Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| clinical impact of clostridium difficile colonization. | clostridium difficile can cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. asymptomatic colonization by c. difficile is common during the neonatal period and early infancy, ranging from 21% to 48%, and in childhood. the colonization rate of c. difficile in adult hospitalized patients shows geographic variation, ranging from 4.4% to 23.2%. asymptomatic carriage in neonates caused no further disease in many studies, whereas adult patients colonized with toxigenic c. difficile were pro ... | 2015 | 24890755 |
| preclinical studies of amixicile, a systemic therapeutic developed for treatment of clostridium difficile infections that also shows efficacy against helicobacter pylori. | amixicile shows efficacy in the treatment of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in a mouse model, with no recurrence of cdi. since amixicile selectively inhibits the action of a b vitamin (thiamine pyrophosphate) cofactor of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor), it may both escape mutation-based drug resistance and spare beneficial probiotic gut bacteria that do not express this enzyme. amixicile is a water-soluble derivative of nitazoxanide (ntz), an antiparasitic therapeutic that also ... | 2014 | 24890599 |
| fidaxomicin inhibits clostridium difficile toxin a-mediated enteritis in the mouse ileum. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a common, debilitating infection with high morbidity and mortality. c. difficile causes diarrhea and intestinal inflammation by releasing two toxins, toxin a and toxin b. the macrolide antibiotic fidaxomicin was recently shown to be effective in treating cdi, and its beneficial effect was associated with fewer recurrent infections in cdi patients. since other macrolides possess anti-inflammatory properties, we examined the possibility that fidaxomicin alt ... | 2014 | 24890583 |
| fecal microbiota transplant for treatment of clostridium difficile infection in immunocompromised patients. | patients who are immunocompromised (ic) are at increased risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), which has increased to epidemic proportions over the past decade. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) appears effective for the treatment of cdi, although there is concern that ic patients may be at increased risk of having adverse events (aes) related to fmt. this study describes the multicenter experience of fmt in ic patients. | 2014 | 24890442 |
| deciphering meta-analytic results: a mini-review of probiotics for the prevention of paediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and clostridium difficile infections. | meta-analyses are used to evaluate pooled effects of a wide variety of investigational agents, but the interpretation of the results into clinical practices may be difficult. this mini-review offers a three-step process to enable healthcare providers to decipher pooled meta-analysis estimates into results that are useful for therapeutic decisions. as an example of how meta-analyses should be interpreted, a recent meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of paediatric antibiotic-associated ... | 2015 | 24889895 |
| patience is a virtue: an argument for delayed surgical intervention in fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | recently, the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased. in cases of fulminant infection, surgery is a viable therapeutic option but associated with high mortality. we sought to examine factors associated with mortality in a large sample of patients with severe cdi that underwent surgery. a retrospective study was conducted in patients with severe cdi undergoing colectomy. demographics, risk factors, comorbidities, clinical and laboratory data, and time betwee ... | 2014 | 24887802 |
| detection of clostridium difficile infection clusters, using the temporal scan statistic, in a community hospital in southern ontario, canada, 2006-2011. | in hospitals, clostridium difficile infection (cdi) surveillance relies on unvalidated guidelines or threshold criteria to identify outbreaks. this can result in false-positive and -negative cluster alarms. the application of statistical methods to identify and understand cdi clusters may be a useful alternative or complement to standard surveillance techniques. the objectives of this study were to investigate the utility of the temporal scan statistic for detecting cdi clusters and determine if ... | 2014 | 24885351 |
| appendicectomy and clostridium difficile infection: is there a link? | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a gradually emerging healthcare problem in the western world, occurring predominantly from the de-arrangement of the gut microbiota and the widespread use of antibiotics. recently, it has been proposed that the presence or absence of the appendix could be a factor influencing the occurrence and/or the severity of cdi. we performed a review of the literature, aiming to identify and interpret in an accumulative way the results of the published clinical stud ... | 2014 | 24883147 |
| [contamination of healthcare workers hands with clostridium difficile spores after caring for patients with c. difficile infection.] | 2014 | 24878917 | |
| fatal spontaneous clostridium septicum gas gangrene: a possible association with iatrogenic gastric acid suppression. | the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors has been linked to an increased risk for the development of gastric polyps, hip fractures, pneumonia, and clostridium difficile colitis. there is evidence that chronic acid suppression from long-term use of proton pump inhibitors poses some risk for the development of c difficile-associated diarrhea by decreasing the elimination of pathogenic microbes before reaching the lower gastrointestinal tract. here we present a case of a 51-year-old woman with a ... | 2014 | 24878026 |
| genes encoding toxin of clostridium difficile in children with and without diarrhea. | the presence of gene 16s rrna and genes encoding toxin a (tcda), toxin b (tcdb), and binary toxin (cdta/cdtb) of clostridium difficile in stool samples from children with (110) and without (150) diarrhea was determined by using a taqman system. fifty-seven (21.9%) out of 260 stool samples harbored the 16s rrna gene. the genetic profile of tcda+/tcdb- and cdta+/cdtb+ was verified in one c. difficile-positive diarrhea sample and of tcda+/tcdb+ in three c. difficile-positive nondiarrhea samples. th ... | 2014 | 24876992 |
