Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| in vitro activities of the ketolides abt-773 and telithromycin and of three macrolides against genetically characterized isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. | 2002 | 12096026 | |
| posttrabeculectomy endophthalmitis caused by moraxella nonliquefaciens. | moraxella nonliquefaciens, a commensal organism of the upper respiratory tract, is generally considered to have low pathogenic potential. we report here two cases of severe endophthalmitis occurring 9 years and 2 months after glaucoma filtration surgery, respectively. apart from sulfonamide, very low mics were recorded for several antibiotics tested. identification was based on phenotypic characteristics in combination with sequencing of the 16s rrna gene. | 2002 | 12089304 |
| antibiotics in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. | the benefit of antimicrobial therapy for patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb) remains controversial for two main reasons. first, the distal airways of patients with chronic bronchitis are persistently colonised, even during clinically stable periods, with the same bacteria that have been associated with aecb. second, bacterial infection is only one of several causes of aecb. these factors have led to conflicting analyses on the role of bacterial agents and the respons ... | 2002 | 12084002 |
| clinical efficacy of cefpodoxime in respiratory tract infection. | acute otitis media (aom), sinusitis and tonsillopharyngitis are respiratory tract infections frequently encountered by primary-care physicians. increasing bacterial resistance, particularly in streptococcus pneumoniae, which is one of the most important respiratory tract bacteria implicated in community-acquired respiratory tract infections, has led to concern about the current options for empirical antibiotic treatment and has prompted a search for effective alternative treatments. data from in ... | 2002 | 12077157 |
| pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral beta-lactam antibiotics as a two-dimensional approach to their efficacy. | pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters are increasingly recognized as important determinants of the therapeutic efficacy of an antibiotic. for beta-lactam antibiotics, the most important determinant of the antimicrobial efficacy, and hence predictor of therapeutic efficacy, is the length of time that serum concentrations exceed the mic. dosing schedules for beta-lactam antibiotics should maintain serum concentrations above the mic for the bacterial pathogen for at least 50% of the dosing ... | 2002 | 12077155 |
| antibacterial activity of oral antibiotics against community-acquired respiratory pathogens from three european countries. | antimicrobial resistance is universally recognized as a major problem. a european resistance survey was established to monitor the activity of widely used oral antibiotics against common respiratory tract pathogens. studies were conducted in italy, spain and austria to monitor resistance patterns among respiratory streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pyogenes, staphylococcus aureus and klebsiella pneumoniae to amoxicillin, co-amoxiclav, penicilli ... | 2002 | 12077154 |
| determination of anti-microbial susceptibilities of haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis. | a retrospective study to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern seen in respiratory tract pathogens. | 2002 | 12073719 |
| [yearly changes in antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates between 1996 and 2000--ii. gram-negative bacteria]. | the in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (czop), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates obtained between 1996 and 2000 were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, and carbapenems. thirty-two species 2,697 strains of gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the clinical materials annually collected from january to december, and consisted of moraxella subgenus branhamella catarrhalis (n = 125), escherichia coli (n = 250), citrobacter freu ... | 2002 | 12071094 |
| [incidence of selected bacterial pathogens of the respiratory tract in patients with bronchial asthma]. | chronic bacterial infections intensify the reactivity of bronchi and aggravate the course and the control of asthma. they cause the disorders of both function and the structure of respiratory epithelium. not only structural elements of bacteria but also their toxins intensify the release of mediators of the inflammatory reaction (leucotriens, histamine, il1, il4, il6, il8, tnf alpha). the aim of our research is to determine the prevalence of microorganisms, which can have an influence on the cou ... | 2002 | 12043306 |
| [antibodies to iron-regulated proteins of meningococci in blood sera of healthy persons of different age groups]. | one hundred and twenty individual sera obtained from healthy persons of different age groups were studied for the presence of antibodies to meningococcal iron-regulated proteins (irp). the study revealed that occurrence of such antibodies in sera under study was irp nature- and age-dependent. antibodies to two irp were found to occur most frequently: 85 kd (tbpb) and 72 kd (frpb). antibodies to the former irp were detected in more than 50% and antibodies to the latter irp, in more than 90% of se ... | 2002 | 12043151 |
| significance of haemophilus spp. and branhamella catarrhalis in upper respiratory tract infections. | haemophilus influenzae and branhamella catarrhalis can be considered inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract in humans. although the pathogenetic role of h. influenzae cannot be discussed, the authors report the mechanisms of pathogenicity of this microorganism; furthermore, they discuss the direct or indirect pathogenicity of b. catarrhalis in respiratory tract diseases and the ability of both microorganisms to produce beta-lactamases. h. influenzae and b. catarrhalis, together with s. pneum ... | 1991 | 12041752 |
| new vaccine development. | 2002 | 12039828 | |
| characterization of unusual bacteria isolated from respiratory secretions of cystic fibrosis patients and description of inquilinus limosus gen. nov., sp. nov. | using a polyphasic approach (including cellular protein and fatty acid analysis, biochemical characterization, 16s ribosomal dna sequencing, and dna-dna hybridizations), we characterized 51 bacterial isolates recovered from respiratory secretions of cystic fibrosis (cf) patients. our analyses showed that 24 isolates belong to taxa that have so far not (or only rarely) been reported from cf patients. these taxa include acinetobacter sp., bordetella hinzii, burkholderia fungorum, comamonas testost ... | 2002 | 12037065 |
