Publications

the growth of treponema hyodysenteriae and other porcine intestinal spirochaetes in a liquid medium.	a new simple method for the preparation of a liquid medium containing rabbit serum for the propagation of treponema hyodysenteriae and other porcine intestinal spirochaetes is described. the medium, when dispensed in shallow layers and sealed under 10 per cent co2 in nitrogen, had a redox potential not greater than -125mv and an initial ph of about 6.9 when buffered with bicarbonate. growth of t hyodysenteriae developed more rapidly and viable counts reached higher levels at 42 degrees c than at ...	1979	42126
comparison of antigenic properties among various strains of treponema hyodysenteriae.	agglutinin-absorption and precipitin-absorption studies demonstrated that three strains of treponema hyodysenteriae isolated from cases of swine dysentery were antigenically different from each other and also from a spirochete isolated from a clinically normal dog. each of the strains of t. hyodysenteriae also possessed two common antigens.	1979	95077
[isolation of treponemas from the colon of pigs with clinical dysentery].	optimal culture conditions in artificial nutritive media were determined for a defined avirulent strain of treponema hyodysenteriae and for four field strains of treponemas in pigs with clinical dysentery. the treponemas were isolated with the use of milliporous filters with pores of 0.3 micrometer in diameter, which were located on the surface of blood agar. no significant difference in the influence of equine, bovine or sheep blood on the growth of treponemas was determined. the commercial amo ...	1979	105448
[comparison of the suitability of phase-contrast and immunofluorescence technics in the laboratory diagnosis of porcine dysentery].	immunofluorescence technique, compared with the method of phase contrast, does not appear to be better for laboratory diagnostics of swine dysentery because neither of these methods can be used for distinguishing between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of treponemas. the number of treponemas contained in faeces should still be considered to be the main criterion in laboratory diagnostics. in clinically healthy pigs from stocks which never suffered from dysentery treponemas were found only i ...	1979	105449
serotypes of beta-hemolytic treponema hyodysenteriae.	cultures form 13 isolates of pathogenic, beta-hemolytic treponema hyodysenteriae from 11 geographically separate outbreaks and 2 experimentally induced cases of swine dysentery were lyophilized and extracted with hot phenol-water. the resulting water phases were examined serologically with antisera produced in rabbits against whole-cell bacterins of the 13 isolates for evidence of antigenic classes within the species. water-phase antigens gave precipitin reactions with homologous antisera. resul ...	1979	115788
partial purification of a specific antigen of treponema hyodysenteriae.	a specific antigen of pathogenic treponema hyodysenteriae was extracted from lyophilized cells of isolant b169 with hot phenol-water, isolated, and semipurified by starch block electrophoresis.	1979	118931
scanning electron microscopy of the lesions of swine dysentery.	thirty weanling pigs were examined by scanning electron microscopy at various time intervals after oral inoculation with crude colon contents from pigs affected with dysentery. the earliest recognizable change was a corrugated appearance of the mucosal surface of the large intestine. large spirochetes, morphologically similar to treponema hyodysenteriae, were first observed within the crypts of lieberkühn where they seemed to proliferate onto the luminal surface. then mucus, fibrin, erythrocyte ...	1976	131500
selective medium for isolation of treponema hyodysenteriae.	pure cultures of six pathogenic isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae, the colonic mucosal scrapings of seven pigs with acute swine dysentery, and feces from seven unaffected pigs were diluted in phosphate-buffered saline and plated on trypticase soy agar with 5% citrated bovine blood (tsa) and tsa with various levels of spectinomycin (tsa-s). the plates were incubated at 42 degrees c in a vented gaspak jar with a cold palladium catalyst and either 80:20 h2-co2 by evacuation and refilling or a h2 ...	1976	134043
parenteral immunization of pigs against infection with treponema hyodysenteriae.	six intravenous injections of formalin-inactivated treponema hyodysenteriae were given to 8 specific-pathogen-free pigs at 6-day intervals. the 8 vaccinated and 8 control pigs were challenged intragastrically with pure cultures of t hyodysenteriae 7 and 8 days after the last intravenous injection. clinical signs of swine dysentery were observed in all 8 control pigs, but was observed in only 1 of the immunized pigs. three control pigs died. these findings suggest that parenteral immunization wit ...	1978	148230
