9021196 |
| inhibition of multiple phases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by a dithiane compound that attacks the conserved zinc fingers of retroviral nucleocapsid proteins. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nucleocapsid p7 protein contains two retrovirus-type zinc finger domains that are required for multiple phases of viral replication. chelating residues (three cys residues and one his residue) of the domains are absolutely conserved among all strains of hiv-1 and other retroviruses, and mutations in these residues in noninfectious virions. these properties establish the zinc finger domains as logical targets for antiviral chemotherapy. selected dit ... | 1997 | 9021201 |
| polyanion inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses. 5. telomerized anionic surfactants derived from amino acids. | omega-acryloyl anionic surfactants, whose polar heads are derived from amino acids, have been telomerized to prepare polyanions of a predetermined molecular weight. the main goal of this study was to verify whether the antiviral activity is influenced by the degree of polymerization of the polyanions. the oligomeric polyanions were evaluated for their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1 or hiv-2) and various other rna and dna viruses. with regard to their anti-hiv activity, a mi ... | 1997 | 9022800 |
| stavudine selectively induces apoptosis in hiv type 1-infected cells. | we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of various human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitors (zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and nevirapine) on hiv-1-infected and uninfected t cell lines. among the compounds, only stavudine (not the others) proved to be more cytotoxic to molt-4/iiib cells (molt-4 cells chronically infected with hiv-1) than to uninfected molt-4 cells. its 50% cytotoxic concentrations were 59.8 and 2.2 microm for molt-4 and molt-4/iiib cells ... | 1997 | 9007205 |
| human immunodeficiency virus risk behavior among white and asian/pacific islander high school students in the united states: does culture make a difference? | this article analyzes sexual behavior among white and asian/pacific islander (api) adolescents, to determine the risk for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission from a multicultural point of view. | 1997 | 9007662 |
| hiv antigens and t-cell receptor variable beta chain families. | the authors investigated whether the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has restrictive effects on the variable region of the beta chain (v beta) of the t-cell antigen receptor (tcr), by in vitro cultivation of non-hiv-infected peripheral blood lymphocytes with one of six hiv antigens or heat-inactivated whole virus (hiv-hi). resting and blastic cd4+ and cd8- cells were assessed with 3-colour cytofluorometry and monoclonal antibodies to various v beta families/subfamilies. the v beta families af ... | 1997 | 9010504 |
| the role of eukaryotic subtilisin-like endoproteases for the activation of human immunodeficiency virus glycoproteins in natural host cells. | proteolytic activation of the precursor envelope glycoproteins gp160 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and gp140 of hiv-2, a prerequisite for viral infection, results in the formation of gp120/gp41 and gp125/gp36, respectively. cleavage is mediated by cellular proteases. furin, a member of the eukaryotic subtilisin family, has been shown to be an activating protease for hiv. here, we compared the presence of furin and other mammalian subtilisins in lymphatic cells and tissues. north ... | 1997 | 8995623 |
| the cd4-independent tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 involves several regions of the envelope protein and correlates with a reduced activation threshold for envelope-mediated fusion. | several human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strains have been shown to infect some cd4-negative cell lines (p. r. clapham, a. mcknight, and r. a. weiss, j. virol. 66:3531-3537, 1992). using molecular clones of hiv-2 with a cd4-independent tropism, we have identified critical amino acid residues in the envelope protein which are required for cd4-independent infection. mutations located immediately upstream of a proposed coiled coil domain in the transmembrane protein (a526t or i528m) and ... | 1997 | 8995671 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus fusion by a monoclonal antibody to a coreceptor (cxcr4) is both cell type and virus strain dependent. | cxcr4 (also termed fusin, lestr, or humstr) is a member of the g-protein-coupled chemokine receptor family with seven membrane-spanning domains. cxcr4 acts as a coreceptor for syncytium-inducing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) strains, conferring entry into cd4+ cells. we show here that a novel mouse monoclonal antibody (12g5) that recognizes cxcr4 blocked cell-to-cell fusion and cell free-virus infection of cxcr4+ cd4+ rd rhabdomyosarcoma cells by seven hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains that ... | 1997 | 8995702 |
| evidence of nef truncation in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 differs from hiv-1 in its relative lower transmissibility and pathogenicity. to understand the virologic basis of these differences, the nef gene from hiv-2-seropositive persons was analyzed because of its importance for disease progression in the genetically related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv[mac]). proviral nef sequences from 60 hiv-2-infected persons were amplified from peripheral blood lymphocytes, and nef open-reading frames were screened by a tr ... | 1998 | 9419171 |
| natural infection of a household pet red-capped mangabey (cercocebus torquatus torquatus) with a new simian immunodeficiency virus. | a seroprevalence survey was conducted for simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) antibody in household pet monkeys in gabon. twenty-nine monkeys representing seven species were analyzed. by using human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)/sivsm, sivmnd, and sivagm antigens, one red-capped mangabey (rcm) (cercocebus torquatus torquatus) was identified as harboring siv-cross-reactive antibodies. a virus isolate, termed sivrcm, was subsequently established from this seropositive rcm by cocultivation ... | 1998 | 9420264 |
