Publications

human vaccine testing set.		1998	11361942
california revamps policy for aids education in schools.	california now requires school districts to notify parents or guardians, and receive their consent, before pupils receive education on hiv or human sexuality. any instruction that is arranged for outside of the curriculum, such as a guest speaker, must be disclosed to parents or guardians for their review, prior to the additional instruction. the curriculum should provide the most current information from federal public health officials, including emphasizing monogamy or avoidance of multiple se ...	1998	11365752
infected sex partner wins dismissal of assault charges.	the california court of appeals ruled that a man who had unprotected intercourse with an underage female without disclosing his positive hiv status cannot be charged with aggravated assault. the court determined that prosecutors did not prove that the risk of hiv transmission from one act of unprotected heterosexual sex fell within california's definition of aggravated assault. the defendant, dennis guevara, will face trial on four counts of unlawful sexual intercourse, one count of failing to r ...	1998	11364962
suit alleges pharmacist told man's family about his hiv diagnosis.	longs pharmacy is being sued for invasion of privacy, negligent infliction of emotional distress, and violations of state medical disclosure laws by a man whose hiv status was revealed to others. the suit alleges that the pharmacist asked the man's ex-wife if she wanted to pick up his prescriptions, and when she asked what they were for, he told her the prescriptions were for aids. the woman was distraught, and filed papers in family court to limit his custody rights. the action is pending. earl ...	1998	11365095
testimony of elmerine allen whitfield bell.		1998	11660590
prospecting for genetic gold: compensating genetic research donors.		1998	11657635
knowledge of treatment to reduce perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission and likelihood of testing for hiv: results from two surveys of women of childbearing age.	to determine whether knowledge of zidovudine treatment to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of hiv increases the likelihood of hiv testing among women of childbearing age at increased risk for hiv infection.	1998	10728267
oig to review medical necessity of therapies provided by snfs; industry worried about how results will be used.		1998	10338894
experience with a managed care approach to hiv infection: effectiveness of an interdisciplinary team.	to evaluate the function and effectiveness of a multidisciplinary team for managing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, we conducted a follow-up cohort study of hiv-positive patients managed according to a clinical care path at a staff-based health maintenance organization (hmo). the study group consisted of 230 hiv-positive health plan members who received care at the kaiser permanente santa rosa medical center (kpmc-sro). in 1994, the comparison group consisted of 4747 hiv-positive h ...	1998	10179919
innovative rehabilitation techniques create success.		1998	10181600
detection of bordetella pertussis and respiratory synctial virus in air samples from hospital rooms.	to evaluate the distribution of bordetella pertussis and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in the hospital setting.	1998	9872529
robots help with high-tech surgery.		1998	10186375
understaffed in calif. state report urges added er capacity for flu season.		1998	10187325
go-ahead given for trials of hiv vaccine in human volunteers.		1998	9440678
clonal distribution of the three alleles of the gal(alpha1-4)gal-specific adhesin gene papg among escherichia coli strains from patients with bacteremia.	the three alleles of papg, the gal(alpha1-4)gal-specific adhesin gene of escherichia coli p fimbriae, were detected in 101 (54%) of 187 e. coli bacteremia isolates from boston, long beach, california, and nairobi, kenya, by a polymerase chain reaction-based assay, and their distribution was compared with clonal structure and other bacterial and host characteristics. allele ii predominated overall (57% of papg+ strains, vs. 32% for iii and 2% for i). allele distribution differed significantly bet ...	1998	9498444
association of methamphetamine use during sex with risky sexual behaviors and hiv infection among non-injection drug users.	morbidity, mortality, and drug treatment data suggest that methamphetamine use is on the rise. based on research findings of the sexual behaviors of methamphetamine-using injection drug users, we chose to examine the relationship between methamphetamine use during sex and risky sexual behaviors and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seropositivity among clients of publicly funded hiv testing sites in california who reported never injecting drugs. we found that among gay, bisexual, and heterosexu ...	1998	9499742
serologic evidence of infection with ehrlichia spp. in wild rodents (muridae: sigmodontinae) in the united states.	rodent (muridae: sigmodontinae) blood and sera collected from 14 states were tested for seroreactivity to a cultured isolate of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent by using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. of the 1,240 samples tested, 136 (11%) were found to be reactive at titers of > or = 32. rodents with hge agent-specific antibodies were found in new york (23% of 491 samples; geometric mean endpoint titer [gmt] = 441), connecticut (11% of 100 samples; gmt = 481), california ( ...	1998	9508298