| risk of aki with gentamicin as surgical prophylaxis. | in 2009, the scottish government issued a target to reduce clostridium difficile infection by 30% in 2 years. consequently, scottish hospitals changed from cephalosporins to gentamicin for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. this study examined rates of postoperative aki before and after this policy change. the study population comprised 12,482 adults undergoing surgery (orthopedic, urology, vascular, gastrointestinal, and gynecology) with antibiotic prophylaxis between october 1, 2006, and septemb ... | 2014 | 24876113 |
| results from the first 12 months of the national surveillance of healthcare associated outbreaks in germany, 2011/2012. | in august 2011, the german protection against infection act was amended, mandating the reporting of healthcare associated infection (hai) outbreak notifications by all healthcare workers in germany via local public health authorities and federal states to the robert koch institute (rki). | 2014 | 24875674 |
| recent evolution of antibiotic resistance in the anaerobes as compared to previous decades. | evolution of antibiotic resistance in the anaerobes was reviewed using recent data covering 2000-2013 as compared to previous years. all studies reported growing moxifloxacin resistance in bacteroides/parabacteroides spp. in europe and usa and in clostridium difficile in europe. in half or more studies, the resistance rates in bacteroides/parabacteroides spp. to amoxicillin-clavulanate or ampicillin-sulbactam and clindamycin rose. in some studies, an increase in resistance was found in bacteroid ... | 2015 | 24875330 |
| cags and acs evidence based reviews in surgery. is a diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage an alternative to colectomy for the treatment of severe clostridium difficile-associated disease? | the term “evidence-based medicine” was first coined by sackett and colleagues as “the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.”1 the key to practising evidencebased medicine is applying the best current knowledge to decisions in individual patients. medical knowledge is continually and rapidly expanding. for clinicians to practise evidence-based medicine, they must have the skills to read and interpret the medic ... | 2014 | 24869615 |
| [clostridium difficile infecion--diagnostics, prevention and treatment]. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of an antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. frequency of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) increased in the last decade. this study presents current preventive measure i.e. hand washing, disposable gloves. additionally, the article presents diagnostic methods: detection glutamine dehydrogenase (gdh), toxins a and b, cytotoxicity neutralization test, polymerase chain reaction methods (pcr) i.e. nucleic acid amplification test (naat) and stool culture ... | 2014 | 24868904 |
| association between clostridium difficile infection and antimicrobial usage in a large group of english hospitals. | this study aimed to determine the association between the reduction in the number of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) cases reported by the english national health service (nhs) hospitals and concurrent antimicrobial use. | 2014 | 24868578 |
| gastrointestinal colonization with a cephalosporinase-producing bacteroides species preserves colonization resistance against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and clostridium difficile in cephalosporin-treated mice. | antibiotics that are excreted into the intestinal tract may disrupt the indigenous intestinal microbiota and promote colonization by health care-associated pathogens. β-lactam, or penicillin-type, antibiotics are among the most widely utilized antibiotics worldwide and may also adversely affect the microbiota. many bacteria are capable, however, of producing β-lactamase enzymes that inactivate β-lactam antibiotics. we hypothesized that prior establishment of intestinal colonization with a β-lact ... | 2014 | 24867962 |
| evaluation of dedicated infectious diseases pharmacists on antimicrobial stewardship teams. | patient care improvements and cost savings achieved by a large integrated health system through the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs (asps) at two hospitals are reported. | 2014 | 24865759 |
| effect of treatment variation on outcomes in patients with clostridium difficile. | new guidelines for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea were published by the infectious disease society of america (idsa) in 2010, however, there has been no literature evaluating the effectiveness of these guidelines. the purpose of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes of clostridium difficile infection including death, c difficile infection recurrence, toxic megacolon, and surgery between patients who received guideline-concordant therapy vs guideline-discorda ... | 2014 | 24862310 |
| surgical management of severe colitis in the intensive care unit. | severe colitis, an umbrella encompassing several entities, is one of the most common acute gastrointestinal disorders resulting in critical illness. clostridium difficile infection is responsible for the majority of nosocomial diarrhea with fulminant c difficile colitis (cdc) carrying a high mortality. optimal outcomes can be achieved by early identification and treatment of fulminant cdc, with appropriate surgical intervention when indicated. ischemic colitis, on the other hand, is uncommon wit ... | 2015 | 24859995 |
| fecal transplant for treatment of toxic megacolon associated with clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with duchenne muscular dystrophy. | clostridium difficile (c diff) colitis infection is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea and the prevalence is increasing worldwide. toxic megacolon is a severe complication of c diff colitis associated with high mortality. gastrointestinal (gi) comorbidity and impaired smooth muscle contraction are risk factors for the development of c diff-associated toxic megacolon. we present a case of fulminant c diff colitis with toxic megacolon in a patient with duchenne muscular dystro ... | 2016 | 24858336 |