| cross-reactions between the cytotoxic t-lymphocyte responses of human immunodeficiency virus-infected african and european patients. | the great variability of protein sequences from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 (hiv-1) isolates represents a major obstacle to the development of an effective vaccine against this virus. the surface protein (env), which is the predominant target of neutralizing antibodies, is particularly variable. here we examine the impact of variability among different hiv-1 subtypes (clades) on cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) activities, the other major component of the antiviral immune response. ctl ... | 1998 | 9557634 |
| structured-tree topology and adaptive evolution of the simian immunodeficiency virus sivsm envelope during serial passage in rhesus macaques according to likelihood mapping and quartet puzzling. | species-specific strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) are nonpathogenic in african primates. the siv strain most closely related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is sivsm, the strain specific to the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys). infection of asian primates with siv causes aids and allows the study of the adaptive evolution of a lentivirus to replicate efficiently in a new host, providing a useful animal model of hiv infection and aids in humans. serial passage of sivs ... | 1998 | 9557648 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus replicates to high levels in sooty mangabeys without inducing disease. | a serologic survey of primates living in a french zoo allowed identification of three cases of infection with simian immunodeficiency virus in sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys) (sivsm). viral isolates, which were designated sivsmfr66, sivsmfr74, and sivsmfr85, were obtained after short-term culture of mangabey lymphoid cells. phylogenetic analysis of gag and env sequences amplified directly from mangabey tissues showed that the three sivsmfr were genetically close and that they constituted a new ... | 1998 | 9557672 |
| mutational scan of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 integrase protein. | retroviral integrase (in) cleaves linear viral dna specifically near the ends of the dna (cleavage reaction) and subsequently couples the processed ends to phosphates in the target dna (integration reaction). in vitro, in catalyzes the disintegration reaction, which is the reverse of the integration reaction. ideally, we would like to test the role of each amino acid in the in protein. we mutagenized human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in in a random way using pcr mutagenesis and generated a set ... | 1998 | 9557677 |
| a broad range of chemokine receptors are used by primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 as coreceptors with cd4. | like human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), hiv-2 requires a coreceptor in addition to cd4 for entry into cells. hiv and siv coreceptor molecules belong to a family of seven-transmembrane-domain g-protein-coupled receptors. here we show that primary hiv-2 isolates can use a broad range of coreceptor molecules, including ccr1, ccr2b, ccr3, ccr4, ccr5, and cxcr4. despite broad coreceptor use, the chemokine ligand sdf-1 substantially blocked hiv-2 infec ... | 1998 | 9557695 |
| prevalence of infection with hiv, hepatitis b and c viruses, in four high risk groups in eritrea. | little is known about the prevalence of infections in different population groups in africa, and about the influence of living conditions on the spread of infections. this study is the first of its kind in the state of eritrea and is expected to serve as an evaluation of the situation in the country. | 1998 | 9562856 |
| mechanism of nef-induced cd4 endocytosis: nef connects cd4 with the mu chain of adaptor complexes. | the nef protein of primate lentiviruses down-regulates the cell surface expression of cd4 and probably mhc i by connecting these receptors with the endocytic machinery. here, we reveal that nef interacts with the mu chains of adaptor complexes, key components of clathrin-coated pits. for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) nef, this interaction occurs via tyrosine-based motifs reminiscent of endocytosis signals. mutating these motifs prevents the b ... | 1998 | 9564030 |
| multiply spliced env and nef transcripts of simian immunodeficiency virus from west african green monkey (sivagm-sab). | we have characterized the spliced transcripts of nef and envelope genes of sivagm from african green monkey of the sabaeus subspecies. most of the transcripts we have studied, representing the most abundant mrna species in our assay, have undergone a specific splicing event that removes a part of the trans-activation response (tar) element. this region is predicted to form a stable secondary structure (four stem-loop elements in sivagm-sab) that affects the trans-activation of viral gene express ... | 1998 | 9566554 |
| construction of the chimeric reverse transcriptase of simian immunodeficiency virus sensitive to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. | a number of structurally diverse compounds have been shown to be potent inhibitors of the dna polymerase activity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt). the compounds can be grouped into two broad classes; nucleoside analogs and nonnucleoside rt inhibitors. the nonnucleoside rt inhibitors are quite specific for hiv-1 rt but not human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) rt. we have investigated the property of siv/hiv-1 ... | 1998 | 9570285 |
| mapping the genetic determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 for cell tropism and replication efficiency. | two distinct infectious molecular clones of human immunodeficiency type 2 (hiv-2) were analyzed for their biological properties in six cell lines. fourteen chimeric and ten mutant viruses were constructed from these two viral genomes to localize the genetic determinants responsible for the phenotypes. growth property of the viruses in the cell lines, together with the biochemical data, showed that a major determinant for the viral tropism resides in the env gene. in addition, in some cell lines, ... | 1998 | 9572552 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx-gag interaction. | incorporation of vpx into human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) virus-like particles is mediated by the gag polyprotein. we have identified residues 15 to 40 of gag p6 and residues 73 to 89 of vpx as being necessary for virion incorporation. in addition, we show enhanced in vitro binding of vpx to a chimeric hiv-1/hiv-2 gag construct containing residues 2 to 49 of hiv-2 p6 and demonstrate that the presence of residues 73 to 89 of vpx allows for in vitro binding to hiv-2 gag. | 1998 | 9573303 |