in vivo and in vitro susceptibility of treponema hyodysenteriae to carbadox before and after repeated in vitro passage in sublethal concentrations of drug.		1978	249133
a study of swine dysentery by immunofluorescence and histology.	twenty-six specific-pathogen-free pigs were fed pure cultures of treponema hyodysenteriae. five untreated pigs were controls. distribution of this large spirochete in pigs with swine dysentery was shown by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. findings by this method were compared with those from dark-field examination of colonic mucosal scrapings and from tissue sections. the cultures caused mucohemorrhagic colitis which by 10 days after inoculation was indistinguishable from the colitis ...	1977	335630
diagnosis of swine dysentery using an absorbed fluorescent antiserum.	the specifity of a direct fluorescent antibody test for the detection of pathogenic treponema hyodysenteriae associated with swine dysentery was improved by absorbing the original conjugated serum with a non pathogenic treponeme.	1977	335634
genetics of treponema: characterization of treponema hyodysenteriae and its relationship to treponema pallidum.	saturation reassociation assays with 125i-labeled treponemal dnas show that treponema hyodysenteriae is genetically unrelated to t. pallidum (nichols), t. phagedenis biotype reiter, and t. refringens biotype noguchi. pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates of t. hyodysenteriae exhibited 28% sequence homology and had an extremely low guanine-plus-cytosine content (25.8%).	1978	365767
prevalence of treponema hyodysenteriae in healthy pigs.		1979	389007
sensitivity in vitro to dimetridazole of treponemes associated with swine dysentery.	the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of dimetridazole (dmz) against treponema hyodysenteriae (55 isolates) obtained over the period 1974-77 from individual pigs with swine dysentery from 41 herds where dmz had been in use was determined. the mic was less than or equal to 5.0 microgram per ml for 54 of the isolates and differences in the distribution of mics between the annual sampling periods were not significant (p less than 0.05). there was no decrease in sensitivity of t hyodysenteriae ...	1979	433115
[effect of sodium ribonucleate on the growth and the hemolytic activity of treponema hyodysenteriae].	liquid cultures of different strains of treponema hyodysenteriae, when supplemented with sodium ribonucleate show an increase in the hemolytic activity titers while the number of colony forming units remain constant.	1979	437027
studies on the pathogenesis of swine dysentery. i. characterization of the lesions in colons and colonic segments inoculated with pure cultures or colonic content containing treponema hyodysenteriae.	swine dysentery was induced in pigs and in ligated colonic segments by inoculation of pure cultures of, or colonic contents containing, treponema hyodysenteriae. the mildest changes, best seen in ligated segments 48 or 72 hours after inoculation, were congestion and leucocytic margination in mucosal capillaries and depletion of mucigen from goblet cells lining the base of the crypts of lieberkühn. superficial mucosal necrosis and crypt cell hyperplasia were later changes. perfusion studies with ...	1979	452320
in vitro attachment of treponema hyodysenteriae to mammalian epithelial cells.	the interaction between treponema hyodysenteriae and isolated swine intestinal epithelial cells or mouse adrenal cells in culture was examined. studies were performed in which treponemes were incubated with each type of anomal cell in an atmosphere of 5% co2 in air. coincubation was terminated at various time intervals, and the percentage of treponemal attachment evaluated by light microscopy. the extent of attachment was dependent on both incubation time and temperature. the mechanism of attach ...	1979	455154
in vitro activity of 39 antimicrobial agents against treponema hyodysenteriae.	the in vitro activities of 39 antimicrobial agents against 23 isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae, the majority of which were field isolates, were determined by the agar dilution technique. quinoxalines, pleuromutilin, nitroimidazoles, and nitrofuran were the most active. their activities ranged from </=0.10 to 1.56 mug/ml. lincomycin, penicillins, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, cephalosporins, three peptides (virginiamycin, thiopeptin, and bacitracin), and one aminoglycoside (gentamicin) exhi ...	1979	464566