| lactobacillus acidophilus modulates the virulence of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming, toxin-producing, anaerobic bacterium that colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract. this pathogen causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis in animals and humans. antibiotic-associated diseases may be treated with probiotics, and interest is increasing in such uses of probiotics. this study investigated the effect of lactobacillus strains on the quorum-sensing signals and toxin production of c. difficile. in addition, an in vivo experiment was ... | 2014 | 24856984 |
| species and genus level resolution analysis of gut microbiota in clostridium difficile patients following fecal microbiota transplantation. | clostridium difficile is an opportunistic human intestinal pathogen, and c. difficile infection (cdi) is one of the main causes of antibiotic-induced diarrhea and colitis. one successful approach to combat cdi, particularly recurrent form of cdi, is through transplantation of fecal microbiota from a healthy donor to the infected patient. in this study we investigated the distal gut microbial communities of three cdi patients before and after fecal microbiota transplantation, and we compared thes ... | 2014 | 24855561 |
| clinical and economic consequences of vancomycin and fidaxomicin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection in canada. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) represents a public health problem with increasing incidence and severity. | 2014 | 24855476 |
| timing and type of surgical treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease: a practice management guideline from the eastern association for the surgery of trauma. | clostridium difficile infection is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the united states; however, few patients will develop fulminant c. difficile-associated disease (cdad), necessitating an urgent operative intervention. mortality for patients who require operative intervention is very high, up to 80% in some series. since there is no consensus in the literature regarding the best operative treatment for this disease, we sought to answer the following:pico [population, intervention, co ... | 2014 | 24854320 |
| puerperal retroperitoneal abscess caused by clostridium difficile: case report and review of the literature. | retroperitoneal infection can be lethal. optimal management is still elusive to describe because of the small number of case reports. we presented here a case of retroperitoneal abscess caused by clostridium difficile arising in the puerperal period. | 2014 | 24853835 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in children with recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile eradication using fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been successful in adults but little information is available in pediatrics. we report 6 pediatric patients with refractory c. difficile cured by fmt with no recurrences to date. our results demonstrate that fmt can be an effective treatment for refractory c. difficile infection in pediatrics. long-term safety and efficacy need to be studied. | 2014 | 24853539 |
| serum bacterial toxins are related to the progression of inflammatory bowel disease. | inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), including crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc), is an autoimmune disease. disorder of intestinal microbes is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ibd. detection of bacterial toxins could become a new approach to judge the situation of this disease. | 2014 | 24853095 |
| asymptomatic clostridium difficile colonization as a reservoir for clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile (cd) infection (cdi) is the leading cause of healthcare associated diarrhea despite intense hospital infection prevention programs. a substantial proportion of the population is asymptomatically colonized with cd, and evidence is mounting that these individuals serve as a reservoir for cdi. the purpose of this review is to discuss the mechanisms by which individuals may harbor toxigenic cd but remain asymptomatic, the evidence that asymptomatically colonized individuals ser ... | 2014 | 24848084 |
| [clostridium difficile infections: update on new european recommendations]. | clostridium difficile infections: update on new european recommandations while metronidazole and vancomycin have been the only drug options to date for the treatment of c. difficile infection, new therapeutic approaches with promising results have recently emerged for the treatment of the first episode and relapses. fidaxomicin is a new macrocyclic antibiotic more active against c. difficile and with a narrow spectrum allowing preservation of the intestinal microbiota. while having the same effi ... | 2014 | 24843988 |
| the flagellin flic of clostridium difficile is responsible for pleiotropic gene regulation during in vivo infection. | clostridium difficile is the main agent responsible for hospital acquired antibiotic associated diarrhoea. in recent years, epidemic strains have emerged causing more severe infections. whilst c. difficile has two major virulence factors, toxins tcda and tcdb, it is generally accepted that other virulence components of the bacterium contribute to disease. previously, it has been suggested that flagella expression from pathogenic bacteria might be implicated in virulence. in a recent study, we ob ... | 2014 | 24841151 |
| managing clostridium difficile in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection has emerged as a significant clinical challenge for patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). c. difficile can both precipitate and worsen flares of ibd, contributing to emergent colectomies and mortality. advances in the management of c. difficile infection in ibd include recommendations for testing for this infection in the setting of clinical flare and hospitalization, improved diagnostic testing, identification of high rates of c ... | 2014 | 24838421 |
| a high-throughput small-molecule screen to identify a novel chemical inhibitor of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile, a highly drug-resistant gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, remains a leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea and antibiotic-associated colitis. clinically, only a handful of antibiotics are used for treating c. difficile infection (cdi), suggesting a necessity for the development of new treatment options. here we performed a high-throughput screen of 2000 drug-like compounds for inhibition of c. difficile. from this screen, one compound, 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroli ... | 2014 | 24837414 |