| ccr5 coreceptor utilization involves a highly conserved arginine residue of hiv type 1 gp120. | the seven-transmembrane ccr5 was recently found to double as a coreceptor for a genetically diverse family of human and nonhuman primate lentiviruses. paradoxically, the main region of the envelope protein believed to be involved in ccr5 utilization was mapped to hypervariable region 3, or v3, of the envelope glycoprotein gp120. in this study, we addressed the question of whether functional convergence in ccr5 utilization is mediated by certain v3 residues that are highly conserved among hiv typ ... | 1998 | 9576954 |
| [importance of molecular biology in retrovirus and herpesvirus infections]. | molecular biology has long been used as a tool for basic research in virology. its medical use is recent and has been supported both by numerous technical improvements and the discovery of new human viruses. this is illustrated by the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1, hiv-2, human t-cell leukemia virus (htlv)-i/ii, and human herpesviruses (hhv) 6, 7 and 8. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) gave a major boost to an extended use of molecular biology techniques. this resulted in a be ... | 1998 | 9577878 |
| htlv-1 infection in a population-based cohort of older persons in guinea-bissau, west africa: risk factors and impact on survival. | in 1989, a population-based cohort of persons aged > or = 50 years was established in an urban area of guinea-bissau, west africa. overall, 346 persons were interviewed in detail about risk behaviors and had capillary blood drawn. among women, 12.4% were htlv-1 seropositive, compared with 4.6% in men. no htlv-2 was found. seropositivity varied considerably according to place of birth and ethnic group. in women, but not in men, htlv-1 seropositivity was strongly associated with early sexual debut ... | 1998 | 9579561 |
| cross-clade recognition of p55 by cytotoxic t lymphocytes in hiv-1 infection. | to evaluate cross-clade recognition of p55 antigen by cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) in persons infected with diverse clades of hiv-1; to facilitate the development of a ctl-inducing vaccine to prevent transmission of multiple clades of hiv-1. | 1998 | 9583596 |
| a serosurvey of haemophilus ducreyi, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus type 2 and their association with human immunodeficiency virus among female sex workers in lagos, nigeria. | to determine the prevalence rates of serological reactivity of haemophilus (h.) ducreyi, treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) antibodies among female sex workers (fsws) and their association with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody status. | 1998 | 9587174 |
| human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus infections: relation with cervical dysplasia-neoplasia in african women. | our study assessed the factors associated with cervical squamous intra-epithelial lesions (sils) and invasive cervical cancer, with special attention to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and human papillomavirus (hpv) infections. women from 3 outpatient gynecology clinics of abidjan, côte d'ivoire, were screened for cervical abnormalities: 151 women with low-grade sils and 151 controls, 60 with high-grade sils and 240 controls, and 13 with invasive cancer and 65 controls were enrolled in 3 case ... | 1998 | 9590121 |
| cytomegalovirus enteritis: a highly lethal condition requiring early detection and intervention. | cytomegalovirus infection causing symptomatic enteritis is most usually associated with immunosuppressed transplant patients or patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus. most reports studying this illness are small and do not clearly define the risk factors or mortality rates. | 1998 | 9593246 |
| antigenicity of linear and cyclic peptides mimicking the disulfide loops in hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein: synthesis, reoxidation and purification. | the external envelope glycoprotein (gp125) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) contains 22 cysteine residues. the positions of the 11 disulfide bridges in hiv-2 gp125 were determined by analogy with the experimental position of the disulfide bonds found in the gp120 of hiv-1. peptides expected to mimic all 11 disulfide-bonded domains containing from 13 to 47 amino acids were synthesized by the solid-phase method according to 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl strategy, except for peptide 5, w ... | 1998 | 9606017 |
| detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) rna in pools of sera negative for antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2. | a total of 234 pools were prepared from 10,692 consecutive serum samples negative for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 collected at five virological laboratories (average pool size, 45 serum samples). pools were screened for the presence of hiv-1 rna by a modified commercial assay (amplicor hiv-1 monitor test) which included an additional polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation step prior to purification of viral rna (peg amplicor assay). the sensitivity of thi ... | 1998 | 9620372 |
| genetically divergent strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 use multiple coreceptors for viral entry. | several members of the seven-transmembrane chemokine receptor family have been shown to serve, with cd4, as coreceptors for entry by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). while coreceptor usage by hiv-1 primary isolates has been studied by several groups, there is only limited information available concerning coreceptor usage by primary hiv-2 isolates. in this study, we have analyzed coreceptor usage of 15 primary hiv-2 isolates, using lymphocytes from a donor with nonfunctional ccr5 (ccr ... | 1998 | 9620997 |
| role of the sh3-ligand domain of simian immunodeficiency virus nef in interaction with nef-associated kinase and simian aids in rhesus macaques. | the nef gene of the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv) is dispensable for viral replication in t-cell lines; however, it is essential for high virus loads and progression to simian aids (saids) in siv-infected adult rhesus macaques. nef proteins from hiv type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and siv contain a proline-xaa-xaa-proline (pxxp) motif. the region of nef with this motif is similar to the src homology region 3 (sh3) ligand domain found in many cell signaling proteins. in virus-inf ... | 1998 | 9621042 |