rape among african american women: sexual, psychological, and social correlates predisposing survivors to risk of std/hiv.	the aim of this study was to examine the association of rape of adult african american women and sexual, psychologic, and social factors that predispose them to risks of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). this cross-sectional study, conducted between february and december 1993, recruited 165 african american women, 18-29 years of age, from an african american community of low socioeconomic status in san francisco, california. women completed a face-to-fa ...	1998	9511135
risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection and unprotected anal intercourse among young men who have sex with men.	few studies concerning human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and its risk behaviors have been conducted among young men who have sex with men (ymsm). these are important because ymsm will have profound influence on the hiv/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic.	1998	9518378
dna sequence similarity between california isolates of cryptosporidium parvum.	we evaluated whether nucleic acid amplification with primers specific for cryptosporidium parvum followed by automated dna sequence analysis of the pcr amplicons could differentiate between california isolates of c. parvum obtained from livestock, humans, and feral pigs. almost complete sequence identity existed among the livestock isolates and between the livestock and human isolates. dna sequences from feral pig isolates differed from those from livestock and humans by 1.0 to 1.2%. the referen ...	1998	9546195
geographic and demographic differences in the frequency of human cytomegalovirus gb genotypes 1-4 in immunocompromised patients.	to test the hypothesis that human cytomegalovirus (cmv) gb genotype may differ with geographic origin or patient demographics, cmv dna was amplified for gb typing from immunocompromised patients in italy and africa and compared with previously reported frequencies in california. increased gb2 frequency occurred in italian homosexual aids patients, as compared with both italian heterosexual injection drug users with aids and heterosexual zimbabwe aids patients. occurrence of gb3 in italy was high ...	1998	9566556
identification and characterization of nucleotide sequence differences in three virulence-associated genes of listeria monocytogenes strains representing clinically important serotypes.	listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium that causes invasive, often fatal, disease in susceptible hosts. as a foodborne pathogen, the bacterium has emerged as a significant public health problem and has caused several epidemics in the united states and europe. three serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, 4b) of l. monocytogenes are responsible for nearly 95% of all reported cases of human listeriosis. l. monocytogenes serotype 4b has caused all well-characterized foodborne ...	1998	9541569
teenage smoking, attempts to quit, and school performance.	this study examined the relationship between school performance, smoking, and quitting attempts among teenagers.	1998	9618625
outbreak of vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with eating raw oysters--pacific northwest, 1997.	during july-august 1997, the largest reported outbreak in north america of culture-confirmed vibrio parahaemolyticus infections occurred. illness in 209 persons was associated with eating raw oysters harvested from california, oregon, and washington in the united states and from british columbia (bc) in canada; one person died. this report summarizes the investigations of the outbreak, which suggest that elevated water temperatures may have contributed to increased cases of illness and highlight ...	1998	9639367
a model for adolescent-targeted hiv/aids services: conclusions from 10 adolescent-targeted projects funded by the special projects of national significance program of the health resources and services administration.	this article describes a model of service for youth living with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and youth at high risk for hiv, based on the lessons learned from a set of innovative service projects funded by the health resources and services administration special projects of national significance (spns) program. although each project has a unique focus, all collectively seek to enroll youth with hiv into care through new or existing hiv service netw ...	1998	9712250
risk factors for trichomoniasis among women with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection at a public clinic in los angeles county, california: implications for hiv prevention.	persons with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection who subsequently develop an acute sexually transmitted disease have an increased probability of transmitting hiv. therefore, characterizing such persons can help direct prevention efforts to a group who are likely to be continuing sources of hiv transmission. we assessed the incidence and factors associated with trichomoniasis in a cohort of hiv-infected women receiving care at a public clinic in los angeles county, california from 1992 t ...	1998	9574798
experimental transmission of ehrlichia equi to horses through naturally infected ticks (ixodes pacificus) from northern california.	we report the experimental transmission of ehrlichia equi from naturally infected ixodes pacificus ticks to horses. three weeks after exposure to ticks, two of three horses developed clinical signs compatible with e. equi infection, while one horse remained asymptomatic. 16s rrna gene pcr of blood leukocyte lysates was positive for all horses at various time points; two horses seroconverted. the 16s rrna gene sequences amplified from tick-exposed horses showed more than 99% homology to correspon ...	1998	9650983