studies on the pathogenesis of swine dysentery. ii. search for a cytotoxin in spirochetal broth cultures and colon content.	broth cultures of treponema hyodysenteriae and colonic content from pigs with swine dysentery were tested for cytotoxicity in cell cultures, erythrocyte suspensions and in ligated segments of pig colon. live cells of t. hyodysenteriae attached to the surface of cells in all cultures tested but did not penetrate them nor cause morphologic change detectable by light microscopy. only live t. hyodysenteriae caused erythrolysis. broth cultures or colonic content sterilized by filtration or by disrupt ...	1979	473487
experimental infection in mice with treponema hyodysenteriae.	nineteen of 22 female mice (cf1 strain) inoculated intragastrically with treponema hyodysenteriae developed cecal and colonic lesions consisting of catarrhal inflammation, edema, and occasional hemorrhage.	1979	489130
a disc growth-inhibition test for differentiating treponema hyodysenteriae from other intestinal spirochaetes.	a disc growth-inhibition (gi) test was developed for differentiating treponema hyodysenteriae from other intestinal spirochaetes. tests with antisera against six spirochaetes, including two strains of t hyodysenteriae revealed four serological types among the six strains. the two strains of t hyodysenteriae represented one type. the test was specific in that there were no cross-reactions between the four types. using antisera to two strains of t hyodysenteriae, it was possible to distinguish 11 ...	1979	505906
comparison of selective culture and serologic agglutination of treponema hyodysenteriae for diagnosis of swine dysentery.	samples of faeces and of serum were collected from pigs of various ages on 21 farms. faecal samples were cultured on trypticase soy agar containing 5 per cent citrated bovine blood and 400 micrograms per ml spectinomycin, incubated at 42 degrees c in gaspak jars under an atmosphere of 80 per cent hydrogen: 20 per cent carbon dioxide. antibody titres to treponema hyodysenteriae were determined by a microtitration agglutination method using merthiolate-inactivated whole cell antigen prepared from ...	1979	516340
pathological observation on experimental swine dysentery.	experimental swine dysentery caused by 4 cultured strains (s73/2, dj183, dj70 and dk762) of treponema hyodysenteriae was studied pathologically. the distribution and quantity of treponemes were examined on tissue sections stained by the warthin-starry method. of the organs the colon contained the largest number of treponemes and the cecum and rectum the second largest number. histopathological lesions were restricted to the large intestine. they ranged from mild catarrhal colitis in the mild cas ...	1979	522890
immunity to swine dysentery in recovered pigs.	the immune status of 29 pigs recovered from swine dysentery (sd) was evaluated after reexposure to treponema hyodysenteriae. pigs which had recovered from sd and remained asymptomatic for 4 to 6, 9 to 13, and 16 to 17 weeks after initial inoculation were reexposed to 1.5 x 10(9) viable cells of t hyodysenteriae per pig. pigs which had recovered from sd were not shedding t hyodysenteriae, as determined by selective cultural examination of feces, before they were reexposed. of 29 pigs reexposed to ...	1979	525852
pathogenic synergism between treponema hyodysenteriae and other selected anaerobes in gnotobiotic pigs.	gnotobiotic pigs were orally exposed to various anaerobes at 6 to 9 days of age and similarly inoculated with treponema hyodysenteriae b204 3 to 6 days later. watery diarrhea and fecal excretion of large quantities of mucus and some fibrin clots were observed 4 to 20 days after inoculation with b204 if other anaerobes were present. colonic lesions characteristic of swine dysentery were observed when b204 was present with fusobacterium necrophorum, three strains of bacteroides vulgatus, a clostri ...	1979	528047
experimental infection of rabbit ligated ileal loops with treponema hyodysenteriae.	an in vivo animal model was used to assess the enteropathogenicity of the etiological agent (treponema hyodysenteriae) of swine dysentery. multiple ligated ileal loops, prepared in new zealand white rabbits, were challenged with either pathogenic (b78 and b204) or nonpathogenic (pu) isolates of the organism. the pathogenic isolates induced the onset of intestinal fluid accumulation as early as 4 h, with maximal fluid induction at 18 h postchallenge. gross lesions of the intestinal mucosa, observ ...	1979	575109
induction of swine dysentery with a pure culture of treponema hyodysenteriae in vitamin e and selenium deficient pigs.		1977	596333
isolation of treponema hyodysenteriae from sources other than swine.	fecal samples were collected from animals and environments on 3 swine farms and cultured for treponema hyodysenteriae. each farm was a farrow-to-finish operation and, at the time of sampling, swine dysentery was enzootic among 8- to 22-week-old pigs. pathogenic t hyodysenteriae was isolated from pigs on all 3 farms. on farm a, nonpathogenic t hyodysenteriae was isolated from a sample of lagoon water. on farm b, pathogenic t hyodysenteriae was isolated from a waste-holding pit. on farm c, a dog w ...	1978	624667