| the novel igd binding protein from moraxella catarrhalis induces human b lymphocyte activation and ig secretion in the presence of th2 cytokines. | moraxella igd binding protein (mid) is a novel bacterial outer membrane protein with igd-binding properties. mid was purified from the respiratory pathogen moraxella catarrhalis and is here shown to have b cell stimulatory properties. purified mid in the range of 0.01-0.1 microg/ml was optimal to induce a proliferative response in human pbl. mid coupled to sepharose and formalin-fixed m. catarrhalis preparations induced similar proliferative responses in pbl cultures. mid or mid-sepharose stimul ... | 2002 | 12023354 |
| vaccination and otitis media. | acute otitis media (aom) caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae or moraxella catarrhalis may induce specific systemic and/or local immune responses, which may protect from otitis media caused by the same bacteria. however, earlier clinical trials with pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccines have not been successful in preventing aom. recently developed pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugates proved immunogenic even in infants, and a heptavalent pneumococcal crm 1 ... | 2002 | 12021498 |
| resistant bacteria in the adenoid tissues of children with otitis media with effusion. | to investigate the relationship between the resistant bacteria in the adenoid tissue and the middle ear effusion of children who underwent myringotomy and adenoidectomy with the diagnosis of otitis media with effusion (ome). | 2002 | 12020912 |
| antibacterial activities and characterization of novel inhibitors of lpxc. | lipid a is the hydrophobic anchor of lipopolysaccharide (lps) and forms the major lipid component of the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. lipid a is required for bacterial growth and virulence, and inhibition of its biosynthesis is lethal to bacteria. udp-3-o-(r-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-n-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (lpxc) is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the second step in the biosynthesis of lipid a. inhibitors of lpxc have previously been shown to have antibiotic ... | 2002 | 12019092 |
| activity of the ketolide telithromycin is refractory to erm monomethylation of bacterial rrna. | methylation of specific nucleotides in rrna is one of the means by which bacteria achieve resistance to macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin b (mls(b)) and ketolide antibiotics. the degree of resistance is determined by how effectively the rrna is methylated. we have implemented a bacterial system in which the rrna methylations are defined, and in this study we investigate what effect erm mono- and dimethylation of the rrna has on the activity of representative mls(b) and ketolide antibiotics. ... | 2002 | 12019067 |
| cefdinir: an advanced-generation, broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin. | cefdinir is an advanced-generation, broad-spectrum cephalosporin antimicrobial agent that has been approved for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, acute bacterial otitis media, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections in adult and pediatric patients. | 2002 | 12017394 |
| antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens collected in thailand during 1999-2000. | a multi-center surveillance study was conducted in thailand during 1999-2000 to determine antimicrobial susceptibilities among the respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 206), haemophilus influenzae (n = 305), and moraxella catarrhalis (n = 39). of the s. pneumoniae isolates collected, 33.5% were penicillin-susceptible, 27.2% intermediate and 39.3% resistant. expectedly, resistance rates to beta-lactams were higher among penicillin-resistant (ceftriaxone, 14.8%; amoxicillin-clavulan ... | 2002 | 12017369 |
| prevention of respiratory infections by povidone-iodine gargle. | bacterial attachment to host cells is the initial step in the pathogenesis of infection. our studies and those of others also showed that there is a significant correlation between the attachment of bacteria to human pharyngeal epithelial cells and the occurrence of respiratory tract infections. we identified the receptor on human pharyngeal epithelial cells which mediate binding of moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae. in an attempt to prevent occurrence of infections, the effects o ... | 2002 | 12011518 |
| a new intra-nalt route elicits mucosal and systemic immunity against moraxella catarrhalis in a mouse challenge model. | mucosally administered antigens are often poorly immunogenic due to the difficulty of transporting antigens through the mucosal epithelium. we investigated a new route of intranasal-associated lymphoid tissue (intra-nalt) administration of antigens to circumvent the antigen transportation barrier. a comparative study was carried out on mice administered with killed whole cells of moraxella catarrhalis strain 25238 plus cholera toxin (ct) by intra-nalt injection and nasal inoculation. both routes ... | 2002 | 12009294 |
| ceftriaxone activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens isolated in us clinical microbiology laboratories from 1996 to 2000: results from the surveillance network (tsn) database-usa. | ceftriaxone was introduced into clinical practice in the usa in 1985 and was the first extended-spectrum (third-generation) cephalosporin approved for once-daily treatment of patients with gram-positive or gram-negative infections. review of ceftriaxone activity is important given its continued use since the mid-1980s and reports of emerging resistance among all antimicrobial agent classes. we reviewed the activity of ceftriaxone and relevant comparative agents against five gram-positive and 11 ... | 2002 | 12007850 |
| bacteriology of acute and chronic frontal sinusitis. | aspirates of 15 acutely and 13 chronically infected frontal sinuses were processed for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. a total of 20 isolates (1.3 per specimen) were recovered from the 15 cases of acute frontal sinusitis, 16 aerobic and facultative isolates (1.1 per specimen) and 4 anaerobic isolates (0.3 per specimen). aerobic and facultative organisms alone were recovered in 13 specimens (87%), and mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were recovered in 2 (13%). the predominant aerobic and facu ... | 2002 | 12003592 |
| clinical judgment predicts culture results in upper respiratory tract infections. | we wanted to describe the natural history, familial transmission, microbiology, and accuracy of clinical judgment of potential pathogens of respiratory tract infections in a community family practice. | 2002 | 12002206 |
| identification of an antifreeze lipoprotein from moraxella sp. of antarctic origin. | we found six bacteria capable of producing antifreeze protein (afp) from ross island, antarctica. among these afp-producing bacteria, strain no. 82 had the highest antifreeze activity and was identified as moraxella sp. the optimum temperature and ph for the production of afp were 5 degrees c and 7.0, respectively. after partially purifying the afp from the culture supernatant using 60% saturation of ammonium sulfate, only the 52-kda protein band (100 microg/ml) which eluted from sds-page indica ... | 2002 | 11999394 |
