Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| the modification of trypanosoma rhodesiense on prolonged syringe passage. | 1947 | 20249287 | |
| lesions in the central nervous system of a chimpanzee infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | 1970 | 5442035 | |
| experimental infections of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) with trypanosoma brucei brucei and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | 1971 | 5145112 | |
| isolation, partial purification, and properties of thymidine kinase from trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei rhodesiense. | 1972 | 5022867 | |
| antigenicity and stilbamidine resistance in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | 1973 | 4204739 | |
| the effect of immune inhibition on pleomorphism in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | 1974 | 4607181 | |
| electrocardiographic changes in african trypanosomiasis caused by trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | the electrocardiographic findings in 40 patients with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection are reported. using rigid diagnostic criteria 7 out of 18 patients (39%) had abnormal electrocardiograms before any form of therapy and 22 of the 40 patients (55%) had abnormal electrocardiograms at some stage of the disease or its treatment. the electrocardiographic abnormalities are described and discussed and the literature is reviewed. | 1975 | 1216299 |
| lipid content of the slender and stumpy forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: a comparative study. | 1976 | 1261236 | |
| filaments of trypanosoma brucei: some notes on differences in origin and structure in two strains of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei rhodesiense. | filaments attached to trypanosomes of two strains of t. (t.) brucei were studied by electron microscopy and two distinct types identified: short-thick and long-thin. the former are associated with stumpy trypanosomes and are secretions, via the flagellar pocket, which originate in the area of the golgi complex, during the infection of the host. they are referred to as 'secretory filaments'. their diameter is 0.09 to 0.14 mum. the long-thin filaments are associated with slender forms of trypanoso ... | 1976 | 8975 |
| interaction between trypanosoma brucei and plasmodium berghei in concurrent infections in mice. | in conccurrent infection of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and plasmodium berghei yoelii in mice, potentiation of one parasite by the other was observed, especially the malaria by the trypanosome infection. the effect appeared early in the infection. it is suggested that the mutual potentiation of the two infections was probably due to immuno-suppression which both organisms are capable of inducing in the host. | 1976 | 789909 |
| the effect of normal human serum on trypanosomes of distinct antigenic type (etat 1 to 12) isolated from a strain of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | 1976 | 1015880 | |
| intracellular enzymes and their localization in slender and stumpy forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | 1977 | 873684 | |
| passage of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense through the peritrophic membrane of glossina morsitans morsitans. | 1977 | 895841 | |
| congenital trypanosomiasis: report of a case due to trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | 1978 | 738187 | |
| tsetse movement in wind fields: possible epidemiological and entomological implications for trypanosomiasis and its control. | this paper presents evidence that tsetse flies (glossina) can be dispersed by wind. this dispersal in west africa is suggested to be along a south-west north-east axis. the implications of wind dispersal of glossina for chemical and genetic control operations is discussed. field experiments necessary to test this hypothesis are recommended. a study of human trypanosomiasis foci in west africa has revealed that foci are orientated in roughly parallel lines in a south-west north-east direction. th ... | 1979 | 35935 |
| isolation and characterization of a new serodeme of trypanosoma rhodesiense. | the isolation and characterization of a new serodeme of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is described. a clone of organisms derived from a human infection produced chronic infections in mice. additional clones of differing antigenic specificities were isolated from peaks of parasitemia which occurred in these mice. the variable antigen types (vats) of these clones were determined by agglutination, immunofluorescence, and protection of actively immunized mice. thirteen distinct vats were isolated a ... | 1979 | 92203 |
| meningoencephalitis in chronic trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection of the white mouse. | a more recently isolated strain of t.b. rhodesiense (eatro 1989) induced a chronic infection in most of 180 intraperitoneally infected nmri-mice, surviving 6 to 9 weeks on an average. a meningoencephalitis beginning with a meningitis one week after infection and being fully developed after 4 weeks was demonstrable by investigating 22 animals killed at random between 7 and 42 days after infection. the inflammatory reactions observed correspond to those known from the late stage of human trypanoso ... | 1979 | 113916 |
| association of autoantibodies with anemia, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis in experimental african trypanosomiasis. | rats experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense developed a syndrome characterized by anemia, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis. serologic evaluation revealed that the syndrome was accompanied by the presence of 3 autoantibodies--cold-active hemagglutinin, immunoconglutinin, and antibody to fibrinogen/fibrin products. fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated antibody tests showed the presence of fixed complement and fibrinogen on both trypanosomes and erythrocytes. all infected ... | 1979 | 376815 |
| cyclical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense by tsetse flies infected with culture-form procyclic trypanosomes. | culture procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense were fed to glossina morsitans morsitans through artificial membranes. a very high percentage of the flies so fed produced established midgut infections, a proportion of which went on to develop into mature metacyclic trypanosomes capable of infecting mammalian hosts. the method offers a safe, clean way of infecting tsetse flies with african trypanosomes which reduces the need for trypanosome-infected animals in ... | 1979 | 536930 |