| nonreciprocal packaging of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 rna: a possible role for the p2 domain of gag in rna encapsidation. | the ability of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 (hiv-1) and 2 (hiv-2) to cross-package each other's rna was investigated by cotransfecting helper virus constructs with vectors derived from both viruses from which the gag and pol sequences had been removed. hiv-1 was able to package both hiv-1 and hiv-2 vector rna. the unspliced hiv-1 vector rna was packaged preferentially over spliced rna; however, unspliced and spliced hiv-2 vector rna were packaged in proportion to their cytoplasmic concen ... | 1998 | 9621049 |
| coreceptor usage of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 primary isolates and biological clones is broad and does not correlate with their syncytium-inducing capacities. | entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) into target cells is mediated by binding of the surface envelope glycoprotein to the cd4 molecule. interaction of the resulting cd4-glycoprotein complex with alpha- or beta-chemokine receptors, depending on the biological phenotype of the virus, then initiates the fusion process. here, we show that primary hiv-2 isolates and biological clones, in contrast to those of hiv-1, may use a broad range of coreceptors, including ccr-1, ccr-3, ccr-5, a ... | 1998 | 9621102 |
| human immunodeficiency virus-2 infection in baboons is an animal model for human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis in humans. | to assess disease progression in baboons (papio cynocephalus) that were infected with two human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) isolates. | 1998 | 9625420 |
| squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix, invasive cervical carcinoma, and immunosuppression induced by human immunodeficiency virus in africa. dyscer-ci group. | squamous intraepithelial lesions (sils) of the cervix are associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, but multiple risk factors must be considered in this context. the authors performed a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of and the factors associated with sils and invasive cervical carcinoma (icc). | 1998 | 9635533 |
| differential association of uracil dna glycosylase with sivsm vpr and vpx proteins. | the hiv-1 vpr protein is a virion-associated protein which has been shown to facilitate infection of nondividing macrophages and additionally to alter cell cycle and proliferation status of the infected host cell. hiv-1 vpr also was recently shown to associate with the dna repair enzyme uracil dna glycosylase (udg). this association with a dna repair enzyme is intriguing given that nonprimate lentiviruses encode a dutpase, which, like udg, minimizes the misincorporation of uracil into dna and is ... | 1998 | 9636373 |
| hypervariable epitope constructs representing variability in envelope glycoprotein of siv induce a broad humoral immune response in rabbits and rhesus macaques. | using synthetic peptides, we developed an approach to account for protein epitope variability. we have prepared, in a single synthesis, a cocktail of peptides we have designated a hypervariable epitope construct (hec), which collectively represents much of the in vivo variability seen in an epitope. eight hecs representing the in vivo variability seen throughout the envelope glycoprotein of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) were designed and synthesized. the constructs were collectively co ... | 1998 | 9643375 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 lentivirus vectors for gene transfer: expression and potential for helper virus-free packaging. | in addition to the long-term expression of the transgene provided by all retroviral vectors, lentiviruses present the opportunity to transduce nondividing cells and potentially achieve regulated expression. the development of lentiviral vectors requires the design of transfer vectors to ferry the transgene with efficient encapsidation of the transgene rna and with full expression capability, and of a packaging vector to provide packaging machinery in trans but without helper virus production. fo ... | 1998 | 9650621 |
| primary sivsm isolates use the ccr5 coreceptor from sooty mangabeys naturally infected in west africa: a comparison of coreceptor usage of primary sivsm, hiv-2, and sivmac. | genetically divergent strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from macaques (mac), chimpanzees, and sooty mangabeys (sm) efficiently used rhesus and human ccr5 (r5), but not cxcr4 (xr4), for cell entry. thus far, however, no studies have characterized primary sivsm strains for their use of coreceptors derived from their own natural host. coreceptor usage of two primary, blood-derived sivsm isolates, sivsmsl92b and sivsmfns from naturally infected sooty mangabeys, was determined. primary s ... | 1998 | 9656999 |
| determinants for sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus coreceptor cxcr4 to the bicyclam amd3100. | the bicyclam amd3100 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2). it was recently demonstrated that the compound inhibited hiv entry through cxcr4 but not through ccr5. selectivity of amd3100 for cxcr4 was further indicated by its lack of effect on hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection mediated by the ccr5, ccr3, bonzo, bob, and us28, coreceptors. amd3100 completely blocked hiv-1 infection mediated by a mutant cxcr4 bearing a del ... | 1998 | 9658078 |
| the second extracellular loop of cxcr4 determines its function as a receptor for feline immunodeficiency virus. | the feline homolog of the alpha-chemokine receptor cxcr4 has recently been shown to support cell-cell fusion mediated by cxcr4-dependent strains of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and strains of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) that have been selected for growth in the crandell feline kidney (crfk) cell line. in this report we demonstrate that expression of cxcr4 alone is sufficient to render cells from diverse species permissive for fusion with fiv-infected cells, suggesting that cxcr4 is ... | 1998 | 9658090 |