the epidemiological features of invasive mycotic infections in the san francisco bay area, 1992-1993: results of population-based laboratory active surveillance.	population-based active laboratory surveillance for invasive mycotic infections was conducted during 1992 and 1993 in three california counties: alameda, contra costa, and san francisco (population, 2.94 million). the cumulative incidence of invasive mycotic infections was 178.3 per million per year. invasive mycoses were most commonly caused by candida (72.8 per million per year), cryptococcus (65.5), coccidioides (15.3), aspergillus (12.4), and histoplasma (7.1). the clinical significance of o ...	1998	9827260
differences in contributing factors to tuberculosis incidence in u.s. -born and foreign-born persons.	to determine the factors contributing to tuberculosis incidence in the u.s.-born and foreign-born populations in san francisco, california, and to assess the effectiveness of tuberculosis control efforts in these populations, we performed a population-based molecular epidemiologic study using 367 patients with strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis recently introduced into the city. is6110-based and pgrs-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analyses were performed on m. tuberculo ...	1998	9847270
neutropenia is a risk factor for gram-negative bacillus bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: results of a nested case-control study.	a previous cohort study demonstrated a relation between neutropenia and bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). to explore further the relation between neutropenia and bacteremia due to escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, or pseudomonas aeruginosa among hiv-infected patients, controlling for confounding factors, the authors conducted a nested case-control study with matching and risk-set sampling of controls. the cohort includ ...	1998	9867263
potency equivalency factors for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives.	potency equivalency factors (pefs) for cancer induction relative to benzo[a]pyrene have been derived for 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) and pah derivatives based on a data preference scheme. pefs have been derived only for pahs with demonstrated carcinogenicity in bioassays. cancer potency values and inhalation unit risks are presented for four additional carcinogenic pahs based on expedited risk assessments conducted for california's proposition 65. a much larger number of pahs and ...	1998	9784432
a prospective study of the risk of transfusion-acquired viral infections.	the risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections may be estimated by several methods, but only prospective studies of transfusion recipients can directly measure the incidence, with associated 95% upper confidence bound, of these infections. from 1989 through 1995, 764 recipients of allogeneic or autologous red blood cell transfusions were enrolled; 486 (64%) provided both pretransfusion and 6-month follow-up specimens. both specimens were tested for anti-hbc, anti-hcv, anti-htlv-i and anti- ...	1998	9800288
jc virus type 2b is found more frequently in brain tissue of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patients than in urine from controls.	previous studies have shown that strains of human polyomavirus jc (jcv) of asian origin (type 2) are much more highly represented in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) brain than would be expected from their frequency of excretion in urine samples of a comparable control group. the present studies were designed to test whether one subtype of type 2 was preferentially elevated.	1998	10195243
the prevalence of measles antibody in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in northern california.	the seroprevalence of measles (rubeola) antibody in 619 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected adults was determined by a standard elisa. risk factors for a lack of antibody and presumed susceptibility to measles were examined. whereas overall, 9.8% of patients (60) were found to lack antibody, 17.8% of those born within the united states in 1957 or later were antibody-negative. multivariate analysis showed that absence of measles antibody was significantly associated with younger age (born ...	1998	9806055
reactivity of human sera to different strains of granulocytic ehrlichiae in immunodiagnostic assays.	sera from 35 patients diagnosed with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in connecticut were tested by indirect ifa staining methods with 5 strains of ehrlichia equi or the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent to assess the suitability of different strains in laboratory analyses. antigens included horse-derived infected neutrophils (mrk and bds strains) and human isolates cultured in human promyelocytic leukemia cells (nch-1, rch, and webster). of 35 sera, 23 (65.7%) reacted to all 5 strains. serop ...	1998	9815246
sources of human exposure: overview of water supplies as sources of boron.	boron (b) is widely distributed in surface and groundwaters predominantly as undissociated boric acid, and is found in ocean waters at a mean level of approx 4.6 mg b/l. a recent analysis of us surface waters indicated that the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile b levels were 0.010, 0.076, and 0.387 mg b/l, respectively. the same study found that the 50th and 90th percentile b levels in california drinking waters were 0.10 and 0.40 mg b/l, respectively. the overall mean b concentration in canadian ...	1998	10050911
association of an x-chromosome dodecamer insertional variant allele with mental retardation.	mental retardation is a prominent feature of many neurodevelopmental syndromes. in an attempt to identify genetic components of these illnesses, we isolated and sequenced a large number of human genomic cosmid inserts containing large trinucleotide repeats. one of these cosmids, cos-4, maps to the x-chromosome and contains the sequence of a 7.3-kb mrna. initial polymorphism analysis across a region of repetitive dna in this gene revealed a rare 12-bp exonic variation (<< 1% in non-iii males) hav ...	1998	9702738