| immunologic reactions associated with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and coagulopathy in experimental african trypanosomiasis. | rats infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense developed anemia, thrombocytopenia, and hypocomplementemia. anemia, thrombocytopenia, and sharp reductions in parasitemia were associated with elevated titers of cold-active hemagglutinin, antibody to fibrinogen/fibrin-related products, and immunoconglutinin. depletion of lytic complement, prolonged partial thromboplastin times, and presence of fibrin monomers in the blood occurred at the time anemia and significant elevations in precipitable imm ... | 1980 | 7365636 |
| a study of the effects of some game animal tranquillising drugs on trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in white rats. | 1980 | 7398548 | |
| preliminary observations on the infectivity of slender forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to glossina morsitans morsitans. | 1980 | 7434409 | |
| further studies on difluoromethylornithine in african trypanosomes. | dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo), a specific enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (odc) was previously shown to cure mice infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei, a parasite of game and cattle in africa and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, a human african sleeping sickness pathogen. our studies now indicate that dfmo blocks ornithine decarboxylase and lowers trypanosome polyamine levels in vivo. polyamine uptake in t.b. brucei also resembles that previously de ... | 1981 | 6175860 |
| some phenomena associated with the development of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans. | immature salivary gland (sg) infections averaging 10(3) parasites per fly can apparently develop into mature gland infections averaging 10(5) parasites per fly in as little as 4 days. frequently flies which extrude parasites in their saliva prove to have no parasites in the sg, but often show trypanosomes in the esophagus, cibarial pump, and proboscis. in some instances, sg infections have cleared, resulting in a loss of infectivity. results of studying numbers of parasites regurgitated upon fee ... | 1981 | 7258478 |
| african sleeping sickness: new evidence that mature tsetse flies (glossina morsitans) can become potent vectors. | starved mature male tsetse flies (21 to 25 days old) are capable of developing salivary gland (sg) infections of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense at rates nearly comparable to teneral males less than 24 hours old when given an infective meal containing parasites, horse red cells and culture medium. although the over-all sg infection rate for mature males starved for three, four or five days before infection was about half that for teneral males less than 48 hours old (8.0% v. 15.6%), males starved ... | 1982 | 6926764 |
| effects of some african game animal sera on trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t.b. brucei clones. | the effects of different african game sera on trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t.b. brucei clones have been studied in vitro and in vivo, for the first time, using a modified version of the blood incubation infectivity test (biit). trypanosomes were incubated in vitro with serum samples from a number of different game animal species and their subsequent infectivity for proven susceptible rats then examined after one hour and 8 hours of serum incubation. sera from eland, waterbuck and, to a les ... | 1982 | 7051497 |
| comparative analysis of procedures used to isolate variant antigen from trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | comparisons made among various procedures leading to the isolation of variant antigen from trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense bloodstream trypomastigotes. as a means of parasite disruption, freeze-thawing solubilized 36% more variant antigen than did sonication. protease inhibitors were important additions to the suspension prior to cellular disruption. if trypanosomal extracts were frozen for at least 1 wk prior to chromatographic isolation of variant antigen, recovery of the antigen was reduced by ... | 1982 | 7119984 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (trypanosomatidae): factors influencing infection rates of a recent human isolate in the tsetse glossina morsitans (diptera: glossinidae). | 1982 | 7120305 | |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in vervet monkeys. i. parasitologic, hematologic, immunologic and histologic results. | twenty vervet monkeys infected with t. rhodesiense (eatro 1989) developed chronic disease with an average duration of 65 days (variation 35-107 days). with respect to the course of the disease, and to the hematologic, immunologic and histological findings, the disease faithfully mirrored human t. rhodesiense infection. in all animals, parasitization of the csf occurred only a few weeks after infection, and was accompanied by an increase in the cell count and the appearance of igm in the csf. the ... | 1982 | 7164166 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in vervet monkeys. ii. provocation of the encephalitic late phase by treatment of infected monkeys. | four out of 8 monkeys infected with trypanosoma rhodesiense and treated with trypanocidal drugs at various intervals after infection (days 55-58, days 62-65, day 68) developed encephalitis. in 2 of these animals, killed 2 weeks after treatment, the encephalitis presenting was incipient; the other 2 monkeys died as a result of severe encephalitis a little more than 2 and 3 months after treatment, respectively. at the time of treatment, the animals revealed a parasitization of the csf, but there w ... | 1982 | 7164167 |
| the effects of different eland and waterbuck sera on trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense clones from lion and from man. | 1982 | 6764401 | |
| cryptic stage of sleeping-sickness trypanosome developing in choroid plexus epithelial cells. | electronmicrographs of the choroid plexus from rats infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense showed that trypomastigotes from the perivascular spaces may penetrate and undergo multiple division in the ependymal cells which locally constitute the blood-brain barrier. progressive degeneration of the ependymal cell liberates trypomastigotes back into the perivascular space, from which re-entry into the blood may occur. re-entry to the blood does not take place from any tissues other than the br ... | 1982 | 6814567 |