| the effect of pharmacy restriction of clindamycin on clostridium difficile infection rates in an orthopedics ward. | a high consumption of clindamycin was noted in an orthopedics ward with high rates of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we restricted clindamycin for the entire ward. a reduction of 88% in cdi (1.07 to 0.12 × 1,000 patients-days, p = .056) and 84% for all-cause diarrhea (2.40 to 0.38 × 1,000 patients-days, p = .021) was achieved. clindamycin was reduced 92.61% without an increase in other antibiotics. we identified high consumption of clindamycin as a risk factor for cdi. | 2014 | 24837129 |
| risk factors associated with clostridium difficile infection severity in hospitalized patients. | 2014 | 24837124 | |
| hospital clostridium difficile outbreak linked to laundry machine malfunction. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacillus that is associated with diarrheal disease. c difficile is shed in the feces of affected individuals and its spores can survive on surfaces for prolonged periods of time. these spores can contaminate a hospital environment by spread through health care workers and suboptimal environmental cleaning practices. we report an outbreak of health care facility-onset c difficile infection that was eventually linked to contaminated ... | 2014 | 24837118 |
| implementation and impact of ultraviolet environmental disinfection in an acute care setting. | multiple-drug-resistant organisms (mdros) and clostridium difficile (cd) are significant problems in health care. evidence suggests that these organisms are transmitted to patients by the contaminated environment. | 2014 | 24837107 |
| frequency of clostridium difficile among patients with gastrointestinal complaints. | in this study, the prevalence of c. difficile, from patients with gastrointestinal complaints and its association with other enteropathogen microbes were investigated. | 2011 | 24834184 |
| proton pump inhibitor use in hospitalized patients: is overutilization becoming a problem? | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) are among the most common classes of medications prescribed. though they were previously thought of as safe, recent literature has shown risks associated with their use including increased risk for clostridium difficile infection, pneumonia, and fractures. due to these risks, it is important to determine if ppis are being used appropriately. this review evaluates seven studies in hospitalized patients. additionally, this review evaluates literature pertaining to rec ... | 2012 | 24833936 |
| the role of the bacterial flagellum in adhesion and virulence. | the bacterial flagellum is a complex apparatus assembled of more than 20 different proteins. the flagellar basal body traverses the cell wall, whereas the curved hook connects the basal body to the whip-like flagellar filament that protrudes several µm from the bacterial cell. the flagellum has traditionally been regarded only as a motility organelle, but more recently it has become evident that flagella have a number of other biological functions. the major subunit, flagellin or flic, of the fl ... | 2013 | 24833223 |
| prevalence and in-hospital mortality trends of infections among patients with cirrhosis: a nationwide study of hospitalised patients in the united states. | data on bacterial infections in hospitalised patients in the us with cirrhosis are derived largely from single centre data. countrywide data in this population are lacking. | 2014 | 24832591 |
| transanal minimally invasive surgery for benign and malignant rectal neoplasia. | transanal minimally invasive surgery (tamis), an alternative technique to transanal endoscopic microsurgery, was developed in 2009. herein, we describe our initial experience using tamis for benign and malignant rectal neoplasia. | 2014 | 24832238 |
| intestinal microbiota transplantation: a case of crohn's colitis with superimposed clostridium difficile infection. | 2013 | 24831911 | |
| a different kind of "allogeneic transplant": successful fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent and refractory clostridium difficile infection in a patient with relapsed aggressive b-cell lymphoma. | 2015 | 24828871 | |
| use of bacillus subtilis pxn21 spores for suppression of clostridium difficile infection symptoms in a murine model. | clostridium difficile is the primary cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in healthcare centres of the developed world. only a few antibiotics are available for treatment, and relapses are common in patients undergoing antibiotic therapy. new approaches are required to reduce reliance on antibiotics, the use of which represents a primary risk factor for development of c. difficile infections. supplementation of the gut flora with probiotics represents a key area for producing more successful treatment ... | 2014 | 24828432 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in treating clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an increasingly common and severe international health problem. customary treatment of this infection, usually with antibiotics, is often ineffective and its recurrence is common. in recent years the treatment of recurrent or refractory cdi by the transfer of stool from an uninfected person, so called fecal "microbiota transplantation" has become recognized as effective and generally safe. the effectiveness of this novel treatment is incompletely defined ... | 2014 | 24825534 |
| fulminant clostridium difficile enteritis causing abdominal compartment syndrome. | clostridium difficile infection of the small bowel, or c. difficile enteritis (cde), is an uncommon condition. cases reported previously have been described in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), compromised immune systems, or a history of colectomy or small bowel surgery. | 2014 | 24824419 |
| analysis of clostridium difficile infections after cardiac surgery: epidemiologic and economic implications from national data. | clostridium difficile infections (cdis) have increased during the past 2 decades, especially among cardiac surgical patients, who share many of the comorbidity risk factors for cdi. our objectives were to use a large national database to identify the regional-, hospital-, patient-, and procedure-level risk factors for cdi; and determine mortality, resource usage, and cost of cdis in cardiac surgery. | 2014 | 24823282 |