field evaluation of controlled release pellet formulation of methoprene against chironomid midges in man-made lakes.	the duration of the efficacy of 4% methoprene pellets against emergence of chironomid midges, chironomus stigmaterus say, goeldichironomus amazonicus (fittkau) and tanypus imperialis sublette, in man-made lakes supplied with tertiary effluent water in palm desert, california, was dose dependent. for c. stigmaterus and t. imperialis, the rate of 4.5 kg/ha of the controlled release pellet formulation of 4% methoprene yielded > 90% control for 3 wk and 75% control in the 4th week, the rate of 3.4 k ...	1998	9813830
wound botulism associated with black tar heroin among injecting drug users.	wound botulism (wb) is a potentially lethal, descending, flaccid, paralysis that results when spores of clostridium botulinum germinate in a wound and elaborate neurotoxin. since 1988, california has experienced a dramatic increase in wb associated with injecting "black tar" heroin (bth), a dark, tarry form of the drug.	1998	9516001
exposure to toxic air contaminants in environmental tobacco smoke: an assessment for california based on personal monitoring data.	the contribution of environmental tobacco smoke (ets) to the exposure of adult nonsmoking californians was determined for selected toxic air contaminants (tacs). the assessment was based on published measurements of ets emission factors and personal exposures to volatile organic compounds. the human exposure studies were conducted in three california areas--los angeles, pittsburgh/antioch, and woodland--between 1984 and 1990. we derived unexposed and passive population exposure distributions by ...	1998	9679213
variations in hiv risk behaviors of incarcerated juveniles during a four-year period: 1989-1992.	to retrospectively monitor over several years change in incarcerated juveniles' human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) risk behaviors.	1998	9648021
depressive symptoms and increased risk of stroke mortality over a 29-year period.	several lines of evidence indicate that depression is importantly associated with cardiovascular disease end points. however, little is known about the role of depression in stroke mortality.	1998	9605786
methods development for epidemiologic investigations of the health effects of prolonged ozone exposure. part ii. an approach to retrospective estimation of lifetime ozone exposure using a questionnaire and ambient monitoring data (california sites).	an extensive body of data supports a relation between acute exposures to ambient ozone and the occurrence of various acute respiratory symptoms and changes in measures of lung function. in contrast, relatively few data are available on the human health effects that result from long-term exposure to ambient ozone, current efforts to study long-term ozone-related health effects are limited by the methods available for ascertaining lifetime exposures to ozone. the present feasibility study was unde ...	1998	9643947
california man imprisoned after fx drinks injure partygoers.		1998	9684566
impact of socioeconomic status on survival with aids.	prior studies of the association between socioeconomic status and length of survival among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have produced conflicting results. to investigate this issue further, the authors examined data on 18,167 san francisco, california, residents aged 13 years or older who were diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) between january 1, 1985, and december 31, 1995. three validated us census-based measures of socioeconomic status wer ...	1998	9690366
the role of needle exchange programs in hiv prevention.	injecting drug users (idus) are at high risk for infection by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other blood-borne pathogens. in the united states, idus account for nearly one-third of the cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), either directly or indirectly (heterosexual and perinatal cases of aids where the source of infection was an idu). idu also account for a substantial proportion of cases of hepatitis b (hbv) and hepatitis c (hcv) virus infections. the primary mode of tran ...	1998	9722812
pesticide tests on humans cause concern.		1998	9707105
health initiatives for youth: a model of youth/adult partnership approach to hiv/aids services.	health initiatives for youth (hify) in san francisco, california, is an innovative organization providing health-related services for and by young people funded in part by the special projects of national significance (spns) program. the hify youth health initiative (yhi) is composed of eight youth staff and aims to bring about individual and systemic change, enhance the quality of life for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive and at-risk young people, and increase the responsiveness and ...	1998	9712255
ehrlichia spp. in cervids from california.	blood samples from six mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), 15 black-tailed deer (o. hemionus columbianus), and 29 elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) were assayed for human monocytic and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), dna sequencing, and serology to determine whether or not cervids are involved in the maintenance of these potential human pathogens in california (usa). the deer were sampled in august to october 1992-95. the 29 tule elk from point reyes n ...	1998	9813842