| purine metabolism in the bloodstream forms of trypanosoma gambiense and trypanosoma rhodesiense. | bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei gambiense and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense are incapable of de novo purine synthesis. purine bases are converted directly to ribonucleotides and with the exception of guanine, are stable. guanine is incorporated directly into ribonucleotides and also deaminated to xanthine. purine ribonucleosides are hydrolyzed rapidly; these reactions may limit their incorporation since purine bases label the nucleotide pools more efficiently than do ribonucleosides. th ... | 1982 | 6817814 |
| phagocytosis of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense by peritoneal macrophages: a study by scanning electronmicroscopy. | phagocytosis of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense by peritoneal macrophages takes place by seizure of the trypomastigote by either end but usually by the anterior. a lamellar sheath similar to that seen in phagocytosis of the promastigote of leishmania is observed, but it is smaller and does not proceed to envelop the living parasite. the attached trypomastigote becomes pitted and appears to have been killed and partially destroyed before it is completely engulfed. | 1983 | 6842569 |
| trypanosomal surface coat variant antigen causes polyclonal lymphocyte activation. | variant antigen, the primary component of the surface coat of the salivarian trypanosome, when injected i.v. into mice at dosages encountered during acute infections, produced some of the immunopathogenic phenomena associated with acute african trypanosomiasis. trypanosome-infected and variant antigen-treated mice had splenomegaly caused by proliferation of null cells, b and t lymphocytes, and macrophages. splenic b lymphocytes were nonspecifically activated to produce antibodies to sheep erythr ... | 1983 | 6604754 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: mechanical transmission by tsetse, glossina morsitans (diptera: glossinidae), in the laboratory. | 1983 | 6644759 | |
| instability of the trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense metacyclic variable antigen repertoire. | trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense undergoes antigenic variation in its mammalian host by changing the glycoprotein composing its surface coat. trypanosome clones which have the same repertoire of variable antigen types (vats) are said to belong to the same serodeme. tsetse flies infected with a particular serodeme extrude infective metacyclic trypanosomes which express only a restricted part of this repertoire. as the only known acquired immunity in african trypanosomiasis is vat-specific this limi ... | 1983 | 6656871 |
| african trypanosomiasis in an american hunter in east africa. | an american citizen acquired african trypanosomiasis while on a hunting safari in sudan, east africa. his travel history and rapid onset of symptoms, including fever, chills, headache, lethargy, and weight loss, were suggestive of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection, and trypanosomes were demonstrated in routine blood smears and buffy-coat preparations. despite the presence of headaches, nuchal rigidity, and csf pleocytosis, he was treated for non-cns african trypanosomiasis, based on a nor ... | 1983 | 6679214 |
| experimental chronic trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in microtus montanus. | adult microtus montanus were inoculated with a recently isolated strain of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense of human origin. the animals developed subacute to chronic infection and low-grade parasitemia. histopathological examination of the heart revealed a severe pancarditis resulting in pronounced weight loss, and survival times of 5-8 weeks, preventing development of meningoencephalitis. in the brain a moderate meningitis was found, usually associated with moderate numbers of parasites in the c ... | 1983 | 6353961 |
| african trypanosomes contain calmodulin which is distinct from host calmodulin. | studies were initiated to determine whether african trypanosomes utilize ca2+ fluxes to coordinate complex morphological and biochemical life cycle changes. we have identified the ubiquitous intracellular ca2+ receptor, calmodulin, in two developmental stages of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. the transition from rapidly dividing, slender bloodstream trypomastigotes to slow growing procyclics in axenic culture was accompanied by changes in specific calmodulin content (3 micrograms/mg cell protei ... | 1983 | 6135450 |
| immunoconglutinin and suppression of an induced immune response by plasma from rats infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | fresh plasma from rats infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, incubated with splenic lymphocytes from rats previously immunized with sheep blood cells, suppressed the capacity of the splenic lymphocytes to produce antibody as was indicated by reductions in the numbers of hemolytic jerne plaques produced by the treated cells. the effect was maximal in plasma samples drawn on the sixth to eighth day of infection when they contained elevated amounts of soluble immune complex, high titers of ... | 1984 | 6376751 |
| genetics of resistance to the african trypanosomes. iv. resistance of radiation chimeras to trypanosoma rhodesiense infection. | the cellular bases of resistance to the african trypanosomes were examined in inbred mice. as part of these studies, reciprocal bone marrow cell transplants were performed between h-2 compatible mice which differ in relative resistance to trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection. survival times, parasitemias and igm antibody responses to the surface antigen of the infecting variant type were measured in these semiallogeneic bone marrow chimeras. relatively resistant c57bl/10 mice, intermediate a ... | 1984 | 6378394 |
| in vivo analysis of impaired macrophage bactericidal capacity during experimental african trypanosomiasis. | since innate resistance of mice to salmonella typhimurium depends on an intact macrophage system, we have used this bacterium to investigate the effect of trypanosoma brucei subsp. rhodesiense infection on macrophage phagocytic and cytolytic function. cba/caj mice infected with t. brucei subsp. rhodesiense have decreased resistance to s. typhimurium, since doubly infected mice rapidly succumb to sublethal doses of s. typhimurium. although trypanosomiasis is known to suppress antibody formation, ... | 1984 | 6389356 |
| variable antigen type (vat) composition of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: discrepancy between results obtained using vat-specific monoclonal antibodies and rabbit antisera. | monoclonal antibodies have been made against clones of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense from the wratar 1 serodeme and analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay for specificity against homologous and heterologous clones. these antibodies were shown to be variable antigen type (vat)-specific as they identified the majority of parasites in the homologous clones but few parasites in other clones. the reactivities of these vat-specific monoclonal antibodies with uncloned human trypanosome isolates ... | 1984 | 6391220 |