swine dysentery: studies of gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with treponema hyodysenteriae, bacteroides vulgatus, and fusobacterium necrophorum.	transmission experiments were carried out in gnotobiotic pigs to determine whether lesions typical of swine dysentery could be produced by oral inoculation of treponema hyodysenteriae in combination with bacteroides vulgatus or fusobacterium necrophorum, or both. each of the organisms had been isolated from swine with early lesions of the disease. lesions were not found in 6 pigs inoculated with t hyodysenteriae alone, in 4 pigs given f necrophorum and t hyodysenteriae, or in 4 pigs given b vulg ...	1978	624669
transmission of swine dysentery by carrier pigs.	swine dysentery (sd) was transmitted to healthy pigs by contact with experimentally-induced carrier pigs. carrier pigs were produced by exposure of specific pathogen-free (spf) swine to swine acutely affected with sd. when carrier pigs became acutely affected with sd, they were allowed to recover naturally or were treated with dimetridazole or ronidazole. recovery was based on disappearance of clinical signs of sd. at a given time after recovery, normal spf swine were housed with the carriers in ...	1978	666087
a bacteriophage for treponema hyodysenteriae.		1978	685100
factors affecting the survival of treponema hyodysenteriae in dysenteric pig faeces.	treponema hyodysenteriae was found to survive for periods of up to 48 days in dysenteric pig faeces stored at temperatures between 0 degree c and 10 degree c inclusive. survival was reduced to seven days at 25 degree c and did not exceed 24 hours at 37 degree c. dilution 1:10 with tapwater appeared to enhance survival to a maximum of 61 days at 5 degree c but further dilution reduced it. drying and exposure to disinfectants rapidly eliminated t hyodysenteriae from dysenteric faeces. phenolic and ...	1978	685104
enteropathogenicity testing of treponema hyodysenteriae in ligated colonic loops of swine.	multiple, ligated loops of swine colon were used as an in vivo model in which to test enteropathogenicity of isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae. gross and microscopic lesions observed in 21 of 22 colonic loops in pigs killed 48 to 72 hours after inoculation with isolates known to be enteropathogenic were characteristic of swine dysentery. these lesions were not observed in 12 loops exposed to uninoculated media or in 12 loops inoculated with nonpathogenic isolates of t hyodysenteriae. the swin ...	1978	697136
microtitration agglutination for detection of treponema hyodysenteriae antibody.	a microtitration agglutination test for the detection of treponema hyodysenteriae antibody in swine and rabbit sera is described. the following methods provided the best test results: antigen produced from the spirochete after a culturing period of 36 to 44 h at 38 degrees c, washed antigen inactivated with 0.01% merthiolate at 4 degrees c for 24 to 36 h, sera heated at 56 degrees c for 30 min, a diluent of phosphate-buffered saline (0.01 m, ph 7.2), and test results read macroscopically after 1 ...	1978	701465
experimental infection with treponema hyodysenteriae in guinea pigs.	outbred and inbred (hartley strain) guinea pigs (gp) were inoculated intragastrically with pathogenic and nonpathogenic treponema hyodysenteriae. gp 3 to 16 weeks old received t. hyodysenteriae after a fasting period of 36 to 72 h. infected gp with pathogenic t. hyodysenteriae developed a diarrheal and/or depressive condition, with mucus but not blood in the feces. of 88 gp, 40 had gross lesions resembling those of swine dysentery. lesions were limited mainly to the large intestine. tp used as c ...	1978	730345
in vitro susceptibility of treponema hyodysenteriae to carbadox, virginiamycin, and tylosin.		1976	782006
enteropathogenicity of various isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae.	isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae from 25 geographically separated outbreaks of swine dysentery were tested for their ability to produce the disease. clinical signs and lesions typical of acute swine dysentery were produced in 52 of 68 (75%) susceptible specific pathogen-free pigs that had been orally inoculated with pure cultures of 23 of 25 beta-hemolytic isolates. in addition, 13 weakly beta-hemolytic isolates of nondysentery origin with morphology similar to t. hyodysenteriae did not prod ...	1977	844908
isolation of treponema hyodysenteriae from feces of pigs affected with swine dysentery by use of a medicated medium.		1977	854087