| comparison of maldi-tof ms, gene sequencing and the vitek 2 for identification of seventy-three clinical isolates of enteropathogens. | this study was performed to evaluate the analytical and practical performance of the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) compared to the sequencing method and the vitek 2 system for identification of enteropathogens in the clinical microbiology laboratory. | 2014 | 24822116 |
| mechanism of action and epitopes of clostridium difficile toxin b-neutralizing antibody bezlotoxumab revealed by x-ray crystallography. | the symptoms of clostridium difficile infections are caused by two exotoxins, tcda and tcdb, which target host colonocytes by binding to unknown cell surface receptors, at least in part via their combined repetitive oligopeptide (crop) domains. a combination of the anti-tcda antibody actoxumab and the anti-tcdb antibody bezlotoxumab is currently under development for the prevention of recurrent c. difficile infections. we demonstrate here through various biophysical approaches that bezlotoxumab ... | 2014 | 24821719 |
| clinical characteristics of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea in a university hospital in china. | the purpose of this study was to identify clinical characteristics of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). a prospective study was conducted among patients hospitalized in fudan university hospital huashan from august 1, 2012 to july 31, 2013. toxigenic c. difficile isolates were characterized by pcr ribotyping and multilocus sequence typing. aad developed in 1.0 % (206/20437) of the antibiotic-treated hospitalized patients and toxigenic c. ... | 2014 | 24820293 |
| [saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in an elderly patient following probiotic treatment]. | saccharomyces cerevisiae, known as baker's yeast, is also used as a probiotic agent to treat gastroenteritis by modulating the endogenous flora and immune system. however, since there have been increasing reports of fungemia due to s.cerevisiae and its subspecies s.boulardii, it is recommended that probiotics should be cautiously used in immunosuppressed patients, people with underlying diseases and low-birth weight babies. to emphasize this phenomenon, in this report, a case of s.cerevisiae fun ... | 2014 | 24819274 |
| antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery. | research shows that administration of prophylactic antibiotics before colorectal surgery prevents postoperative surgical wound infection. the best antibiotic choice, timing of administration and route of administration remain undetermined. | 2014 | 24817514 |
| identification and characterization of glycoproteins on the spore surface of clostridium difficile. | in this study, we identify a major spore surface protein, bcla, and provide evidence that this protein is glycosylated. following extraction of the spore surface, solubilized proteins were separated by one-dimensional page and stained with glycostain to reveal a reactive high-molecular-mass region of approximately 600 kda. tandem mass spectrometry analysis of in-gel digests showed this band to contain peptides corresponding to a putative exosporangial glycoprotein (bcla3) and identified a number ... | 2014 | 24816601 |
| statins use and risk of mortality in patient with clostridium difficile infection. | current evidence suggests that statins may improve outcome in infectious diseases. this study aims to assess whether statins use is associated with reduced risk of 30-day mortality in clostridium difficile infection (cdi). using the computerized database of clalit, the largest healthcare provider in israel, we identified a cohort of adult subjects (age ≥40 years) who tested positive on a c. difficile toxin assay performed between january 2011 and december 2012. subjects were defined as current s ... | 2014 | 24816303 |
| efficacy of surotomycin in an in vitro gut model of clostridium difficile infection. | we investigated the efficacy of the cyclic lipopeptide surotomycin in treating clindamycin-induced clostridium difficile infection (cdi) using an in vitro gut model. | 2014 | 24816211 |
| funding healthcare-associated infection research: a systematic analysis of uk research investments, 1997-2010. | healthcare-associated infections (hcais) are a cause of high health and economic burden in the uk. the number of hcai research studies funded in the uk, and the associated amount of investment, has not previously been analysed. | 2014 | 24815767 |
| hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infections: estimating all-cause mortality and length of stay. | clostridium difficile is a health care-associated infection of increasing importance. the purpose of this study was to estimate the time until death from any cause and time until release among patients with c. difficile, comparing the burden of those in the intensive care unit (icu) with those in the general hospital population. | 2014 | 24815305 |
| clostridium difficile spore biology: sporulation, germination, and spore structural proteins. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming obligate anaerobe and a major nosocomial pathogen of worldwide concern. owing to its strict anaerobic requirements, the infectious and transmissible morphotype is the dormant spore. in susceptible patients, c. difficile spores germinate in the colon to form the vegetative cells that initiate clostridium difficile infections (cdi). during cdi, c. difficile induces a sporulation pathway that produces more spores; these spores are responsible ... | 2014 | 24814671 |
| colonic marbling in clostridium difficile pancolitis. | 2014 | 24814091 | |
| expert panel evaluation of health information technology effects on adverse events. | adverse events (aes) among hospitalized patients occur frequently and result in significant sequelae. federal policy is incentivizing health information technology (hit) use, although research demonstrating safety benefits from hit is mixed. our objective was to evaluate the potential effects of hit on reducing 21 different inpatient aes. identifying aes most likely to be reduced by hit can inform the design of future studies evaluating its effectiveness. | 2014 | 24813820 |
| clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with clostridium difficile infection diagnosed by pcr versus a three-step algorithm. | clinical features of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) detected by pcr, but not by conventional methods, are poorly understood. we compared the clinical features of cdi cases detected by pcr only and cases detected by both pcr and a three-step algorithm. we performed a retrospective cohort study of patients fulfilling a standardized definition over a 13-month period. stool specimens were tested in parallel by pcr and an algorithm based on enzyme immunoassay and cytotoxicity assay (eia/cca). ... | 2014 | 24813402 |
| response to p. destrez concerning g.j. hughes et al.: impact of cleaning and other interventions on the reduction of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infections in two hospitals in england assessed using a breakpoint model. | 2014 | 24811116 | |
| clostridium difficile as a cause of healthcare-associated diarrhoea among children in auckland, new zealand: clinical and molecular epidemiology. | we aimed to determine the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), the molecular epidemiology of circulating c. difficile strains and risk factors for cdi among hospitalised children in the auckland region. a cross-sectional study was undertaken of hospitalised children <15 years of age in two hospitals investigated for healthcare-associated diarrhoea between november 2011 and june 2012. stool specimens were analysed for the presence of c. difficile using a two-step testing algorithm ... | 2014 | 24810967 |
| clostridium difficile spores: a major threat to the hospital environment. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, anaerobic spore former and is an important nosocomial and community-acquired pathogenic bacterium. c. difficile infections (cdi) are a leading cause of infections worldwide with elevated rates of morbidity. despite the fact that two major virulence factors, the enterotoxin tcda and the cytotoxin tcdb, are essential in the development of cdi, c. difficile spores are the main vehicle of infection, and persistence and transmission of cdi and are thought to ... | 2014 | 24810347 |
| relative incidences and outcomes of clostridium difficile infection following transplantation of unrelated cord blood, unrelated bone marrow, and related peripheral blood in adult patients: a single institute study. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of nosocomial diarrhea. the incidence and prognosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has not yet been assessed in adult patients after unrelated cord blood transplantation (ucbt). | 2014 | 24810244 |
| clostridium difficile phages: still difficult? | phages that infect clostridium difficile were first isolated for typing purposes in the 1980s, but their use was short lived. however, the rise of c. difficile epidemics over the last decade has triggered a resurgence of interest in using phages to combat this pathogen. phage therapy is an attractive treatment option for c. difficile infection, however, developing suitable phages is challenging. in this review we summarize the difficulties faced by researchers in this field, and we discuss the s ... | 2014 | 24808893 |
| a review of the economics of treating clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a costly result of antibiotic use, responsible for an estimated 14,000 deaths annually in the usa according to the centers for disease control and prevention. annual costs attributable to cdi are in excess of $us 1 billion. this review summarizes appropriate utilization of prevention and treatment methods for cdi that have the potential to reduce the economic and humanistic costs of the disease. some cost-effective strategies to prevent cdi include screen ... | 2014 | 24807468 |
| ulcerative colitis worsened after clostridium difficile infection: efficacy of infliximab. | the incidence of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi) is 1.8%-5.7% in admitted patients with ulcerative colitis (uc). cdi can worsen uc and increase the risk for colectomy or even death, thus necessitating therapy escalation, such as increasing the corticoid therapy or starting a biologic treatment. several reported cases with infliximab therapy have provided favorable outcomes in uc patients with cdi, suggesting that infliximab treatment may be protective; however, the optimal i ... | 2014 | 24803831 |
| microbiome data distinguish patients with clostridium difficile infection and non-c. difficile-associated diarrhea from healthy controls. | antibiotic usage is the most commonly cited risk factor for hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infections (cdi). the increased risk is due to disruption of the indigenous microbiome and a subsequent decrease in colonization resistance by the perturbed bacterial community; however, the specific changes in the microbiome that lead to increased risk are poorly understood. we developed statistical models that incorporated microbiome data with clinical and demographic data to better understand w ... | 2014 | 24803517 |
| urinary tract infections: leading initiatives in selecting empiric outpatient treatment (utilise). | overuse of fluoroquinolone antibiotics is associated with outbreaks of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and increasing resistance in gram-negative organisms. over the past decade, resistance of escherichia coli to ciprofloxacin has increased in the regina qu'appelle health region. in august 2011, an exploratory audit of the regina general hospital (rgh) emergency department showed that 20% of new antibiotic orders were for fluoroquinolo ... | 2014 | 24799721 |
| real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of asymptomatic clostridium difficile colonization and rising c. difficile-associated disease rates. | to evaluate the accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) detection, after hospital cdad rates significantly increased following real-time pcr initiation for cdad diagnosis. | 2014 | 24799643 |