| identification of a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) encapsidation determinant and transduction of nondividing human cells by hiv-2-based lentivirus vectors. | although previous lentivirus vector systems have used human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2 is less pathogenic in humans and is amenable to pathogenicity testing in a primate model. in this study, an hiv-2 molecular clone that is infectious but apathogenic in macaques was used to first define cis-acting regions that can be deleted to prevent hiv-2 genomic encapsidation and replication without inhibiting viral gene expression. lentivirus encapsidation determinants are complex and inc ... | 1998 | 9658096 |
| reduction of diagnostic window by new fourth-generation human immunodeficiency virus screening assays. | in order to reduce the diagnostic window between the time of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and laboratory diagnosis, new screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) which permit the simultaneous detection of hiv antigen and antibody have been developed. two fourth-generation assays, hiv duo (biomérieux) and hiv combi (boehringer mannheim), for the combined detection of hiv antigen and antibody, were compared with a third-generation assay (hiv-1/hiv-2 3rd generation plus ... | 1998 | 9665998 |
| virion encapsidation of trna(3lys)-ribozyme chimeric rnas inhibits hiv infection. | retroviruses require a specific host cellular trna primer for initiation of first-strand dna synthesis. this primer is bound by viral proteins and copackaged into virions. we have exploited this property in the design and testing of an antiviral ribozyme fused to trna(3lys), the primer used for lentiviral replication, including human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1 and hiv-2). the chimera consists of trna(3lys) covalently attached to a hammerhead ribozyme, which is targeted to the region immediate ... | 1998 | 9669656 |
| reverse transcriptase of mouse mammary tumour virus: expression in bacteria, purification and biochemical characterization. | we have constructed a plasmid that induces in bacteria the synthesis of an enzymically active reverse transcriptase (rt) of mouse mammary tumour virus (mmtv), a retrovirus with a typical b-type morphology. the highest catalytic activity was detected only when 27 residues from the c-terminus of the protease were included in the n-terminus of the recombinant rt, after an extra deoxyadenosine was added between the pro and pol genes to overcome the -1 frameshift event (which occurs naturally in viru ... | 1998 | 9445385 |
| neither human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) nor hiv-2 infects most-primitive human hematopoietic stem cells as assessed in long-term bone marrow cultures. | attempts to clarify the pathophysiology of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-mediated bone marrow (bm) dysfunction have yielded inconsistent results regarding the susceptibility of bm progenitors to the viral infection. to specifically address this question, we exposed highly purified subpopulations of human bm progenitor cells to various hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains and assessed (pro)viral gene presence and expression in more-committed (cd34+cd38+) as well as most-primitive (cd34+cd38-) cells in lo ... | 1998 | 9446651 |
| inhibition of hiv replication by capsid mutant c6b. | a gag capsid mutant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) designated c6b was biologically and biochemically characterized with respect to its ability to suppress the replication of wild-type (wt) hiv. the c6b efficiently interfered with the replication of wt hiv-1 in the cleavage of gag precursor, and also in the early replication process before or during viral dna synthesis after viral penetration. the c6b gag appeared to be unable to form chimeric multimers with hiv-2 gag and failed t ... | 1998 | 9446791 |
| characterization of a molecular clone of hiv type 2 infectious for macaca nemestrina. | a lambda phage clone containing a full-length hiv-2 provirus, designated hiv-2kr, was obtained from the genomic dna of molt4 clone 8 (molt4/8) lymphoblastic cells infected with the hiv-2pei2 strain. hiv-2kr is genetically distinct from known hiv-2 isolates, possessing both a unique deletion in the ltr promoter region, and a long rev reading frame. it is replication competent in vitro after transfection into molt4/8 cells, replicates in a variety of established human t lymphoblastic (molt-3, molt ... | 1998 | 9453253 |
| transient virus infection and pathogenesis of a new hiv type 2 isolate, uc12, in baboons. | we have previously shown that baboons (papio cynocephalus) can be persistently infected with hiv-2 and some baboons progress to an aids-like disease with a cd4+ t cell decline, cachexia, alopecia, and kaposi's sarcoma-like fibromatosis. in this study, we found that a new virus isolate, hiv-2uc12, replicated to high levels in baboon peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in vitro. three baboons were subsequently inoculated and had plasma viral rna loads that peaked between 15,000 and 7000 cop ... | 1998 | 9453254 |
| genetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strains from spain. | 1998 | 9453256 | |
| the rhesus macaque ccr3 chemokine receptor is a cell entry cofactor for hiv-2, but not for hiv-1. | the eotaxin receptor (ccr3) is a cd4-associated coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2). by comparison with other chemokine receptors, such as ccr5 and cxcr4, the primary sequences of human ccr3 and its rhesus macaque homolog were markedly different in their extracellular domains. human cd4+ cells expressing ccr3 from either human or macaque origin could be infected by hiv-2, with apparently similar efficiency, but only cells expressing human ccr3 could be i ... | 1998 | 9454694 |
| induction of v3-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte responses by hiv gag particles carrying multiple immunodominant v3 epitopes of gp120. | effort to develop a vaccine to prevent infection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have focused on the induction of neutralizing antibodies. in our previous study, we reported that chimeric gag-env virus-like particles (vlps) induce neutralizing antibodies which block hiv infection. in addition to the neutralizing antibodies, the cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) response is considered to be another major immune defense mechanism required for recovery from many different viral infections. in the ... | 1998 | 9454705 |