knowledge and attitudes among california dental care providers regarding child abuse and neglect.	the authors surveyed california dentists about their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding child abuse and neglect. only 16 percent of the respondents claimed to have seen or suspected a case of child abuse or neglect during the preceding five years, and only 6 percent claimed to have reported such a case. the authors also found that the respondents had little knowledge of california law regarding the reporting of such cases and little information or training in diagnosing and reporting s ...	1998	9529809
high incidence of anal high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions among hiv-positive and hiv-negative homosexual and bisexual men.	the incidence of anal cancer among homosexual men exceeds that of cervical cancer in women, and hiv-positive homosexual men may be at even higher risk than hiv-negative men. cervical cancer is preceded by high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions (hsil) and anal hsil may similarly be the precursor to anal cancer. in this study, we describe the incidence of and risk factors for hsil in hiv-positive and hiv-negative homosexual and bisexual men.	1998	9543448
partner influences and gender-related factors associated with noncondom use among young adult african american women.	we examined the partner influences and gender-related correlates of noncondom use among african american women. the prevalence of noncondom use was 45.3%. women whose sexual partners were noncondom users were four times more likely to believe that asking their partner to use a condom implied he was unfaithful, three times as likely to have a partner who resisted using condoms, three times more likely to receive afdc, twice as likely to be sexually nonassertive, three times more likely to believe ...	1998	9574497
a pax3 polymorphism (t315k) in a family exhibiting waardenburg syndrome type 2.	waardenburg syndrome (ws) is an autosomal-dominant disorder phenotypically characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and pigmentary disturbances. presence of dystopia canthorum is indicative of ws type 1 and results from defects in the pax3 gene, whereas normally located medial canthi is characteristic of type 2 ws (ws2) and is associated with defects in the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mift) gene. here a neutral polymorphism is reported in the pax3 gene (t315k) in a family ...	1998	9584079
last chance therapies and managed care. pluralism, fair procedures, and legitimacy.	how can health plans make fair determinations about when "experimental" (and costly) treatments such as high dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation should be covered despite lack of clear clinical consensus about their benefits? different models for managing "last chance" therapies evolving in some health plans offer promising examples of how issues of fairness and legitimacy in decision-making can be addressed.	1998	9589291
sex hustling, injection drug use, and non-gay identification by men who have sex with men. associations with high-risk sexual behaviors and condom use.	to explore differences in demographic characteristies, risk practices, and preventive behaviors among subgroups of men who have sex with men (msm), including gay- and non-gay-identified msm, msm who inject drugs, and those engaging in sex hustling.	1998	9713915
the reawakening of national concern about silicosis.	from west texas to west virginia, from california to new york, in industries from oil refining to coal mining and work settings from foundries to shipyards, the united states is experiencing an epidemic of silicosis, a preventable disease. silica sand has been linked to cancer, and the international agency for research on cancer has named silica as a probable human carcinogen. this article analyzes the reawakening of national concern about silicosis and the social, economic, and epidemiologic fa ...	1998	9672567
doctoring: university of california, los angeles.	the doctoring curriculum at the university of california, los angeles, ucla school of medicine covers all four years of medical school. its goal is to train physicians to give care that is compassionate, humanistic, high-quality, and evidence-based through a longitudinal, interdisciplinary curriculum with integration of learning experiences within and between years and with more emphasis on certain topics that had been previously neglected (e.g., advanced physical diagnosis, nutrition, public he ...	1998	9447199
childhood absence epilepsy with tonic-clonic seizures and electroencephalogram 3-4-hz spike and multispike-slow wave complexes: linkage to chromosome 8q24.	childhood absence epilepsy (cae), a common form of idiopathic generalized epilepsy, accounts for 5%-15% of childhood epilepsies. to map the chromosomal locus of persisting cae, we studied the clinical and electroencephalographic traits of 78 members of a five-generation family from bombay, india. the model-free affected-pedigree member method was used during initial screening with chromosome 6p, 8q, and 1p microsatellites, and only individuals with absence seizures and/or electroencephalogram 3- ...	1998	9758624
is there really a heterosexual aids epidemic in the united states? findings from a multisite validation study, 1992-1995. mode of transmission validation study group.	the objective of this study was to verify the mode of exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) among cases who obtained acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) through heterosexual contact and to determine the proportion of cases initially reported with no risk but whose exposure may have been heterosexual. adults aged > or = 13 years with aids, diagnosed from 1992 through 1995 with heterosexual risk or no risk at six us study sites (alabama, california, florida, new jersey, new york ...	1999	9883796
occupational exposures to body fluids among medical students. a seven-year longitudinal study.	medical students may be at high risk for occupational exposures to blood.	1999	9890850