| strategies to prevent clostridium difficile infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. | 2014 | 24799639 | |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile pcr-ribotype 027 and it's closely related pcr-ribotype 176 in hospitals in poland in 2008-2010. | since 2003, a rising incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in north america and europe has coincided with outbreaks of c. difficile pcr ribotype 027. this ribotype was not observed in poland until 2008. in the period 2008-2010, outbreaks of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea occurred in three different hospitals in poland. of 30 c. difficile isolates available for microbiological characterisation, 17 (56%) were positive for binary toxin genes and belonged to pcr ribotype 027 (n = 7) an ... | 2014 | 24799338 |
| vancomycin, metronidazole, or tolevamer for clostridium difficile infection: results from two multinational, randomized, controlled trials. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a common complication of antibiotic therapy that is treated with antibiotics, contributing to ongoing disruption of the colonic microbiota and cdi recurrence. two multinational trials were conducted to compare the efficacy of tolevamer, a nonantibiotic, toxin-binding polymer, with vancomycin and metronidazole. | 2014 | 24799326 |
| editorial commentary: the trials and tribulations of treating clostridium difficile infection-one step backward, one step forward, but still progress. | 2014 | 24799325 | |
| surotomycin demonstrates low in vitro frequency of resistance and rapid bactericidal activity in clostridium difficile, enterococcus faecalis, and enterococcus faecium. | surotomycin (cb-183,315) is an orally administered, minimally absorbed, selective bactericidal cyclic lipopeptide in phase 3 development for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. the aim of this study was to evaluate the emergence of resistance in c. difficile (atcc 700057 and three recent clinical isolates from the restriction endonuclease analysis groups bi, bk, and k), vancomycin-susceptible (vs) enterococcus faecalis (atcc 49452), vancomycin-resistant (vr) e. faecalis ( ... | 2014 | 24798273 |
| impact of a change in antibacterial prophylaxis on bacteremia and hospitalization rates following outpatient autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. | levofloxacin is routinely used for the prevention of invasive bacterial infections during autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (apbsct). however, increasing rates of bacterial sepsis were noted at our institution among multiple myeloma (mm) patients undergoing outpatient apbsct with melphalan-based chemotherapy and levofloxacin prophylaxis. we assessed the impact of a change in antibacterial prophylaxis from oral levofloxacin (period 1) to sequential oral levofloxacin followed b ... | 2014 | 24797543 |
| practical approaches to probiotics use. | probiotics are microorganisms exerting beneficial effects on the host. they can be ingested through foods or supplements and their inclusion in these products is regulated in canada by the health canada health products and food branch. the aim of this article is to summarize current evidence from randomized controlled trials and guidelines from health canada, the world health organization, and internationally recognized expert committees in the hope that it will help practitioners and profession ... | 2014 | 24797031 |
| fecal microbial therapy: promises and pitfalls. | a rapidly expanding range of diverse human diseases is now associated with perturbations to the gastrointestinal microbiome. fecal microbial transplant (fmt) has been used with high rates of efficacy to treat gastrointestinal microbiome perturbation associated with recurrent clostridium difficile infection, and is now being considered for other indications. here we discuss the gut microbiome, review published and ongoing studies using fmt as a treatment modality for human disease, consider the r ... | 2014 | 24796803 |
| real-time polymerase chain reaction correlates well with clinical diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | to determine the clinical utility of a rapid molecular assay for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in an acute hospital setting. | 2014 | 24795170 |
| clostridium difficile colonization and disease in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. | there was an increase in the clostridium difficile infection (cdi) rate in our bone marrow transplantation unit. to evaluate the role of unit-based transmission, c. difficile screening was performed on adult patients admitted for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) over a 2-year period, and c. difficile isolates were typed. c. difficile testing was performed using a 2-step c. difficile glutamate dehydrogenase antigen plus toxin a/b enzyme immunoassay (eia) and cytotoxin assay (or mole ... | 2014 | 24792871 |
| fecal transplant for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in children with and without inflammatory bowel disease. | ten children at our institution received single-infusion fecal microbiome transplant (fmt) using healthy, related screened donor stool to treat recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) via nasogastric tube (2 patients) or colonoscopic delivery. nine of the 10 (90%) children had resolution of their symptoms after a single-infusion fmt with follow-up of 1 month to 4 years. no concerning related adverse events were recognized during short- or long-term follow-up. three of these children had ... | 2014 | 24792627 |
| clinical and microbiological characterization of clostridium difficile infection in a tertiary care hospital in shanghai, china. | over the last decade, clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has emerged as a significant nosocomial infection, yet little has been reported from china. this study aimed to characterize the clinical and microbiological features of cdi from a hospital in shanghai. | 2014 | 24791861 |
| evaluation of a rapid membrane enzyme immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of glutamate dehydrogenase and toxin for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | we evaluated the new c. diff quik chek complete (cd complete; techlab, usa), which is a rapid membrane enzyme immunoassay that uses a combination of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) antigen and toxin a and b detection. a total of 608 consecutive loose stool specimens collected from the patients with suspected clostridium difficile infection (cdi) from august to december 2012 were subjected to the cd complete and vidas clostridium difficile a & b (vidas cdab; biomérieux, france). their performances ... | 2014 | 24790912 |