| beta-lactamase-producing moraxella catarrhalis may prevent the emergence of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae in children with recurrent acute otitis media. | we studied the effect of concomitant nasopharyngeal carriage of beta-lactamase producing moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae on the occurrence of penicillin resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae. we took nasopharyngeal samples from 306 children with recurrent otitis media and a history of several antibiotic treatments. we could isolate at least one of the pathogens in 89 subjects. of these children 13% carried more than one pathogen. of the isolated m. catarrhalis and h. influenzae ... | 2002 | 11997157 |
| viral respiratory infection in schoolchildren: effects on middle ear pressure. | to evaluate the effect of uncomplicated viral respiratory infections (colds) on middle ear pressure in healthy school-aged children. | 2002 | 11986442 |
| ceftriaxone: an update of its use in the management of community-acquired and nosocomial infections. | ceftriaxone is a parenteral third-generation cephalosporin with a long elimination half-life which permits once-daily administration. it has good activity against streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-susceptible staphylococci, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and neisseria spp. although active against enterobacteriaceae, the recent spread of derepressed mutants which hyperproduce chromosomal beta-lactamases and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases has diminished the activity of all th ... | 2002 | 11985490 |
| nasopharyngeal penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae strains among young children in japan. | a rapid increase of penicillin resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae has recently been reported in most areas of the world. penicillin-resistant s. pneumoniae and other resistant bacteria are the principal causes of recurrent acute otitis media (aom). penicillin-resistant s. pneumoniae was examined so that we could investigate the bacteriologic and clinical interpretations of nasopharyngeal flora from healthy children. | 2002 | 11981394 |
| household transmission of streptococcus pneumoniae among siblings with acute otitis media. | nasopharyngeal transmission of streptococcus pneumoniae was evaluated among 23 siblings with acute otitis media (aom). restriction fragment length polymorphism revealed that the nasopharyngeal strains were identical between siblings in 12 of 13 clusters of aom experienced in 11 families. this study demonstrated person-to-person transmission of s. pneumoniae, especially drug-resistant strains, among siblings with aom. | 2002 | 11980976 |
| real-time lightcycler pcr for detection and discrimination of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis. | real-time pcr assays based on the lightcycler technology were developed for individual (simplex pcr) and simultaneous (duplex pcr) detection and discrimination of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis in clinical samples. the assays were evaluated with 113 specimens from patients with and without symptoms of pertussis. results were compared to those from conventional culture and taqman real-time pcr. the analytical sensitivity ranged from 0.1 to 10 cfu for b. pertussis and b. paraper ... | 2002 | 11980949 |
| antimicrobial resistance in respiratory pathogens isolated in brazil during 1999-2000. | the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of the respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, hemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis to commonly tested and prescribed agents was investigated during 1999-2000 and compared with results obtained during a previous 1997-1998 study. of 448 isolates of s. pneumoniae collected and tested in 1999-2000, 77.2% were susceptible, 19.9% were intermediate, and 2.9% were resistant to penicillin, demonstrating that there were no major changes in sus ... | 2003 | 11980591 |
| [post-marketing surveillance of antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates--ii. gram-negative bacteria]. | as a post-marketing surveillance, the in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (czop), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, penicillins, monobactams, and carbapenems. changes in czop susceptibility for the bacteria were also evaluated with the bacterial resistance ratio calculated with the breakpoint mic. twenty-five species (3,362 strains) of gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the clinica ... | 2002 | 11977920 |
| [clinical and therapeutical correlations in moraxella catarrhalis respiratory infection in children]. | in childhood recurrent respiratory infection with moraxella catarrhalis have high incidence demonstrated by multiple risk factors association (atopia, immunsuppresion, chronic diseases, malnutrition) that makes this common bacteria pathogen. the study was carried on 56 children (0-16 years old). authors try to find correlations between clinical signs and microbiological markers that determine recurrent respiratory infection with moraxella catarrhalis. treatment consisted of association between " ... | 2001 | 11977497 |
| determination of antimicrobial activity of cefaclor on common respiratory tract pathogens in pakistan. | to determine the antimicrobial activity of cefaclor against common respiratory tract pathogens isolated from patients in pakistan. | 2002 | 11963587 |
| nb2001, a novel antibacterial agent with broad-spectrum activity and enhanced potency against beta-lactamase-producing strains. | enzyme-catalyzed therapeutic activation (ecta) is a novel prodrug strategy to overcome drug resistance resulting from enzyme overexpression. beta-lactamase overexpression is a common mechanism of bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. we present here the results for one of the beta-lactamase ecta compounds, nb2001, which consists of the antibacterial agent triclosan in a prodrug form with a cephalosporin scaffold. unlike conventional beta-lactam antibiotics, where hydrolysis of the bet ... | 2002 | 11959554 |
| histopathologic differences due to bacterial species in acute otitis media. | to compare selected features of histopathology in acute otitis media caused by various bacteria and examine potential differences due to bacterial species, as well as possible correlation to experimental and human clinical findings. | 2002 | 11955601 |
| genomic analysis of the f3031 brazilian purpuric fever clone of haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius by pcr-based subtractive hybridization. | pcr-based subtractive genome hybridization produced clones harboring inserts present in brazilian purpuric fever (bpf) prototype strain f3031 but absent in noninvasive haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius isolate f1947. some of these inserts have no matches in the genbank database, while others are similar to genes encoding either known or hypothetical proteins. one insert represents a 2.3-kb locus with similarity to a thermotoga maritima hypothetical protein, while another is part of a 7.6 ... | 2002 | 11953414 |