detection of the agents of human ehrlichioses in ixodid ticks from california.	a study was conducted in northern california to estimate the prevalence and distribution in ixodid ticks of the rickettsial agents of human monocytic (hme) and human granulocytic (hge) ehrlichioses. more than 650 ixodid ticks were collected from 17 sites in six california counties over a 15-month period. ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of hme, was detected by a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in ixodes pacificus (minimum infection rate [mir] = 13.3%) and dermacentor variabilis ...	1999	9988324
reference intervals and physiologic alterations in hematologic and biochemical values of free-ranging desert tortoises in the mojave desert.	desert tortoise (gopherus agassizii) populations have experienced precipitous declines resulting from the cumulative impact of habitat loss, and human and disease-related mortality. evaluation of hematologic and biochemical responses of desert tortoises to physiologic and environmental factors can facilitate the assessment of stress and disease in tortoises and contribute to management decisions and population recovery. the goal of this study was to obtain and analyze clinical laboratory data fr ...	1999	10231748
from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states, 1998-99 season.		1999	10199414
major histocompatibility complex differentiation in sacramento river chinook salmon.	the chinook salmon of the sacramento river, california, have been reduced to a fraction of their former abundance because of human impact and use of the river system. here we examine the genetic variation at a major histocompatibility complex class ii exon in the four sacramento chinook salmon runs. examination of the alleles found in these and other chinook salmon revealed nucleotide patterns consistent with selection for amino acid replacement at the putative antigen-binding sites. we found a ...	1999	10049927
an analysis of optimal resource allocation for prevention of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in injection drug users and non-users.	millions of dollars are spent annually to prevent infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) without a thorough understanding of the most effective way to allocate these resources. the authors' objective was to determine the allocation of new resources among prevention programs targeted to a population of injection drug users (idus) and a population of non-injection drug users (non-idus) that would minimize the total number of incident cases of hiv infection over a given time horizon. the ...	1999	10231079
charges fly in $1bn hormone patent battle.		1999	10360558
trends in hiv-related sexual risk behaviors among high school students--selected u.s. cities, 1991-1997.	despite recent decreases in sexual risk behaviors among high school students nationwide, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was the seventh leading cause of death among persons aged 15-24 years in the united states during 1997. to determine whether the prevalence of hiv-related sexual risk behaviors among high school students also has decreased in certain urban areas heavily affected by the epidemic, cdc analyzed data from youth risk behavior surveys (yrbs) conducted in 1991, 1993, 199 ...	1999	10372501
uc-genentech trial.		1999	10383322
uc-genentech trial.		1999	10383323
no winners in patent shootout.		1999	10391787
aedes albopictus in the united states: current status and prospects for further spread.	since its initial discovery in the continental usa in 1985, the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, has spread rapidly throughout the eastern part of the country. infestations of ae. albopictus now have been reported to the centers for disease control and prevention from 919 counties in 26 states in the continental usa. this species is believed to be established in 911 counties in 25 states. single individuals or small numbers of ae. albopictus have been intercepted and destroyed in 3 additi ...	1999	10412117
corporate compliance: critical to organizational success.	operation restore trust (ort) has focused increased governmental attention on health care fraud and abuse activities, making it more costly to be noncompliant, and thus has led to significant behavioral changes within the health care industry. initially five states (california, florida, illinois, new york, & texas) were included in the 1997 ort pilot program. this has been expanded to include arizona, colorado, georgia, louisiana, massachusetts, missouri, new jersey, ohio, pennsylvania, tennesse ...	1999	10335217
has perchlorate in drinking water increased the rate of congenital hypothyroidism?	perchlorate, known to inhibit the human thyroid at doses above 200 mg/day, was detected in the drinking-water supplies of seven counties in california and nevada at levels of 4 to 16 micrograms/l in 1997. the data from the neonatal screening programs of the state health departments in these two states were analyzed for any increased incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in those counties. county-specific, ethnicity-specific data for nevada and california were obtained for 1996 and 1997. within ...	1999	10337612
update: influenza activity--united states, 1998-99 season.	this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states from october 4, 1998, through february 27, 1999. it also presents results of an investigation of an influenza outbreak among staff and residents at one long-term-care facility (ltcf), and estimates the 1998-99 influenza vaccine effectiveness against the circulating influenza a(h3n2) viruses at that facility. based on influenza surveillance data, influenza activity in the united states began to increase in mid-january 1999 and remaine ...	1999	10208121