| complement reversal of immunosuppression induced with plasma of rats infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | suppression of antibody production by splenic lymphocytes from rats immunized with sheep red blood cells (srbc) after incubation with plasma from rats infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense was confirmed. suppressive activity became evident in plasma after the sixth day of infection and was manifested by reduction in the number of hemolytic jerne plaques produced by the treated cells. the activity was temporally associated with increased amounts of soluble immune complex (sic) reduced tite ... | 1984 | 6396393 |
| nonvariant antigens limited to bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | the presence of nonvariant antigens (nvas) limited to bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense was demonstrated for the first time by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. noncloned and cloned populations were employed in preparation of polyclonal antisera in rabbits and of antigens to be used in the immunologic reactions. the nvas could be shown best in systems in which hyperimmune rabbit sera (adsorbed with procyclic forms to eliminate antibodies a ... | 1984 | 6439856 |
| morphological changes in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense following inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis in vivo. | the effect of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo) treatment on the morphology of african trypanosomes was investigated. for this purpose inbred mice were immunosuppressed and infected with a clone of the protozoan blood parasite trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. the mice were then treated with dfmo, an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, which inhibits polyamine synthesis. dfmo treatment in the absence of host immunity resulted in arrest of cytokinesis of the trypanosomes and many ... | 1984 | 6440309 |
| the experimental use of 'sentinel' goats to monitor trypanosomiasis in a zambian sleeping sickness focus. part i. the isolation of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-like organisms from a 'sentinel' domestic goat. | 1984 | 6476933 | |
| the experimental use of 'sentinel' goats to monitor trypanosomiasis in a zambian sleeping sickness focus. part ii. the short duration and spontaneous remission of a trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-like infection in a naturally infected 'sentinel' goat. | 1984 | 6476934 | |
| a longitudinal study of the susceptibility to normal human serum of a trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense clone non-cyclically passaged in rats. | 1984 | 6535712 | |
| characterization of the genes specifying two metacyclic variable antigen types in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | bloodstream trypanosomes evade the immune system of their mammalian host by sequentially expressing a large number of different variable surface glycoproteins (vsgs). in contrast, metacyclic trypanosomes, the final developmental stage in the tsetse fly, express a much more restricted set of vsgs. these metacyclic vsgs are the first to be exposed to the immune system of the mammalian host after infection and may offer the potential for the eventual development of a vaccine. we have identified cdn ... | 1984 | 6593722 |
| topologic mapping of protective and nonprotective epitopes on the variant surface glycoprotein of the wratat 1 clone of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | monoclonal antibodies were used in competitive antibody binding assays to define and map epitopes on the variant surface glycoprotein of the wratat 1 clone of t. b. rhodesiense. by using a panel of 30 wratat 1-specific monoclonal antibodies, 16 epitopes were defined that fall into four clusters, having 1, 1, 3, and 11 distinct epitopes respectively. all epitopes were easily classified as being 1) exposed uniformly on the surface of the trypanosome, 2) exposed only in the region of the flagellar ... | 1984 | 6199421 |
| the public health importance of african trypanosomiasis in north east zambia. | a survey for sleeping sickness (trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense) in villages in the northern luangwa valley found a point prevalence of parasitaemia of 5.8 per thousand; the incidence of the disease was estimated at about 1% per annum. none of the cases found had sought treatment and pre-symptomatic cases may represent an important reservoir of infection to others. other frequent parasitemias in the population included malaria (p. falciparum, p. malariae and p. ovale) which is hyperendemic and di ... | 1984 | 6335610 |
| enzyme variation in t. brucei ssp. ii. evidence for t. b. rhodesiense being a set of variants of t. b. brucei. | a collection of stocks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense isolated in kenya have been examined for electrophoretic variation in 20 enzymes. the results obtained have been analysed in order to determine whether these trypanosomes are diploid and undergo mating and to determine the genetic distance between t. b. rhodesiense, t. b. brucei and t. b. gambiense. the enzyme electrophoretic markers were further used in experiments involving cyclically transmitted mixtures of stocks aimed at detecting gen ... | 1985 | 3856830 |
| expression of two variant surface glycoproteins on individual african trypanosomes during antigen switching. | individual trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense organisms were observed in the process of switching variant surface glycoproteins (vsg's). during this switch, trypanosomes simultaneously expressed both pre- and postswitch vsg's uniformly over their surface as detected with monoclonal antibodies. analysis of this switching event showed that trypanosomes expressing any one of three distinct preswitch vsg's could switch to expression of from one to three different postswitch vsg's. up to 2.7 percent of t ... | 1985 | 3892689 |