| antibodies for treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | antibodies for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) have been demonstrated to be effective in the research and clinical environments. early uncertainties about molecular and treatment modalities now appear to have converged upon the systemic dosing of mixtures of human igg1. although multiple examples of high-potency monoclonal antibodies (mabs) exist, significant difficulties were initially encountered in their discovery. this minireview describes historical and contemporary m ... | 2014 | 24789799 |
| comparison of planktonic and biofilm-associated communities of clostridium difficile and indigenous gut microbiota in a triple-stage chemostat gut model. | biofilms are characteristic of some chronic or recurrent infections and this mode of growth tends to reduce treatment efficacy. clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is associated with a high rate of recurrent symptomatic disease. the presence and behaviour of c. difficile within intestinal biofilms remains largely unexplored, but may factor in recurrent infection. | 2014 | 24788662 |
| the prevalence of clostridium difficile infection in pediatric and adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | adults with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) have a high prevalence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). cdi in children with ibd may differ from adults. we aim to compare the prevalence of cdi in hospitalized pediatric and adult ibd patients and patients without ibd. | 2014 | 24788321 |
| essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of angelica archangelica l. (apiaceae) roots. | in this paper, the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of angelica archangelica l. (apiaceae) roots from central italy were analyzed. the major constituents of the oil were α-pinene (21.3%), δ-3-carene (16.5%), limonene (16.4%) and α-phellandrene (8.7%). the oil shows a good antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, enterococcus faecalis, eubacterium limosum, peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and candida albicans with minimum ... | 2014 | 24788027 |
| high colonization rate and prolonged shedding of clostridium difficile in pediatric oncology patients. | surveillance testing for clostridium difficile among pediatric oncology patients identified stool colonization in 29% of patients without gastrointestinal symptoms and in 55% of patients with prior c. difficile infection (cdi). a high prevalence of c. difficile colonization and diarrhea complicates the diagnosis of cdi in this population. | 2014 | 24785235 |
| editorial commentary: clostridium difficile in pediatric oncology patients: more questions than answers. | 2014 | 24785232 | |
| clostridium difficile infection diagnosis in a paediatric population: comparison of methodologies. | the increasing incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in paediatric hospitalised populations, combined with the emergence of hypervirulent strains, community-acquired cdi and the need for prompt treatment and infection control, makes the rapid, accurate diagnosis of cdi crucial. we validated commonly used c. difficile diagnostic tests in a paediatric hospital population. from october 2011 to january 2012, 150 consecutive stools were collected from 75 patients at a tertiary paediatric ... | 2014 | 24781004 |
| a prospective study of community-associated clostridium difficile infections: the role of antibiotics and co-infections. | this prospective study was performed to determine the incidence, risk factors, severity and outcomes of community-associated clostridium difficile infection (ca-cdi) in the se of scotland. | 2014 | 24780765 |
| the role and influence of gut microbiota in pathogenesis and management of obesity and metabolic syndrome. | the obesity epidemic has drastically impacted the state of health care in the united states. aside from poor diet hygiene and genetics, there are many other factors thought to play a role in the emergence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. there has been a paradigm shift toward further investigating the gut microbiota and its implications in the pathogenesis of a variety of disease states, including inflammatory bowel disease, clostridium difficile, and most recently obesity and the metaboli ... | 2014 | 24778627 |
| changes in the incidence of health care-associated pathogens at a university hospital from 2005 to 2011. | data on health care-associated infections (hais) outside of intensive care units (icu) are scarce. we assessed hospital-wide changes in the incidence of health care-associated pathogens by infection site and by service between 2005 and 2011. | 2014 | 24775560 |
| outcomes of a ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle on rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia and other health care-associated infections in a long-term acute care hospital setting. | long-term trends in ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) rates, and other health care-associated infections, were examined prior to, during, and after introduction of a vap bundle in a long-term acute care hospital setting. vap incidence rate declined in a step-wise fashion and reached a null value. incidence rates of bacteremia from any cause declined in a similar fashion. the incidence rates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus colonization or in ... | 2014 | 24773791 |
| environmental cleaning resources and activities in canadian acute care hospitals. | environmental cleaning interventions have increased cleaning effectiveness and reduced antibiotic-resistant organisms in hospitals. this study examined cleaning in canadian acute care hospitals with the goal of developing strategies to improve cleaning and reduce antibiotic-resistant organism rates. | 2014 | 24773787 |
| international typing study of clostridium difficile. | we report the results of an international clostridium difficile typing study to cross reference strain designations for seven typing methodologies and facilitate inter-laboratory communication. four genotypic and three phenotypic methods were used to type 100 isolates and compare the results to 39 pcr ribotypes identified among the collection. | 2014 | 24768986 |
| chemoprophylaxis of clostridium difficile infections in high-risk hospitalized patients. | 2014 | 24768812 |