| cytotoxic t cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected patients frequently cross-react with different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clades. | knowledge of immune mechanisms responsible for the cross-protection between highly divergent viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 may contribute to an understanding of whether virus variability may be overcome in the design of vaccine candidates which are broadly protective across the hiv subtypes. we demonstrate that despite the significant difference in virus amino acid sequence, the majority of hiv-2-infected individuals with different hla molecules possess a ... | 1998 | 9499105 |
| a minimally replicative hiv-2 live-virus vaccine protects m. nemestrina from disease after hiv-2(287) challenge. | m. nemestrina immunized with an apathogenic hiv-2 molecular clone (hiv-2kr) were protected from cd4 decline and disease upon challenge with hiv-2(287), after any immunizing virus could be detected. higher but not lower inocula of hiv-2kr were protective against intravenous inoculation of either 10(5) or 10(1) tcid50 of hiv-2(287). protected animals displayed substantial reductions in pbmc proviral burden (1-3 logs), viral titers (1-2 logs), and plasma viral rna (2-4 logs) compared to unprotected ... | 1998 | 9501043 |
| a recombinant protein based immunoassay for the combined detection of antibodies to hiv-1, hiv-2 and htlv-i. | the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a combined assay for the detection of antibodies to hiv-1, hiv-2 and htlv-i (human t-cell leukemia virus type i). a mixture of recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides was fixed to the surface of microelisa wells and a protein a peroxidase conjugate was used as tracer. the combined assay was compared to specific hiv-1/2 and htlv-i commercial elisas. the sensitivity was studied with a panel of 158 hiv-1, 82 hiv-2 and 48 htlv-i positive sera, al ... | 1998 | 9506816 |
| highly sensitive method for amplification of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 dna. | we evaluated a new human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) dna amplification strategy based on peripheral blood mononuclear cell long pcr (xl pcr) followed by nested pcr amplification. the primers used were located in the highly conserved long terminal repeat and in the pol regions of the genome. five primer pairs corresponding to different regions of the hiv-2 env gene were used in the nested step. samples from 42 patients were tested, which yielded positive amplification with at least two ... | 1998 | 9508318 |
| 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazine (ttd) derivatives: a new class of nonnucleoside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitors with anti-hiv-1 activity. | we report the development of a new group of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis). one of the most active congeners of this series of 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e] [1,2,4]thiadiazine (ttd) derivatives, i.e., 2-(3-fluorobenzyl)-4-cyanomethylen-l,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h- thieno [3,4-e] [1,2,4] thiadiazine) (qm96639) was found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 [hiv-1 (iiib)] replication in mt-4 cells at a concentration of 0.09 microm. this compound was toxic for the ... | 1998 | 9517942 |
| detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in oral fluids: a large-scale evaluation of immunoassay performance. | paired serum and oral-fluid (of) specimens (n = 4,448) were collected from blood donors and patients attending local sexually transmitted disease clinics in trinidad and tobago and the bahamas and were tested for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) antibodies. sera were tested by abbott ab hiv-1/hiv-2 (rdna) enzyme immunoassay (eia), and positive specimens were confirmed by cambridge hiv-1 and hiv-2 western blotting (wb). of specimens were collected with the orasure colle ... | 1998 | 9521138 |
| a simple whole-blood test for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. | we developed an immunochromatographic whole-blood test (wbt) which detects antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) from fingerstick blood. the sensitivity and specificity of the wbt were 99.41% (1,018 confirmed positive patients) and 99.89% (941 uninfected patients), respectively (enzyme immunoassay [eia] on serum or plasma as a reference). wbt performance was comparable to those of licensed eias and western blotting, using 18 hiv-2 sera, 23 hiv-1 seroconversio ... | 1998 | 9521156 |
| virological and molecular demonstration of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vertical transmission. | to demonstrate that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) mother-to-child transmission exists, hiv-2 isolates were obtained from both an asymptomatic mother (hiv-2 strain arm), and her child (hiv-2 strain sar), who had a diagnosis of aids. to determine their biological phenotype, primary isolates were used to infect various primary mononuclear cells and cell lines. hiv-2 arm replicates in primary cells and jurkat-tat, while hiv-2 sar infects these cells plus supt1, which led us to classify ... | 1998 | 9525673 |
| specific interaction of hiv-1 and hiv-2 surface envelope glycoproteins with monolayers of galactosylceramide and ganglioside gm3. | cellular glycosphingolipids mediate the fusion between some viruses and the plasma membrane of target cells. in the present study, we have analyzed the interaction of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2 surface envelope glycoproteins from distinct viral isolates with monolayers of various glycosphingolipids at the air-water interface. the penetration of the viral glycoproteins into glycosphingolipid monolayers was detected as an increase in the surface pressure. we found that hiv-1 re ... | 1998 | 9525894 |
| identification and characterization of an hiv-2 antibody-positive blood donor in the united states. | as of june 1, 1992, the food and drug administration recommended that all donated blood be screened for antibodies specific to hiv-2. despite broad serologic surveillance, only two cases of hiv-2 infection had been detected among potential blood and plasma donors since the implementation of the test. | 1998 | 9531953 |