| identification of fur and flda homologs and a pasteurella multocida tbpa homolog in histophilus ovis and effects of iron availability on their transcription. | tbpa, fur, and flda homologs from two strains (9l and 3384y) of the sheep pathogen histophilus ovis were sequenced. the predicted tbpa proteins of these strains are homologs of the pasteurella multocida tbpa protein and collectively represent the second example of a new subfamily of tonb-dependent receptors. tbpa transcripts were readily detected by reverse transcription (rt)-pcr with rna isolated from strain 9l grown under iron-restricted conditions in the presence or absence of bovine transfer ... | 2002 | 11948169 |
| symptoms and clinical and radiological signs predicting the presence of pathogenic bacteria in acute rhinosinusitis. | a minority of patients with upper respiratory tract infections (urti) have a bacterial infection and may benefit from antibiotherapy. in previous investigations we showed that in patients suffering from acute rhinosinusitis associated with the presence of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae or moraxella catarrhalis in their nasopharygeal secretions, resolution of symptoms was significantly improved by antibiotic treatment. the present analysis was performed to determine whether spec ... | 2002 | 11936912 |
| epidemiology of major respiratory pathogens. | a vast literature attests to the fact that streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis represent the prevailing bacterial pathogens of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. their specific incidence as causative agents of the more common syndromes is known to vary even profoundly, depending on geographic area, and the same holds true for their rates of resistance to antimicrobial drugs. europe does not escape the threat posed by the present pandemic ... | 2001 | 11936367 |
| biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. | though biofilms were first described by antonie van leeuwenhoek, the theory describing the biofilm process was not developed until 1978. we now understand that biofilms are universal, occurring in aquatic and industrial water systems as well as a large number of environments and medical devices relevant for public health. using tools such as the scanning electron microscope and, more recently, the confocal laser scanning microscope, biofilm researchers now understand that biofilms are not unstru ... | 2002 | 11932229 |
| prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pyogenes: results of a multicentre study in turkey. | the in vitro activities of several antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae (283), haemophilus influenzae (272), moraxella catarrhalis (179) and streptococcus pyogenes (256) were determined in a multicentre study with the participation of five hospitals from four cities in turkey. penicillin resistance in s. pneumoniae was evaluated using the e-test and the remaining agents by disk diffusion. for s. pneumoniae overall 25.8% of the isolates were intermediately an ... | 2002 | 11932143 |
| production of bro beta-lactamases and resistance to complement in european moraxella catarrhalis isolates. | of the 419 moraxella catarrhalis isolates collected during the 1997-1999 european sentry surveillance study, 385 (92%) were beta-lactamase positive. twenty-two (5.7%) produced bro-2 beta-lactamase. twenty-one new mutations were found in the putative promoter region of the bro genes. nineteen percent of all isolates tested were complement sensitive. resistance to beta-lactams is not linked to the phylogenetic lineages associated with susceptibility to complement. | 2002 | 11923393 |
| detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae in spiked clinical samples by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. | isothermal nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) was applied to the detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae. m. pneumoniae rna prepared from a plasmid construct was used to assess the sensitivity of the assay, and an internal control for the detection of inhibitors was constructed. the sensitivity of the nasba assay was 10 molecules of wild-type m. pneumoniae rna generated in vitro and 5 color-changing units (ccu) of m. pneumoniae. an appropriate specimen preparation procedure was develop ... | 2002 | 11923354 |
| beta-lactam resistance: clinical implications for pediatric patients. | the emergence of resistance to established antibiotic agents such as beta-lactams has been reported worldwide and poses a serious challenge to the management of pediatric infections. the most common mechanism of resistance involves the production of an enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic before it can be effective. streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of pediatric respiratory tract infections, exhibits variable resistance to penicillins and aminopenicillin due to alterations in its ... | 2002 | 11921492 |
| beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations in empiric management of pediatric infections. | beta-lactam antibiotics have long played a central role in the management of pediatric infections. however, widespread beta-lactam resistance among community- and hospital-acquired pathogens, mainly due to beta-lactamase production, has reduced the usefulness of these trusted and well-tolerated agents. many regions have reported an increase in beta-lactamase-mediated resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems as well as penicillins among clinically important gram-positive and gram-negative aer ... | 2002 | 11921490 |
| diagnosis and management of acute otitis media in the urgent care setting. | the prevalence of otitis media is increasing, which affects health care resource utilization across all segments, including the urgent care setting. one of the greatest challenges in the management of acute otitis media (aom) is the effective treatment of cases caused by pathogens that are resistant to commonly used antibiotics. whereas the production of beta-lactamases among strains of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis is an important consideration for antimicrobial therapy, the ... | 2002 | 11919528 |
| effect of amoxicillin and co-amoxiclav on the aerobic and anaerobic nasopharyngeal flora. | the effects of co-amoxiclav (amc) and amoxicillin (amx) therapy on the nasopharyngeal flora of children with acute otitis media (aom) were compared. nasopharyngeal culture for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were obtained before therapy and 2-4 days after completion of antimicrobial therapy in 25 patients treated with either antibiotic. after therapy, 16 (64%) of the 25 patients treated with amx and 23 (92%) of the 25 patients treated with amc were considered clinically cured. polymicrobial aerob ... | 2002 | 11909846 |