swine dysentery: inoculation of gnotobiotic pigs with treponema hyodysenteriae and vibrio coli and a peptostreptococcus.	pure cultures of treponema hyodysenteriae given orally to conventional pigs resulted in the development of swine dysentery, whereas identical cultures given to gnotobiotic pigs did not produce the disease. oral inoculation of gnotobiotic pigs with vibrio coli and/or a peptostreptococcus in addition to t. hyodysenteriae did not result in dysentery. neutralization of gastric secretions with nahco3 immediately prior to inoculation with t. hyodysenteriae increased the period during which treponemes ...	1977	907906
passive hemolysis test for antibody to treponema hyodysenteriae.	swine were infected orally with pure cultures of treponema hyodysenteriae, and the humoral antibody response was measured by a passive hemolysis test (passive hemagglutination test with the use of complement). antibody to t. hyodysenteriae was detected as early as 1 week and later on at 4 months after exposure. however, peak serum titers were obtained after challenge at 4 weeks postinfection. the usefulness of the test as a potential diagnostic tool for antibody to t. hyodysenteriae is discussed ...	1976	992870
activity of various compounds against a pathogenic strain of treponema hyodysenteriae.	a test method for in vitro investigations of chemotherapeutics against a pathogenic strain of treponema hyodysenteriae is described. the sensitivity of this organism against various compounds especially against the pleuromutilin derivative 81723 hfu, a new antibiotic, was evaluated.	1976	998032
diagnosis of swine dysentery: spirochaetes which may be confused with treponema hyodysenteriae.	spirochaetes, designated pws, microscopically resembling treponema hyodysenteriae, were isolated from the colon contents of pigs with post-weaning scours from three herds, which on clinical and epidemiological grounds were thought to be free from swine dysentery. one of the isolates was fed to pigs experimentally but no evidence of disease was noted. their cultural characteristics differed from those of t hyodysenteriae but they were similar to those of a non-pathogenic spirachaete (4/71) which ...	1976	1014306
swine dysentery: protection of pigs by oral and parenteral immunisation with attenuated treponema hyodysenteriae.	an attenuated strain of treponema hyodysenteriae was used to immunise 18 pigs in three experiments. live attenuated spirochaetes were dosed orally and injected intra-peritoneally, and killed spirochaetes were injected intramuscularly with adjuvant. the vaccinated pigs, which developed high serum agglutination titres against t hyodysenteriae, and 18 unvaccinated litter-mates were repeatedly challenged with virulent t hyodysenteriae. nine vaccinated pigs and 16 control pigs developed typical swine ...	1976	1030823
the direct fluorescent antibody test for the detection of treponema hyodysenteria in pigs.	a direct fluorescent antibody technique for the detection of treponema hyodysenteriae in faeces and bowel smears from pigs produced a better preparation than the indirect method and also had the advantages that it took less time, produced less non-specific fluorescnece and gave direct control over the availability of the reagents used.	1975	1098120
survival of certain pathogenic organisms in swine lagoon effluent.	six pigs from a closed herd with no evidence or history of salmonellosis or swine dysentery were fed effluent from an anaerobic lagoon on a farm where salmonellosis and swine dysentery were enzootic. salmonella saint-paul was isolated from the effluent and fromthe feces and certain tissues of the pigs. clinical signs typical of swine dysentery and enteric shedding of large numbers of spirochetes with the characteristics of treponema hyodysenteriae were noted in 5 of the 6 pigs.	1975	1133078
the possibility that campylobacter (vibrio) coli and treponema hyodysenteriae are both involved in swine dysentery.		1975	1139284
swine dysentery: pathogenicity of treponema hyodysenteriae.	when pure cultures of treponema hyodysenteriae were orally inoculated into pigs, severe disease characteristic of swine dysentery developed. less severe lesions were produced by oral inoculation of infective minced colon. noninoculated pigs were used as controls. inoculations of surgically isolated porcine colonic loops with either pure cultures or infective minced colon produced lesions only in the injected loop; the adjacent noninjected colon remained normal. pigs and other experimental animal ...	1975	1147363
the isolation of a treponema hyodysenteriae-like organism associated with swine dysentery in norway.		1975	1180192