ucsf partnership to enrich science teaching for sixth graders in san francisco's schools.	increasing the diversity of students entering the health professions is a challenging goal for medical schools. one approach to this goal is to share the enthusiasm and energy of medical students with younger students, who may pursue medical education in the future. the medteach program, established in 1989 and coordinated by the science & health education partnership of the university of california, san francisco (ucsf), does so by partnering volunteer medical students from ucsf with sixth-grad ...	1999	10219201
la crosse and other forms of california encephalitis.	the california serogroup viruses are mosquito viruses that cause human infections on five continents. they are maintained and amplified in nature by a wide variety of mosquito vectors and mammalian hosts; they thrive in a remarkably wide variety of microclimates (eg, tropical, coastal temperate marshland, lowland river valleys, alpine valleys and highlands, high boreal deserts, and arctic steppes). in 1993, california serogroup viruses caused 71% of all cases of arboviral illness in the united s ...	1999	10025535
per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners.	the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission from various types of homosexual contact, including oral sex, is of biologic, epidemiologic, and public health importance. the per-contact risk of acquiring hiv infection from specific acts was estimated in a prospective cohort study of 2,189 high-risk homosexual and bisexual men, conducted in san francisco, california; denver, colorado; and chicago, illinois, in 1992-1994. during 2,633 person-years of follow-up, 60 seroconversions were ...	1999	10430236
startling revelations in uc-genentech battle.		1999	10357665
the mt. tyndall incident.	the authors describe the 53-hour rescue of a 6-foot, 1-inch tall, 250-pound hiker in the face of harsh environmental conditions in sequoia national park. this 43-year-old man fell 25 feet, injured his leg, and was noted to be hypothermic and hypovolemic. weather, altitude, and the patient's size delayed and complicated his evacuation. after being carried down 1,500 vertical feet, he was hoisted into a hovering helicopter and flown to university medical center in fresno, california. on arrival, t ...	1999	10225652
viral meningitis in child care center staff and parents: an outbreak of echovirus 30 infections.	a report of five cases of viral meningitis among adults with children enrolled in a child care center prompted an investigation of risk factors for viral transmission from children to adult household members.	1999	10476994
us jury split over hormone patent case...		1999	10376586
dusky-footed wood rats (neotoma fuscipes) as reservoirs of granulocytic ehrlichiae (rickettsiales: ehrlichieae) in northern california.	dusky-footed wood rats (neotoma fuscipes) and peromyscus sp. mice (p. maniculatus and p. truei) were collected from one site in placer county, one site in santa cruz county, and two sites in sonoma county in northern california. serum or plasma samples from 260 rodents were tested for antibodies to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. of these, samples from 25 wood rats (34% of those tested) and 10 (8%) peromyscus sp. mice were found to be seropositive, but only those from one site. pcr ...	1999	10488199
multiple human exposures to a rabid bear cub at a petting zoo and barnwarming--iowa, august 1999.	on august 27, 1999, a black bear cub, approximately 5-6 months old, died after several hours of acute central nervous system symptoms; preliminary test results available on august 28 indicated the bear had rabies. the bear was part of the swenson's wild midwest exotic petting zoo in clermont, iowa (northeastern iowa). at the petting zoo, visitors fed, wrestled, and may have been nipped by the bear. the bear also was taken to an august 14 barnwarming at the tharp barn in holy cross, iowa (eastern ...	1999	10499789
as seeburg faces misconduct inquiry.		1999	10376587
seroepidemiology of bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii infection in california coyotes, 1994-1998.	the prevalence of antibodies to bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in coyotes (canis latrans) in california ranged from 51% in central to 34% in southern and 7% in northern california. seropositive coyotes were more likely to be from coastal than inland counties (p clustered distribution of bartonella seropositivity in coyotes suggests that b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii infection is vectorborne. further investigation is warranted to evaluate which arthropods are vectors and what the mode of t ...	1999	10511529
the effect of hospital experience on mortality among patients hospitalized with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in california.	several studies in the 1980s suggested that mortality rates for patients hospitalized with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) were lower in hospitals that cared for greater numbers of aids patients. we sought to determine whether this observation persisted in the mid-1990s in california.	1999	10460044
prevalence and correlates of hepatitis c virus infection among inmates entering the california correctional system.	to estimate the prevalence and predictors of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection among inmates, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 1994 among inmates entering six reception centers of the california department of corrections. discarded serum samples were tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hcv, hepatitis b core, and hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag). of 4,513 inmates in this study, 87.0% were men and 13.0% were women. among male inmates, 39.4% were anti-hcv-positi ...	1999	10214102