| the outer membrane proteins uspa1 and uspa2 of moraxella catarrhalis are highly conserved in nasopharyngeal isolates from young children. | uspa1 and uspa2 of moraxella catarrhalis are vaccine candidates. the aims of this study were to determine: (1) the frequencies of occurrence and (2) the degrees of conservation of two surface-exposed epitopes of the uspa1 and uspa2 genes and their respective gene products in 108 nasopharyngeal isolates from young children. the uspa1 and uspa2 genes were detected in 107 (99%) and 108 (100%) isolates, respectively. twenty-three of 108 uspa2 genes (21%) were identified as the variant gene uspa2h. o ... | 2002 | 11906762 |
| [investigate of nasopharyngeal flora in highly aged patients]. | to clarify the bacteriological interpretation of flora in the nasopharynx of highly aged patients (n = 107), healthy nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from subjects of advanced age. chief pathogenic bacteria isolated from highly aged persons were coagulase negative staphylococcus (43 strains), corynebacterium spp. (14 strains), methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (beta-lactamase production and non-production) (16 strains), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (beta-lactamase pr ... | 2002 | 11905003 |
| new antimicrobial agents approved by the u.s. food and drug administration in 2001 and new indications for previously approved agents. | 2002 | 11897615 | |
| in vitro activities of peptide deformylase inhibitors against gram-positive pathogens. | the activities of six peptide deformylase (pdf) inhibitors against 107 respiratory tract pathogens were studied and compared to those of ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanate. against streptococcus pneumoniae, bb-83698 and bb-83815 were the most active pdf inhibitors (mic at which 90% of the organisms tested were inhibited [mic(90)], 0.25 microg/ml). five of the agents showed similar activity against moraxella catarrhalis (mic(90), 0.12 microg/ml). all pdf inhibitors were less active against ... | 2002 | 11897602 |
| in vitro and in vivo activities of a novel cephalosporin, bms-247243, against organisms other than staphylococci. | bms-247243, a novel cephalosporin inhibitory for methicillin-resistant staphylococci, primarily has activity against gram-positive bacteria. the activities of bms-247243, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone against streptococci and streptococcus pneumoniae were similar. bms-247243 inhibits enterococcus faecalis but not enterococcus faecium. bms-247243 also inhibits many inherently vancomycin-resistant species (leuconstoc, lactobacillus, pediococcus) and anaerobic gram-positive bacteria. | 2002 | 11897599 |
| development of a whole-cell assay for peptidoglycan biosynthesis inhibitors. | osmotically stabilized escherichia coli cells subjected to freezing and thawing were utilized as the source of enzymes for a peptidoglycan pathway assay that can be used to simultaneously test all targets of the committed steps of cell wall biosynthesis. the use of (14)c-labeled udp-n-acetylglucosamine (udp-glcnac) as a substrate allows the direct detection of cross-linked peptidoglycan formed. the assay was validated with known antibiotics. fosfomycin was the strongest inhibitor of the pathway ... | 2002 | 11897573 |
| current status of antimicrobial resistance in taiwan. | while some trends in antimicrobial resistance rates are universal, others appear to be unique for specific regions. in taiwan, the strikingly high prevalence of resistance to macrolides and streptogramin in clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria correlates with the widespread use of these agents in the medical and farming communities, respectively. the relatively low rate of enterococci that are resistant to glycopeptide does not parallel the high use of glycopeptides and extended-spectrum ... | 2002 | 11897063 |
| inactivation of the moraxella catarrhalis superoxide dismutase soda induces constitutive expression of iron-repressible outer membrane proteins. | many pathogens produce one or more superoxide dismutases (sods), enzymes involved in the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species that are encountered during the infection process. one detectable cytoplasmic sod was identified in the human mucosal pathogen moraxella catarrhalis, and the gene responsible for the sod activity, soda, was isolated from a recent pediatric clinical isolate (strain 7169). sequence analysis of the cloned m. catarrhalis 7169 dna fragment reveale ... | 2002 | 11895952 |
| telithromycin. aventis pharma. | the ketolide telithromycin (hmr-3647; ketek), a derivative of clarithromycin, has been launched by aventis pharma (formerly hoechst marion roussel) for the treatment of respiratory tract infections with gram-positive or gram-negative cocci, haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, intracellular pathogens, atypical microorganisms, toxoplasma or anaerobic bacteria. by may 2001, filings in the us and eu had been completed and a filing in japan was expected to take pl ... | 2001 | 11892930 |
| moxifloxacin sensitivity of respiratory pathogens in the united kingdom. | the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin and comparator agents against respiratory isolates from a range of geographically distinct centres around the united kingdom was investigated in the following study. clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 257), haemophilus influenzae (n = 399) and moraxella catarrhalis (n = 253) were obtained between march 1998 and april 1999 from nine centres in the united kingdom. sensitivity was determined by testing each isolate for its minimum inhibitory con ... | 2002 | 11892894 |
| vaccine prevention of acute otitis media. | the incidence of acute otitis media (aom) in infants and young children has increased dramatically in recent years in the united states. aom often follows upper respiratory tract infections due to pathogens such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza virus, and parainfluenza virus (piv). these viruses cause eustachian tube dysfunction that is critical to the pathogenesis of aom. vaccines against these viruses would likely reduce the incidence of aom. in three previous studies, influenza ... | 2001 | 11892059 |
| management of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. | acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is an infection of the nasal epithelium and paranasal sinus mucosa, usually caused in children by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and, less frequently, group a streptococcus species. the clinical diagnosis is based on daytime cough that may be worse at night or purulent rhinorrhea, or both, lasting at least 10 days, often worsening after a period of initial improvement after initial symptoms of the common cold, and often ass ... | 2002 | 11880740 |
| novel pcr-probe assay for detection of and discrimination between legionella pneumophila and other legionella species in clinical samples. | 2002 | 11880461 | |