molecular characterization of serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae isolates representing serotypes 8 and 9.	the study described here was carried out to further characterize reference strains of serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae representing serotypes 8 and 9. results obtained from restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, enteropathogenicity testing, and endotoxin profiles confirmed their identifications. electron microscopy indicated that both strains were covered with a thin layer of capsule-like material. immunoblot analysis indicated that an antigen in the 19-kda region of proteinase k ...	1992	1280646
morphologic analysis of enteric lesions in conventional and streptomycin-treated inbred c3h/hen mice infected with serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae.	oral administration of streptomycin is known to enhance the susceptibility of mice to enteric pathogens by altering the indigenous flora. we examined the effect of oral streptomycin treatment on the susceptibility of inbred c3h/hen mice to infection with serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae. a total of 56 mice were randomly divided into four groups (a-d) of 14 each. from days 0 to 7, mice in groups a and b received streptomycin in their drinking water and mice in groups c and d served as control ...	1992	1316514
characterization of dutch porcine serpulina (treponema) isolates by restriction endonuclease analysis and dna hybridization.	genomes of 55 dutch porcine serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae and non-pathogenic serpulina isolates were characterized by restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) and dna hybridization. the dutch porcine isolates were compared with american type culture collection (atcc) strains of s. hyodysenteriae and s. innocens and isolates of s. hyodysenteriae with known serotypes (reference strains). rea of the dutch s. hyodysenteriae isolates resulted in two main patterns, while the non-pathogenic isola ...	1992	1328472
characterization of serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae and related intestinal spirochetes by ribosomal rna gene restriction patterns.	serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae strain a-1 partially purified rrna, labelled with photobiotin, was used as a non-radioactive probe to identify the rrna gene restriction patterns of s. hyodysenteriae strains and other spirochetes. sau3a restriction enzyme digests resulted in similar rrna gene restriction patterns in s. hyodysenteriae strains from five different countries. some s. hyodysenteriae strains could be differentiated by variations in their rrna gene restriction patterns after cleava ...	1992	1354196
the serological grouping system for serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae.	lipopolysaccharide from serostrains of serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae for serogroups a to i was characterized using sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. all strains had lipopolysaccharide components ranging from 10 to 16 kda that represented lipid a-core polysaccharide regions, and short o-antigen side chain were also recognized in certain immunoblots. serological reactions between lipopolysaccharide and antisera against each of these serostrains w ...	1992	1397114
virginiamycin susceptibility of serpulina hyodysenteriae, in vitro and in vivo.		1992	1441115
virulent serpulina hyodysenteriae from a pig in a herd free of clinical swine dysentery.		1992	1441137
spirochete chemotaxis, motility, and the structure of the spirochetal periplasmic flagella.	spirochetes have a unique motility system that is characterized by flagellar filaments contained within the outer membrane sheath. direct evidence using video microscopy has recently been obtained which indicates that these periplasmic flagella (pf) rotate in several spirochetal species. this rotation generates thrust. as shown for one spirochete, spirochaeta aurantia, motility is driven by a proton motive force. spirochete chemotaxis has been most thoroughly studied in s. aurantia. this spiroch ...	1992	1475520
interaction of spirochetes with the host.	the success of an invading organism must depend on several cytoplasmic, surface-associated and secreted factors. the technical difficulties in handling pathogenic spirochetes like treponema pallidum and borrelia burgdorferi have made it difficult to define specific factors involved in entry and long-term survival. the problem of defining virulence factors has been attacked by several strategies: t. pallidum secretes a number of immunogenic low molecular mass proteins. the most predominant are of ...	1992	1475523
a camp-like phenomenon in serpulina (treponema) spp.	a camp-like phenomenon was observed in 40 serpulina (treponema) isolates from the intestines of pigs, dogs, mice and rats. the strains examined included reference strains of the serotypes 1-4 of serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae and serpulina (treponema) innocens. the possible pathogenic importance of this phenomenon is discussed.	1992	1486230