| the role of cytotoxic t-cells in hiv infection. | hiv-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) are believed to play a major role in controlling virus levels through the asymptomatic period of hiv infection. for the rational design of an hiv vaccine, we need to know whether protective immunity can ever develop following hiv exposure in people who remain uninfected. we have detected hiv-specific ctl in 5/6 repeatedly exposed, persistently seronegative female sex-workers in the gambia. their ctl, repeatedly detected over two years, recognise epitope ... | 1998 | 9554277 |
| evaluation of an expanded two-elisa approach for confirmation of reactive serum samples in an hiv-screening programme for pregnant women. | serum specimens were collected from 31,232 pregnant women in amsterdam between 1988 and 1995 in a screening programme for human deficiency virus (hiv) infection. the sera of 56 (0.179%) women tested were confirmed as positive for hiv. a total of 67 sera reacted positive or borderline by the screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and indeterminate or negative by hiv-1 western blot; 42 of these specimens were available for evaluation of the strategy for diagnosis of hiv infection. a t ... | 1998 | 9557294 |
| transport of viruses through fetal membranes: an in vitro model of perinatal transmission. | a model system for perinatal transmission of viral infections was developed and transport of infectious virus particles through fetal membranes was investigated. viruses of different families known to cause serious intrauterine infections were selected, including relevant and model viruses: the dna-viruses hsv-1 and -2 as well as the animal herpes viruses bhv-1 and shv-1, the rna-virus bvdv as a model for hepatitis c virus, hiv-1 and -2, and ppv as a model for parvovirus b19. migration of infect ... | 1998 | 9557298 |
| multicenter evaluation of the new automated enzymun-test anti-hiv 1 + 2 + subtyp o. | an international multicenter study was performed to evaluate a new, automated human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) third-generation antibody assay. the enzymun-test anti-hiv 1 + 2 + subtyp o showed 100% sensitivity and 99.8% specificity among 11,172 samples from hospitalized patients and blood donors. for early hiv antibody detection in seroconversion panels, enzymun-test showed a sensitivity equivalent to that of the abbott recomb. hiv-1/hiv-2 3rd gen. assay. | 1998 | 9466782 |
| t cells chronically infected with hiv do not contain sufficient nef to promote cd4 downmodulation in the absence of envelope-mediated effects. | among hiv viral proteins, envelope glycoproteins and nef have been both suggested to participate in cd4 downregulation during the course of hiv infection. in a previous study, we provided evidence that a mutant form of cd4 that does not bind gp120 was never downregulated in chronically hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected cem cells. to further investigate the relative effects of nef or glycoproteins in cd4 downregulation, recombinant vaccinia virus (vv) vectors were used to express high levels of hiv-1 vir ... | 1998 | 9473011 |
| left ventricular dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. | we evaluated left ventricular function by echocardiography in a prospective study that included 98 consecutive human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients and 40 hiv-seronegative normal controls. when compared with controls, hiv patients showed increased isovolumic relaxation time (101+/-18 ms versus 71+/-10 ms; p<0.0001) and left ventricular diastolic diameters (51+/-6 mm versus 47+/-3 mm; p<0.0005), and decreased fractional shortening (31+/-6% versus 37+/-2%; p<0.0001). diastolic dysf ... | 1998 | 9482143 |
| the regulation of primate immunodeficiency virus infectivity by vif is cell species restricted: a role for vif in determining virus host range and cross-species transmission. | the primate immunodeficiency virus vif proteins are essential for replication in appropriate cultured cell systems and, presumably, for the establishment of productive infections in vivo. we describe experiments that define patterns of complementation between human and simian immunodeficiency virus (hiv and siv) vif proteins and address the determinants that underlie functional specificity. using human cells as virus producers, it was found that the hiv-1 vif protein could modulate the infectivi ... | 1998 | 9482723 |
| kaposi's sarcoma in the gambia, west africa is less frequent in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 than in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection despite a high prevalence of human herpesvirus 8. | to investigate the distribution of kaposi's sarcoma (ks) cases in patients with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) infection in the gambia; to document the prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) infection in various population groups in the gambia. | 1998 | 10195242 |
| low peripheral blood viral hiv-2 rna in individuals with high cd4 percentage differentiates hiv-2 from hiv-1 infection. | to elucidate why the virulence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections differ in west african populations. study design/method: peripheral blood plasma virion rna and cellular proviral dna levels were measured in a cross-section of 59 hiv-1 and 49 hiv-2 singly infected individuals representing all stages of infection in the gambia, west africa. novel reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays specific and sensitive for virus quantification of non-clade b hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections wer ... | 1998 | 10195267 |
| increasing prevalence of hiv-2 and dual hiv-1-2 infections among high risk group hospital admitted patients in mumbai (bombay). | between 1993 and 1996, we carried out a serological screening for differentially identifying hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among the high risk group persons admitted in the various wards of byl nair hospital, mumbai, using the immunocomb kit. this study indicates that although hiv-1 is the predominant virus prevalent in mumbai, dual hiv-1-2 and hiv-2 infections are gradually increasing. | 1998 | 10218292 |
| increasing prevalence of dual hiv-1-2 infections among voluntary blood donors in mumbai (bombay). | between 1993 and 1996, we carried out a serological screening for differentially identifying hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among the high risk group persons admitted in the various wards of byl nair hospital, mumbai, using the immunocomb kit. this study indicates that although hiv-1 is the predominant virus prevalent in mumbai, dual hiv-1-2 and hiv-2 infections are gradually increasing. | 1998 | 10327793 |