| molecular identity and location of invariant antigens on trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense defined with monoclonal antibodies reactive with sera from trypanosomiasis patients. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) which are reactive with several antigenically distinct variable antigen types were prepared by immunization with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. certain mabs were shown to be specific for members of the genus trypanosoma and not reactive with leishmania spp. or plasmodium falciparum by the indirect immunofluorescence assay. these genus-specific mabs were used to identify the molecular location of these invariant antigen determinants in whole t. brucei rhodesiense ant ... | 1985 | 3905617 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: enhancement of infection rates in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, by feeding artificial bloodmeal mixtures. | low mature salivary gland (sg) infection rates (6%) in less than 24-hour-old flies fed on blood containing bloodform trypanosomes can be significantly enhanced by feeding flies an artificial mixture containing procyclic forms in a red cell: culture medium mixture (procyclic mixture, sg rate = 21.0%). however, enhancement is not solely a function of the use of procyclic forms since blood forms fed to flies in the same red cell: culture medium mixture produce sg rates (15.4%) intermediate to those ... | 1985 | 3970311 |
| inosine analogs as chemotherapeutic agents for african trypanosomes: metabolism in trypanosomes and efficacy in tissue culture. | certain purine analogs, the pyrazolopyrimidines, are effective chemotherapeutic agents against leishmania spp. and trypanosoma cruzi both in vitro and in some clinical models. heretofore they have not been effective against the african trypanosomes; this suggested that these organisms were not comparable to the other pathogens with respect to their purine metabolism. we have studied the efficacy and metabolism of the pyrazolopyrimidine bases allopurinol and thiopurinol, their respective ribonucl ... | 1985 | 3985595 |
| characterization of the trypanosoma brucei 5s ribosomal rna gene and transcript: the 5s rrna is a spliced-leader-independent species. | recent studies have shown that transcription occurs discontinuously for many genes in trypanosoma brucei. to further investigate details of transcription in trypanosomes, the genes for the 5s ribosomal rna from trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma brucei brucei were cloned. sequence analysis and southern blotting showed the genes to be arranged in highly conserved tandem repeats of approx. 740 bp, which have no relation to the conserved 35-base spliced-leader repeat element. the genes ... | 1985 | 4029619 |
| tubulin genes of the african trypanosome trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense:nucleotide sequence of a 3.7-kb fragment containing genes for alpha and beta tubulins. | most tubulin genes of the african trypanosome trypanosoma rhodesiense are contained in 3.7-kb tandemly repeating units. one member of the 3.7-kb repeat family has been isolated from a t. rhodesiense genomic library, cloned, and sequenced. the 3646-bp fragment contains a complete alpha-tubulin gene and portions of two beta-tubulin genes. no introns are present. the genes are separated by 634- and 333-bp intergenic regions, which lack typical eukaryotic promoter and poly(a) signal sequences. howev ... | 1985 | 4043732 |
| characterization of potentially man-infective trypanosoma brucei from an endemic area of sleeping sickness in kenya. | human trypanosomiasis caused by trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense has affected the human population in lambwe valley, western kenya, for more than 20 years. a characteristic feature of the disease has been the repeated recrudescense at restricted residual foci. studies carried out on the incidence of trypanosome infection rates in the vector glossina pallidipes during the last two years have shown high incidence of pathogenic african trypanosomes in the area. an overall trypanosome infection rate o ... | 1985 | 4081544 |
| immunopathological aspects of trypanosomal meningoencephalitis in vervet monkeys after relapse following berenil treatment. | four quarantined vervet monkeys were treated with intramuscular berenil in patent cns infection after experimental trypanosome inoculation with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense or t. brucei brucei. all four animals relapsed in the post-therapeutic survival time of 37 to 209 days when they had fully developed meningoencephalitis in histological sections with the presence of interstitial intracerebral trypanosomes, which were confirmed in two monkeys by electron microscopy. in both, sequential sampl ... | 1985 | 4082265 |
| antibodies to calmodulin during experimental trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in rabbits. | calmodulin is an intracellular ca2+ receptor protein which regulates a wide variety of enzymatic processes in eukaryotic cells examined in detail. native calmodulin is not antigenic in rabbits because of its small size, high degree of amino acid sequence conservation and hydrophobicity. african trypanosomes contain a novel calmodulin which is structurally distinct from bovine brain and tetrahymena calmodulins. in the present study, we examine the antibody response towards these calmodulins durin ... | 1985 | 2414212 |
| genetics of resistance to the african trypanosomes. v. qualitative and quantitative differences in interferon production among susceptible and resistant mouse strains. | the induction of interferon (ifn) was examined in different inbred mouse strains infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. relatively susceptible c3heb/fej mice that do not exhibit variant-specific immunity or control parasitemia did not exhibit detectable ifn throughout the infection. relatively resistant b10.br mice that exhibit variant-specific immunity and control the first peak of parasitemia exhibited detectable ifn at two intervals. the appearance of ifn in b10.br serum first coincide ... | 1985 | 2579155 |
| in vitro induction of suppressor cells by plasma of rats with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection. | mitogenic responses of b and t lymphocytes from spleens of rats infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense were suppressed. plasma from infected rats suppressed the mitogenic responses of b and t lymphocytes from spleens of normal uninfected rats. removal of immune complexes from plasma of infected rats significantly reduced the suppressive effect of the plasma on splenic lymphocytes of normal uninfected rats. normal thymus cells treated with plasma from infected rats and added to cultures of ... | 1986 | 2940354 |