| [antimicrobial susceptibility of streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis from community acquired respiratory infections in 2000]. | the viriato study is a nationwide, multicenter prospective study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens commonly associated with community-acquired respiratory tract infections in portugal. in 2000, 28 laboratories participated in the study with a total of 1071 strains, with testing undertaken in a central laboratory. of the 213 streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated from patients with acute tonsillitis, all were susceptible to penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate and cefurox ... | 2001 | 11878155 |
| bacterial interference between pathogens in otitis media and alpha-haemolytic streptococci analysed in an in vitro model. | bacterial interference studied by means of agar methods has shown a decreased number of inhibitory alpha-haemolytic streptococci among otitis-prone children. additional information was gained regarding the interplay between alpha-haemolytic streptococci (ahs) and otitis media (om) pathogens by comparing the bacterial interference in broth with the interference activity studied using agar overlay methods. we found, that non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis are read ... | 2002 | 11876603 |
| clinical efficacy and tolerability of grepafloxacin in lower respiratory tract infection. | studies in community-acquired pneumonia (cap) have compared grepafloxacin, 600 mg o.d. for 7--10 days, with amoxycillin, 500 mg t.d.s., cefaclor, 500 mg t.d.s., or clarithromycin, 250 mg b.d. grepafloxacin appeared to be clinically as effective as the comparators. in cap caused by haemophilus influenzae, grepafloxacin was significantly superior to amoxycillin (p=0.005) and cefaclor (p=0.003) and equivalent to clarithromycin in eradicating the infecting organism. bacterial eradication with grepaf ... | 1998 | 11869247 |
| grepafloxacin: pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration. | pharmacokinetic and tissue penetration studies of grepafloxacin, a new broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, show that it has useful properties for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. grepafloxacin has a volume of distribution that is larger than those of many of the other fluoroquinolones and is concentrated in alveolar macrophages, bronchial mucosa and epithelial lining fluid to a greater extent than are certain other fluoroquinolones. grepafloxacin concentrations achieved in plasma after ... | 1998 | 11869246 |
| structure of grepafloxacin relative to activity and safety profile. | a comparison of the structure of ciprofloxacin and grepafloxacin shows that the two compounds are similar, with two exceptions: grepafloxacin has a methyl group at the 5 position and a methyl group attached to the 7-piperazinyl substituent. at the 1 position, both compounds have a cyclopropyl group, which is important for potency, but limits anaerobic activity. the methylpiperazine at position 7 in grepafloxacin is associated with its enhanced gram-positive activity and long half-life. the methy ... | 1998 | 11869245 |
| microbial etiologies of acute otitis media. | the bacterial etiology of acute otitis media (aom) in children is well known; streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis account for up to 80% of the cases. negative cultures are obtained from 15 to 34% of the middle ear effusions obtained from patients with aom and could represent non-viable bacterial organisms, chlamydia, mycoplasma, anaerobes and, perhaps, new and unknown organisms. viruses are rarely involved as a cause of aom but upper respiratory tract infec ... | 1997 | 11869224 |
| bacteriologic diagnosis of respiratory tract infections. | the use of the gram stain for determination of the presence of bacteria in respiratory secretions is described. success of the procedure depends on the use of fresh samples of high cellular quality. the gram stain can be used to distinguish the presence (among other organisms) of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, branhamella catarrhalis enterobacteria and pseudomonas. this paper also discusses the use of sputum samples for bacteriologic culture and the value of bacterial counts i ... | 1996 | 11866797 |
| community-acquired pneumonia: epidemiologic and clinical considerations. | an incidence of between 2 and 44 per 1000 population has been reported for community-acquired pneumonia. epidemiologic studies describe a wide range of causative organisms, including streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella spp., moraxella catarrhalis, chlamydia pneumoniae and viruses such as influenza a and b. however, the frequency with which they are reported varies widely. on analysis of these studies, the variation can be explained by a number of f ... | 1996 | 11866796 |
| comparative in vitro activity of apalcillin alone and combined with ro 48-1220, a novel penam beta-lactamase inhibitor. | objective: the in vitro activity of apalcillin plus ro 48-1220, a novel penam sulfone beta-lactamase inhibitor, was compared with apalcillin alone, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, imipenem, ceftazidime and cefepime. methods: agar dilution and broth microdilution testing of 854 bacterial strains, subcultured from frozen stocks incubated for 24 h in 5% carbon dioxide, was carried out to determine the minimum bactericidal (mbc) and minimum inhibito ... | 1995 | 11866735 |
| pharmacological treatments for rhinosinusitis. | acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (abrs) is a well-recognised and common problem confronting many primary care physicians but the abuse of antibiotic therapy for viral aetiologies of abrs has lead to widespread bacterial resistance. the once easily-eradicated pathogens have developed many mechanisms to resist antimicrobial therapies. the most common pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are still found in cultures of sinus cavities but staphylococcus a ... | 2002 | 11866681 |
| systemic and mucosal antibody response to moraxella catarrhalis after exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | to characterize the immune response to moraxella catarrhalis after exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), pre- and postexacerbation serum and sputum supernatant samples obtained during 21 exacerbations in 18 patients were studied, using the homologous infecting isolates. new serum immunoglobulin g (igg) detected by whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed after 12 (57.1%) of 21 exacerbations. analysis of serum samples with flow cytometry, which detects antib ... | 2002 | 11865420 |
| longitudinal study of trachomatous trichiasis in the gambia. | investigation of the natural history of trachomatous trichiasis in the gambia and of the outcome of self epilation and surgery for the condition. | 2002 | 11864895 |