| suppression of hiv-2 replication by hiv-1 gag mutants. | gag gene mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) were analyzed for their potentials of inhibiting the replication of wild-type (wt) hiv-2, the second aids virus, in a single-round of viral replication. of twenty-two hiv-1 gag mutants examined, seven were found to efficiently interfere with the replication of wt hiv-2. some mutants, which can suppress the replication of wt hiv-1, did not show this inhibitory effect. these mutants were defective at the late phase of viral replicatio ... | 1998 | 9675152 |
| the second extracellular loop of cxcr4 is involved in cd4-independent entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strains that infect cells in the absence of cellular cd4 emerge spontaneously in vitro after culture in cd4+ t-cell lines. the hiv-2rod/b strain can use the cxcr4 chemokine receptor for efficient entry into cd4+ cells. here we have shown that the rat homologue of cxcr4, in the absence of cd4, failed to mediate cd4-independent entry by rod/b. furthermore, using rat-human chimeric cxcr4 receptors we have demonstrated that the second extracellular loop (e ... | 1998 | 9680144 |
| mapping the rna binding sites for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gag and nc proteins within the complete hiv-1 and -2 untranslated leader regions. | encapsidation of hiv-1 genomic rna is mediated by specific interactions between the rna packaging signal and the gag protein. during maturation of the virion, the gag protein is processed into smaller fragments, including the nucleocapsid (nc) domain which remains associated with the viral genomic rna. we have investigated the binding of glutathione- s -transferase (gst) gag and nc fusion proteins from hiv-1, to the entire hiv-1 and -2 leader rnaencompassing the packaging signal. we have mapped ... | 1998 | 9685481 |
| highly potent synthetic polyamides, bisdistamycins, and lexitropsins as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase. | alignment of the available human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) viral dna termini [u5 and u3 long terminal repeats (ltrs)] shows a high degree of conservation and the presence of a stretch of five or six consecutive adenine and thymine (at) sequences approximately 10 nucleotides away from each ltr end. a series of at-selective minor-groove binders, including distamycin and bisdistamycins, bisnetropsins, novel lexitropsins, and the classic monomeric dna binders hoechst 33258, 4'-diamino-2- ... | 1998 | 9687569 |
| a novel complex of proteins binds the hiv-1 promoter upon virus interaction with cd4. | hiv-1lai13em is a mutant isolate which is less sensitive than the parental hiv-1lai strain to an in vitro treatment with 13b8-2 anti-cd4 monoclonal antibody (mab) that generally inhibits transcription of hiv-1 and hiv-2. in contrast to other clade b viruses, this isolate carries a point mutation g > a at position -188 of the viral promoter. the fact that hiv-1ndk, a clade d virus insensitive to 13b8-2 mab, also carries an a nucleotide at this position has brought our attention to the sequence su ... | 1998 | 9691221 |
| structural role of the 30's loop in determining the ligand specificity of the human immunodeficiency virus protease. | the structural basis of ligand specificity in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease has been investigated by determining the crystal structures of three chimeric hiv proteases complexed with sb203386, a tripeptide analogue inhibitor. the chimeras are constructed by substituting amino acid residues in the hiv type 1 (hiv-1) protease sequence with the corresponding residues from hiv type 2 (hiv-2) in the region spanning residues 31-37 and in the active site cavity. sb203386 is a potent inhib ... | 1998 | 9692985 |
| human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among adults treated for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in seattle, washington, 1989-1993. | to estimate the potential risk of hiv exposure for those providing emergency care for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in seattle, washington, by surveying the seroprevalence of hiv in the patient population. | 1998 | 9701296 |
| design and evaluation of an in-house hiv-1 (group m and o), sivmnd and sivcpz antigen capture assay. | an enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (sivcpz/sivmnd) antigens was designed using immunoreagents from naturally infected individuals, and compared to the commercially available vironostika hiv-1 antigen microelisa system (organon teknika). the in-house assay proved to be specific for hiv-1 isolates belonging to group m (a-h) and group o and for sivcpz and sivmnd isolates, but was less sensi ... | 1998 | 9705176 |
| validation of a new immunoblot assay (liatek hiv iii) for confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | used as a supplemental assay, new anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) immunoblots, employing recombinant and synthetic antigens, appeared to resolve the majority of samples with false-reactive western blot results. would it be possible to completely replace the western blot by an immunoblot for confirmation and exclusion of hiv infection? | 1998 | 9709787 |
| specific interaction of conformational polypeptides derived from hiv gp120 with human t lymphocyte cd4 receptor. | specifically cross-linked peptides (peptomers) have been prepared from the repeating sequences of the c4 domains of glycoproteins 120 present in different isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). in order to investigate if the hiv c4 peptomers could function as gp120 protein, we have used a novel protein-binding assay to examine if and which components of the peptomers could interact with cd4 receptor in vitro. here, we demonstrate that all the polymeric components of the hiv-1 c4 peptome ... | 1998 | 9719435 |
| the amino terminus of human ccr5 is required for its function as a receptor for diverse human and simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins. | the chemokine receptor ccr5 plays a key role in the cd4-dependent entry of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses into target cells. we have mapped the interaction sites on ccr5 for a number of novel anti-ccr5 monoclonal antibodies and have used these to study the role of the ccr5 n-terminal ectodomain in viral entry and to demonstrate differential ccr5 epitope expression on different cell types. deletions of the ccr5 amino terminal domain or substitution with equivalent regions from other ch ... | 1998 | 9721244 |