| trypanosoma rhodesiense: mitochondrial proteins of bloodstream and procyclic trypomastigotes. | one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the solubilized mitochondrial proteins of bloodstream and procyclic trypomastigote trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and radiolabeling of proteins in the presence of cycloheximide were used to identify proteins synthesized in the trypanosome mitochondrion. the proteins which comprise the mitochondrion were found to be very similar in both bloodstream and procyclic trypomastigotes, but do differ in their level of synthesis. a protein putatively identif ... | 1986 | 3013670 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in mice prevents virus-induced diabetes: possible role of interferon and immunological mechanisms. | b10.br, dba/2, and balb/c by j mice were infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (lou tat clone 1). subsequent infection with the d variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (emc-d) resulted in no diabetes or encephalitis, even in the susceptible dba/2 and balb/c by j strains. low levels of circulating interferon (ifn) were detected in trypanosome-infected mice at the time of emc-d infection. all strains were severely immunosuppressed as a result of trypanosome infection, as evidenced by decrea ... | 1986 | 2433362 |
| independent expression of the metacyclic and bloodstream variable antigen repertoires of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | the variable antigen repertoire expressed by metacyclic trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is not influenced by the anamnestic expression whereby the variable antigen type (vat) ingested by a tsetse fly is present at high levels in early bloodstream populations of fly-infected mice. this has been demonstrated by feeding to glossina morsitans a trypanosome line expressing a vat which is normally a component of the metacyclic repertoire. the vat did not constitute a significantly increased proportion ... | 1986 | 3960594 |
| development of metacyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei sspp. in cultures containing explants of phormia regina meigen. | when procyclic trypanosomes of trypanosoma brucei brucei and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense were cultivated in nunclon 25 cm2 flasks at 27 c in a liquid medium containing various tissue explants of phormia regina meigen, some of them developed into forms infective for mice. the infective stages were present at various periods of up to 29 days when the cultures were terminated. larger numbers of explants of head-salivary glands than the other tissues used were required to produce infections. infe ... | 1986 | 3819970 |
| similarity in variable antigen type composition of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense populations in different sites within the mouse host. | trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense subpopulations in different sites within the body of infected mice were isolated and enumerated on day 6 of cyclically transmitted infections. most trypanosomes were in the blood vasculature and spleen but approximately 6% occurred in lymph nodes and about 9% were extravascular. most of the extravascular trypanosomes were in the peritoneal and pleural cavities; significant numbers also occurred in the brain and kidneys. six major variable antigen types (vats) were ... | 1986 | 3299895 |
| use of symptoms and signs for diagnosis of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense trypanosomiasis by rural health personnel. | the results are described of a study of 60 patients with sleeping sickness from north-east zambia together with 60 hospital controls and 27 nearest-neighbour controls. eight symptoms were significantly commoner among sleeping-sickness patients than among either set of controls, and some of these symptoms were used to devise a scoring system for use by rural medical personnel. although most patients reported a short history of the illness, almost 90% had abnormal cerebrospinal fluid, and there wa ... | 1986 | 3490318 |
| procyclic tsetse fly midgut forms and culture forms of african trypanosomes share stage- and species-specific surface antigens identified by monoclonal antibodies. | procyclic culture form (pcf) trypanosomes were established from a bloodstream form population of cloned trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and were used to immunize mice for hybridoma production. indirect immunofluorescence was used to select 10 hybridomas which secreted antibodies that bound to the surface of homologous living pcf. the antibodies reacted with pcf of several clones of t.b. brucei, t.b. gambiense, and t.b. rhodesiense, but not with pcf of t. congolense or t. vivax, or with promastigo ... | 1986 | 3512712 |
| biochemical and immunological characterization of the variant surface coat glycoprotein shed by african trypanosomes. | as the variant surface coat glycoprotein (vsg) was shed from trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense into the blood of infected rats, it was biochemically characterized and compared with vsg that had been purified from trypanosomal homogenates. to determine if vsg was in association with lipid, membranes and lipoproteins in plasma of infected rats (irp), vsg isolated from plasma (pvsg), and vsg isolated from trypanosomal homogenates (hvsg) were all concentrated by ultracentrifugation and assayed for the ... | 1986 | 3721578 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: cell surface lectin-binding capacity. | 1986 | 3727583 | |
| infectivity of trypanosoma rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c with various tsetse fly tissues. | metacyclic trypanosomes developed in populations of procyclic forms of four stocks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c in a liquid medium containing explants of tsetse fly head-salivary glands, alimentary tract, abdominal body wall, or thoracic muscle. the cultures became infective for mice 7-16 days after they were prepared, and infective trypanosomes were present for prolonged periods. in the culture series of stock trum 545, infectivity persisted for 138 days when the ... | 1986 | 3735153 |
| the effect of macromolecular conjugates of daunorubicin on nuclear ultrastructure in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | the effects of free and conjugated daunorubicin on t.b. rhodesiense in vitro are described. free drug caused nucleolar lesions ranging from segregation to complete fragmentation. at equimolar concentrations a soluble bovine serum albumin conjugate with a stable succinyl linkage (d-bsas) produced no ultrastructural lesions whereas a conjugate with a labile glutaraldehyde linkage (d-bsag) and a conjugate linked to large agarose beads (d-ag) produced similar though less severe lesions than free dru ... | 1986 | 3757066 |
| metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein genes of trypanosoma brucei subsp. rhodesiense are activated in situ, and their expression is transcriptionally regulated. | during the metacyclic stage in the life cycle of trypanosoma brucei subsp. rhodesiense, the expression of variant surface glycoproteins (vsgs) is restricted to a small subset of antigenic types. previously we identified cdnas for the vsgs expressed in metacyclic variant antigen types (mvats) 4 and 7 and found that these vsg genes do not rearrange when expressed at the metacyclic stage (m. j. lenardo, a. c. rice-ficht, g. kelly, k. esser, and j. e. donelson, proc. nathl. acad sci. usa 81:6642-664 ... | 1986 | 3785186 |
| the effects of mammalian milk/colostrum upon trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | 1986 | 3789845 | |
| african trypanosomiasis: haematogenic brain parasitism early in experimental infection through bypassing the blood-brain barrier, with considerations on brain trypanosomiasis in man. | a hematogenic invasion of the brain in suckling nmri mice infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense was initiated by means of a mechanical damage of the blood-brain barrier. the brain was punctured after development of a blood infection. brain infection was found in 31 out of 32 animals examined. trypanosomes are initially capable of rapid multiplication. the number of parasites was highest during the 1st week. from the middle of the 2nd week the number of parasites decreased continuously, al ... | 1987 | 3809147 |
| melarsoprol and reactive encephalopathy in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | 1987 | 3617176 | |
| the investigation of trypanosoma brucei isolates obtained from glossina pallidipes in south nyanza, kenya. | during studies to determine the main trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense transmission sites in lambwe valley, western kenya, glossina pallidipes were collected from two areas in the valley and examined for trypanosome infection. t. brucei isolated from infected flies were tested for their response to the lethal effects of human blood (blood incubation infectivity test, biit) and also characterized using isoenzyme electrophoresis. six of the 26 t. brucei tested were biit positive, two of which had enz ... | 1987 | 3669129 |
| a flagellar pocket membrane fraction from trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: immunogold localization and nonvariant immunoprotection. | in contrast to the abundance of detailed information on variant-specific surface coat antigens of african trypanosomes, data on possible common or nonvariant antigens within these protozoa are surprisingly limited. in this study, the cellular localization and protective potential of a previously characterized flagellar pocket membrane (fpm) fraction were determined. immunogold staining of live trypanosome suspensions at 0 to 4 degrees c by using anti-fpm hyperimmune serum raised in rabbits as th ... | 1988 | 3335412 |
| genetics of resistance to the african trypanosomes. vii. trypanosome virulence is not linked to variable surface glycoprotein expression. | the question of linkage of virulence traits to variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) expression in african trypanosomiasis was addressed. previously we demonstrated that daughter cells arising in mice infected with a genetically homogeneous trypanosome population of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense were more virulent than the infecting population (j. a. inverso and j. m. mansfield, j. immunol. 130:412, 1983). these virulent trypanosomes expressed differences in surface phenotype compared with the in ... | 1988 | 3335780 |
| 13c-nmr analysis of alanine metabolism by isolated perfused livers from c3heb/fej mice infected with african trypanosomes. | 1. isolated perfused livers from mice infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense formed substantially more [3-13c]-lactate from [3-13c]-alanine than livers from uninfected mice. quantities formed by infected livers increased as infection progressed. 2. infected livers produced more 13c-labeled glutamate and glutamine, with label scrambled between c-2 and c-3. scrambling also produced [2,3-13c]-aspartate, [2-13c]-alanine and [2-13c]-lactate. delayed appearance of label in c-4 of glutamate/gluta ... | 1988 | 3378406 |
| trypanocidal activity of free and carrier bound daunorubicin. | activities of a range of macromolecular conjugates of daunorubicin against trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in vitro and in vivo are described and compared to those of free daunorubicin. conjugates tested were daunorubicin attached to bovine serum albumin by (i) a labile 'glutaraldehyde' linkage (d-bsag), and (ii) a stable succinyl linkage (d-bsas), daunorubicin covalently linked to agarose beads (d-ag), and daunorubicin adsorbed onto polyisobutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles (d-pica). trypanocidal ... | 1988 | 3396080 |
| independent regulation of b cell responses to surface and subsurface epitopes of african trypanosome variable surface glycoproteins. | regulation of b cell responses to the trypanosome surface ag was examined in h-2k compatible "responder" b10.br and "nonresponder" c3h mice after infection with two variant clones of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. development of a selective ria for independent detection of antibody binding to surface (exposed) and subsurface (buried) epitopes of the trypanosome variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) molecule permitted sensitive quantitation and kinetic characterization of immune responses to these ... | 1988 | 2454998 |
| procyclin: an unusual immunodominant glycoprotein surface antigen from the procyclic stage of african trypanosomes. | an immunodominant species-specific surface glycoprotein antigen was purified from procyclic culture forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense using lectin affinity chromatography and a monoclonal antibody immunoadsorbent. the purified molecule appears on a 10% polyacrylamide gel as a wide, dark silver staining band having an apparent molecular mass of between 30 and 40 kda, identical to that revealed by immunoblotting using anti-procyclic lysates. the molecule, which we have named procyclin, was s ... | 1988 | 2464763 |
| growth of pleomorphic trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in irradiated inbred mice. | it was shown that irradiation (650 rad) of 7 inbred strains of mice did not block the ability of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to transform from the long slender (ls) to the short stumpy (ss) form or alter the plateau in parasitemia. in addition, it was observed that significant differences in parasitemia levels, in the rate of transformation from the ls to the ss form, as well as in the survival times occurred between the irradiated c3heb/fej and several of the other strains. these differences ... | 1988 | 3047352 |