| pharmacodynamic properties of hmr 3004, a novel ketolide, on respiratory pathogens, enterococci and bacteroides fragilis demonstrated by studies of time kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect. | objective: the pharmacodynamic properties of the novel ketolide (a new class of macrolide) antibiotic, hmr 3004, were investigated by studying time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect. methods: the time-kill kinetics were studied at two inocula against three strains each of staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium and bacteroides fragilis. the postantibiotic effects of h ... | 1998 | 11864324 |
| cq-397 and cq-414: antimicrobial activity and spectrum of two fluoroquinolone---cephalosporin, dual-action compounds with carboxamido bonds. | objective: to evaluate the potential spectrum of activity of two novel dual-action compounds with carboxamido bonds (cq-397 and cq-414; laboratorios aranda, san rafael, mexico) against human pathogens. methods: approximately 800 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic clinical bacteria were tested in vitro using the mueller-hinton broth microdilution method of the national committee of clinical laboratory standards. results: cq-397 (cefamandole+enrofloxacin) and cq-414 (cefamandole+norfloxacin) ... | 1997 | 11864130 |
| clinical comparison of cefuroxime axetil with cefixime in the treatment of acute bronchitis. | acute bronchitis is the ninth most common outpatient illness seen by physicians in the united states. oral antibiotic treatment is usually directed empirically against the most common bacterial pathogens associated with acute bronchitis, such as streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. although cefuroxime axetil and cefixime are both approved in the united states for treatment of acute bronchitis, currently they have not undergone direct clinical comparison fo ... | 1996 | 11862302 |
| in vitro activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin against selected bacterial pathogens isolated in italy. | objective: to evaluate the activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin, a new injectable streptogramin, against 732 clinical strains recently isolated in italy. methods: susceptibility tests were performed according to nccls-guided mic methodology. pathogens included in the evaluation included 108 staphylococcus aureus isolates, 124 coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates, 158 streptococcus pyogenes isolates, 30 streptococcus agalactiae isolates, 30 b-hemolytic streptococcal isolates, 18 streptococ ... | 1999 | 11856292 |
| the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis explored using a pharmacodynamic model. | objective: to assess the antibacterial action of moxifloxacin on haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of infection. methods: serum concentrations in humans associated with doses of 400 mg once a day for 48 h were simulated and the antibacterial effect measured by the log change in viable count at intervals through the simulation compared to time zero and also the area under the bacterial kill curve (aubkc). wild-type strains of h. influenzae an ... | 1999 | 11856249 |
| role of nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in the evaluation of recurrent middle ear infections in children. | objective: to study the nasopharyngeal colonization in otitis-prone children before and after adenoidectomy. methods: the study population consisted of 35 children between 11 months and 4 years of age, undergoing adenoidectomy and tube placement for recurrent acute otitis media. all these children were otitis prone (op). during general anesthesia, bacteriologic samples were obtained from the nasopharynx and the middle ear fluid, if present. during the follow-up visit, a new nasopharyngeal cultur ... | 1999 | 11851704 |
| [antibiotic resistance: infections of the upper respiratory tract and bronchi. when are antibiotics necessary?]. | antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract pathogens has become an increasing problem worldwide during the last 10-20 years. the wide use of antimicrobial agents in ambulatory practice has contributed to the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the community, namely streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. the pneumococcus has developed resistance to most antibiotics used for its treatment. classes with important resistance problems in ... | 2002 | 11851042 |
| intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of telithromycin, a new ketolide, in healthy japanese volunteers. | the concentrations of telithromycin, a new ketolide antimicrobial agent, in alveolar macrophages (ams) and bronchoalveolar epithelial lining fluid (elf) were determined in order to investigate the transfer of the drug into target tissue, relative to plasma, following multiple oral doses of telithromycin. twenty-four healthy male japanese volunteers were randomly allocated to four groups. each subject was given 600 or 800 mg of telithromycin once daily for 5 days, followed by bronchoalveolar lava ... | 2002 | 11850288 |
| in vitro antibacterial activities of dq-113, a potent quinolone, against clinical isolates. | the antibacterial activity of dq-113, formerly d61-1113, was compared with those of antibacterial agents currently available. mics at which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited (mic90s) of dq-113 against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible and -resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci were 0.03, 0.008, 0.03, and 0.06 microg/ml, respectively. moreover, dq-113 showed the most potent activity against ofloxacin-resistant ... | 2002 | 11850285 |
| antimicrobial resistance trends in community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in the western pacific region and south africa: report from the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program, (1998-1999) including an in vitro evaluation of bms284756. | from 1998 to 1999, a large number of community-acquired respiratory tract isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae (n=566), haemophilus influenzae (n=513) and moraxella catarrhalis (n=228) were collected from 15 centres in australia, hong kong, japan, china, the philippines, singapore, south africa and taiwan through the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program. isolates were tested against 26 antimicrobial agents using the nccls-recommended methods. overall, 40% of s. pneumoniae isolates were resi ... | 2002 | 11850165 |
| apparent plateau in beta-lactamase production among clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis in the united states: results from the libra surveillance initiative. | haemophilus influenzae (n=2791) and moraxella catarrhalis (n=1249) isolated from patient specimens during 1999 were collected from 290 laboratories participating in a moxifloxacin surveillance study as part of the libra surveillance initiative. isolates were tested for in vitro susceptibility to a panel of agents suitable for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. beta-lactamase production was identified in 32.2% of h. influenzae and 94.2% of m. catarrhalis. these percentages differed by ... | 2002 | 11850164 |