molecular epidemiology and evolution of enterovirus 71 strains isolated from 1970 to 1998.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) (genus enterovirus, family picornaviridae), a common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), may also cause severe neurological diseases, such as encephalitis and poliomyelitis-like paralysis. to examine the genetic diversity and rate of evolution of ev71, we have determined and analyzed complete vp1 sequences (891 nucleotides) for 113 ev71 strains isolated in the united states and five other countries from 1970 to 1998. nucleotide sequence comparisons demonstrated t ...	1999	10559310
granulocytic ehrlichiosis and tick infestation in mountain lions in california.	forty-seven mountain lions (puma concolor) collected year-round in 1996 to 1998 from the sierra nevada foothills, the northern coast ranges, and in monterey county (california, usa) were examined for infestation with ixodes pacificus and dermacentor variabilis ticks. ticks were found predominantly in winter and spring. the seroprevalence of granulocytic ehrlichiae (ge) antibodies (ehrlichia equi or the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis) was 17% and the pcr-prevalence of dna characteristic ...	1999	10574529
is experience with human immunodeficiency virus disease related to clinical practice? a survey of rural primary care physicians.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease is spreading to the rural united states, and medical care is increasingly provided by local primary care physicians. a volume-outcome relationship might exist in hiv care. however, little is known about the hiv experience and practices of rural primary care physicians.	1999	10575389
genentech pays $200m over growth hormone 'theft'.		1999	10586857
anti-arthropod saliva antibodies among residents of a community at high risk for lyme disease in california.	the role of the western black-legged tick (ixodes pacificus) versus that of other potential arthropod vectors in the epidemiology of lyme disease was evaluated by determining the prevalence of anti-arthropod saliva antibodies (aasa) among residents (n = 104) of a community at high-risk (chr). salivary gland extracts prepared from i. pacificus, the pacific coast tick (dermacentor occidentalis), the western cone-nose bug (triatoma protracta), and the western tree-hole mosquito (aedes sierrensis) w ...	1999	10586924
do blacks believe that hiv/aids is a government conspiracy against them?	we present the first study to explore the possibility that blacks believe that the human immunodeficiency virus was developed by the federal government in order to exterminate the black population.	1999	10329334
hospitalization for mental illness in adolescents: risk groups and impact on the health care system.	to determine the extent and cost of hospitalizations for mental illness among adolescents and to identify differences in acute care hospital use by gender and between racial/ethnic groups.	1999	10331841
analysis of select folate pathway genes, pax3, and human t in a midwestern neural tube defect population.	neural tube defects (ntds) are a common birth defect, seen in approximately 1/1,000 births in the united states. ntds are considered a complex trait where several genes, interacting with environmental factors, create the phenotype. using a midwestern ntd population consisting of probands, parents, and siblings from iowa, minnesota, and nebraska, we analyzed a range of candidate genes, including 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (mthfr), folate receptors-alpha (folr1; hereafter abbreviated ...	1999	10332959
animal and human health risks associated with africanized honeybees.		1999	10613211
selenium elimination in pigs after an outbreak of selenium toxicosis.	in may 1996, 150 grower pigs in 5 california counties were exposed to selenium-contaminated feed distributed by a single feed company. feed samples from 20 herds had a mean selenium concentration of 121.7 ppm dry weight (range, 22.1-531 ppm). in san luis obispo county, 52 pigs in 24 herds were exposed to the feed, and 8 pigs died with signs of paralysis. bilateral symmetrical poliomyelomalacia involving the ventral horns of the cervical and lumbar intumescence was evident on histologic examinati ...	1999	10424652
ixodid ticks (acari, ixodidae) found in san diego county, california.	in san diego county, california, 11 species of ixodid ticks were collected from vegetation and/or from small and large mammals, and/or found parasitizing humans. adults of the pacific coast tick, dermacentor occidentalis, were the most abundant tick collected from vegetation, with peak numbers occurring during march and april. adults of the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus, were the second most abundant, with peaks occurring during february and march. eight species of ticks were found ...	1999	10436879
sublingual capnometry: a new noninvasive measurement for diagnosis and quantitation of severity of circulatory shock.	to investigate the feasibility and predictive value of sublingual pco2 (p(sl)co2) measurements as a noninvasive and early indicator of systemic perfusion failure.	1999	10446813
methamphetamine use and sexual and injection risk behaviors among out-of-treatment injection drug users.	our primary objective was to examine the relationship between methamphetamine use and sexual risk-taking behaviors--number of sexual partners, frequency of sexual behaviors with regular and casual partners, trading money or drugs for sex, and condom use--among male and female out-of-treatment injection drug users (otidus). as a risk group for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission, we also investigated injection behaviors by methamphetamine use. data were collected from 1392 otidus with ...	1999	10473010