| an estimate of the size of the metacyclic variable antigen repertoire of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | a group of 27 variable antigen type (vat)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) have been made against metacyclic forms of a cloned stock of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. in combination, these labelled in immunofluorescence 99.3% of trypanosomes in salivary probes from tsetse flies. the 0.7% of unlabelled trypanosomes were believed to be uncoated forms. the ability of a mixture of antibodies to kill metacyclics in vitro by complement-mediated lysis, thus neutralizing their infectivity for mic ... | 1988 | 3059263 |
| genetics of resistance to the african trypanosomes. vi. heredity of resistance and variable surface glycoprotein-specific immune responses. | the question of genetic linkage of parasite-specific immune responses to resistance to infection in experimental african trypanosomiasis was addressed. for this purpose, major histocompatibility complex-compatible resistant and susceptible inbred mouse strains and their f1 hybrid, f2 hybrid, and backcross offspring were infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense loutat 1. immunologic control of the first peak of parasitemia and survival times were the parameters measured. as we have reported p ... | 1988 | 3121739 |
| ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants inhibit ribosome activity of trypanosoma and leishmania. | ribosomes from trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and from leishmania infantum were isolated and optimal conditions for in vitro translation were established. the effect of ribosome-inactivating proteins extracted from several plants was then assessed in order to identify those suitable for the preparation of immunotoxins against these organisms. ribosomes from both species were inactivated by some ribosome-inactivating proteins (dianthins, saporins, pokeweed antiviral proteins, and the ribosome-ina ... | 1988 | 3183997 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: effect of immunosuppression on the efficacy of melarsoprol treatment of infected mice. | 1988 | 3191962 | |
| loss of variable antigen during transformation of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense from bloodstream to procyclic forms in the tsetse fly. | a pleomorphic line of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense expressing a single variable antigen was used to quantify the rate of loss of the surface coat from bloodstream forms transforming to procyclics in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, and in in vitro culture. loss of variable antigen occurred at similar rates in the crop and anterior portion of the midgut of tsetse flies and in in vitro culture, but in the posterior portion of the fly midgut it occurred 2-3 times faster. the posterior portion ... | 1988 | 3194363 |
| degeneration of serotonin-specific neurons in the brain in experimental trypanosoma brucei infection. | ormerod and hussein (1986) have shown that an intracellular stage of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense causes the destruction of ependymal cells lining the ventricles of the brain. the ventricular ependymal cells are intimately associated with a plexus of nerves that react specifically with monoclonal antibody raised against serotonin. we have shown that in areas where the ependyma is damaged, the supraependymal plexus also undergoes destruction and that retrograde degeneration of the neuron as far ... | 1988 | 3197244 |
| [the fatty acids of trypanosoma brucei brucei. a comparative study with those of t. b. rhodesiense and t. b. gambiense]. | total lipid extracts from trypanosoma brucei brucei (t.b.b.), trypanosoma brucei gambiense (t.b.g.) and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (t.b.r.) were hydrolyzed and the liberated fatty acids were methylated before analysis by gas-liquid chromatography on capillary columns. the sums of the percentages for fatty acids from the different series were compared and the following relationships for the different trypanosomes obtained: --saturated fatty acids t.b.b. greater than t.b.g. greater than t.b.r. ... | 1988 | 3197256 |
| suramin and metronidazole in the treatment of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | 1988 | 3232180 | |
| tropical pyomyositis associated with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in a europid. | a 29-year-old european woman became infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in the luangwa valley, zambia. six days after the initial presentation of this infection she developed evidence of tropical pyomyositis (tp). these diseases, both of which are rare in europids, were satisfactorily treated. the pathogenesis of tp, which is nearly always caused by staphylococcus aureus, is undetermined. it seems possible that in this case either (i) both infections were introduced simultaneously by a ... | 1989 | 2603212 |
| mechanical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense by glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera:glossinidae). | interrupted feedings of teneral, laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans were used to study mechanical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. intervals between exposure of individual flies on parasitaemic rats and refeeding on clean rats were varied from five minutes to 24 hours. direct transmissions were demonstrated at each interval up to 160 minutes after exposure. proboscis dissections showed that active trypanosomes were present up to 320 minutes after exposure. no mechanica ... | 1989 | 2619386 |
| experimental infection of cattle with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | infection of cattle with various stocks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense indicated that 49% developed a fatal cns disease comparable to that found in man. duration of disease ranged from 85 to 1613 days post infection. all eight stocks of t. b. rhodesiense tested, including those from ethiopia and tanzania, induced cns disease. blood became positive three to five days after inoculation, and after an initial peak of parasitaemia remained positive for three to five months. subinoculation of blood ... | 1989 | 2619388 |
| epidemiology of rhodesian sleeping sickness in the lambwe valley, kenya. | a total of 912 cases of sleeping sickness have been recorded from the lambwe valley from 1959 to 1984. after a period of decreasing prevalence in the 1970s an outbreak of disease occurred between 1980 and 1984. the incidence of disease for this five-year period was highest in areas adjoining the ruma national park, reaching 54% in area i. attack rates were highest in the 50+ age group (125) and children had significantly lower attack rates (8%) in this area of peridomestic transmission. sex rati ... | 1989 | 2619397 |