| [current therapeutical management, new antibiotics and treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa in bacterial ent-infections]. | in bacterial infections of the sinuses and the middle ear streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus are most frequently isolated, whereas in tonsillopharyngitis streptococcus pyogenes is the most important pathogen. s. aureus is found in up to 40 % in acute and chronic sinusitis and causes severe complications in otitis media, therefore antibiotics used as empirical initial treatment should also be effective against this pathogen. to decrea ... | 2002 | 11845401 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis collected during 1999-2000 from 13 countries. | to determine antimicrobial activity against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. | 2001 | 11843908 |
| bacterial etiology of otitis media with effusion; focusing on the high positivity of alloiococcus otitidis. | the etiology of otitis media with effusion (ome) is unclear. the bacterial analyses of middle ear effusion (mee) in ome may reveal important information regarding its etiology. alloiococcus otitidis, heamophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis were investigated by using microbiologic culture and a multiplex pcr method in the middle ear fluid of 32 children (54 samples) with chronic ome. pcr yielded positive results in 18 (33.3%) middle ear effusions while culture r ... | 2002 | 11837388 |
| [moraxella catarrhalis as a cause of osteomyelitis in the infant]. | 2002 | 11827662 | |
| new pyrrolizidinone antibiotics cj-16,264 and cj-16,367. | two new antibiotics, cj-16,264 (i) and cj-16,367 (ii), were isolated from the fermentation broth of an unidentified fungus cl39457. these antibiotics have a pyrrolizidinone skeleton, first discovered in fungi. compounds i and ii inhibit the growth of gram-positive multi-drug resistant bacteria and some gram-negative strains such as moraxella catarrhalis and escherichia coli with altered permeability (imp). comparison of an antibacterial profile between the two compounds suggested that the gamma- ... | 2001 | 11827034 |
| evaluation of chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae as etiologic agents of persistent cough in adolescents and adults. | chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae were evaluated as agents of persistent cough in adolescents and adults (n = 491). tests of 473 respiratory specimens by culture or pcr or both identified four episodes (0.8%) of m. pneumoniae-associated illness and no episodes of c. pneumoniae illness, suggesting that these bacteria do not frequently cause persistent cough. | 2002 | 11825984 |
| phase variable restriction-modification systems in moraxella catarrhalis. | a repetitive dna motif was used as a marker to identify novel genes in the mucosal pathogen moraxella catarrhalis. there is a high prevalence of such repetitive motifs in virulence genes that display phase variable expression. two repeat containing loci were identified using a digoxigenin-labelled 5'-(caac)6-3' oligonucleotide probe. the repeats are located in the methylase components of two distinct type iii restriction-modification (r-m) systems. we suggest that the phase variable nature of th ... | 2002 | 11821238 |
| activity of cefditoren against beta-lactamase-positive and -negative haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. | cefditoren is a novel broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin. to determine the influence of beta-lactamase production on cefditoren activity, 1,170 h. influenzae and 641 m. catarrhalis isolated during 2000 were tested by nccls broth microdilution methodology (m7-a5, 2000). against h. influenzae the potency of cefditoren (mic(90,) 0.015 microg/ml) was similar to that of ceftriaxone (mic(90,) < or = 0.015 microg/ml) and levofloxacin (mic(90,) 0.015 microg/ml), and its mic distribution was unaffected by ... | 2002 | 11821172 |
| [a clinical study of bacterial infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. | to investigate the association of bacteriologic characteristics and bacterial infection in small airway disease. | 1999 | 11820948 |
| [inflammatory acute rhinosinusitis]. | 1. common cold: a rhinovirus, the causal agent usually found in common cold, stimulates the local abundance of polymorphonuclears resulting from il8 secretion. enzymes and free radicals released by these polymorphonuclears explain the subsequent inflammation. 2. treatment: treatment for viral rhinosinusitis in adults is based on vasoconstrictors, often associated with anti-histamine agents with atropinergic action. the possible contribution of pure atropinergic agents is currently under evaluati ... | 2001 | 11819910 |
| [inflammation and acute otitis media]. | 1. epithelium of the middle ear: the middle ear has a respiratory type epithelium. the mucus is produced by mucosal and by submucosal cells in the eustachian tube. 2. lymphoid tissue: the defensive barrier of the mucosa is potentialized by lymphoid tissue in the middle ear that produces a local specific immune response. bacterial and viral antigens can induce an inflammatory reaction. 3. tubotymapnic cavities: the humoral immune system (b lymphocytes) secreting igg, iga and igm) and cell mediate ... | 2001 | 11819908 |
| cefditoren pivoxil. | cefditoren pivoxil is an orally absorbed prodrug that is rapidly hydrolysed by intestinal esterases to the microbiologically active cephalosporin cefditoren. cefditoren has a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including common respiratory and skin pathogens. cefditoren has shown excellent in vitro activity against the gram-positive pathogens penicillin-susceptible and -intermediate streptococcus pneumoniae, s. pyogenes and methicillin-susceptible staphyl ... | 2002 | 11817976 |
| in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against local bacterial isolates. | the emergence of resistance to common antimicrobials in bacteria has been increasingly reported in various countries. empirical antimicrobial therapy of various infections would therefore need to be reviewed. the introduction of new fluoroquinolones has created an interest in the use of these as possible agents in the empirical treatment of respiratory tract infections. | 2001 | 11817288 |
| susceptibility to moxifloxacin and other antimicrobial agents of major pathogens responsible for community acquired respiratory tract infection in poland. | the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin was compared with that of other antimicrobial agents against 470 bacterial strains isolated from patients with respiratory tract infection. bacteria studied included 110 penicillin susceptible and 110 penicillin non-susceptible streptococcus pneumoniae, 50 strains of s. pyogenes, 120 strains of haemophilus influenzae and 80 strains of moraxella catarrhalis. moxifloxacin was the most active of the antimicrobials tested. | 2002 | 11814767 |