the periplasmic flagella of serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae are composed of two sheath proteins and three core proteins.	the major components of the periplasmic flagella of the spirochaete serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae strain c5 were purified and characterized. we demonstrate that the periplasmic flagella are composed of five major proteins (molecular masses 44, 37, 35, 34 and 32 kda) and present their location, n-terminal amino acid sequence and immunological relationship. the 44 kda and the 35 kda protein are on the sheath of the periplasmic flagellum, whereas the 37, 34 and 32 kda protein reside in the p ...	1992	1487733
comparison of six commercially available transport media for maintenance of serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae.	two anaerobic (a1 and a2), 1 selective (s1), and 3 conventional (c1, c2, and c3) transport media formulations were compared for their capacity to maintain the viability of serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae. initial experiments compared the recovery of s. hyodysenteriae from pure cultures held in each transport medium for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days at -40 c, 4 c, 25 c, and 36 c. subsequent experiments compared each transport medium for maintenance of s. hyodysenteriae in fecal specimens obtai ...	1992	1515490
monoclonal antibodies to a 16-kda antigen of serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced to an outer-envelope preparation from serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae, the aetiological agent of swine dysentery. three mabs (isotype igg1) were obtained. all three recognised a 16-kda antigen that was common to most strains of s. hyodysenteriae of different serotypes but was absent from nonpathogenic, porcine intestinal spirochaetes. immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling studies showed that the 16-kda antigen was exposed on the surface of in ...	1992	1518039
cp-82,009, a potent polyether anticoccidial related to septamycin and produced by actinomadura sp.	a new polyether antibiotic cp-82,009 (c49h84o17) was isolated by solvent extraction from the fermentation broth of actinomadura sp. (atcc 53676). following purification by column chromatography and crystallization, the structure of cp-82,009 was elucidated by spectroscopic (nmr and ms) methods. the absolute stereochemistry was determined by a single crystal x-ray analysis of the corresponding rubidium salt. cp-82,009 is among the most potent anticoccidial agents known, effectively controlling th ...	1992	1577662
a serological survey to determine the prevalence of infection with treponema hyodysenteriae in western australia.	a serological survey to detect antibody titres against treponema hyodysenteriae was conducted on pigs from 106 herds in western australia. titres indicating a positive result in the tests were determined by examining 400 sera from 4 herds known to be free of swine dysentery, and sera from immunised or experimentally infected pigs. samples of serum from 40 bacon-weight pigs from each of the 106 herds were then collected at 2 abattoirs. each serum was tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays ( ...	1992	1605788
cloning and dna sequence analysis of a serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae gene encoding a periplasmic flagellar sheath protein.	a serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae expression library was constructed in vector lambda zap and screened with a polyclonal antiserum raised against s. hyodysenteriae periplasmic flagella. a single immunoreactive plaque was chosen for further analysis. the recombinant phage from this plaque contained a gene encoding the 44-kda protein that is on the outer layer (or sheath) of the periplasmic flagella. dna sequence analysis showed that the gene encodes a protein of 320 amino acids. the protein ...	1992	1612759
serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in pigs using an axial filament enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the axial filament (af) from leptospira interrogans serovar canicola was isolated by cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of 2% sarcosyl treated whole cells. isolation of af was confirmed by electron microscopic examination, by protein-a immunogold labelling, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), and immunoblotting. analysis by sds-page of the purified preparation showed relatively weak bands of molecular size 41 kda and 21 kda, and strong bands of 35 ...	1992	1615635
inactivation of a serpula (treponema) hyodysenteriae hemolysin gene by homologous recombination: importance of this hemolysin in pathogenesis in mice.		1992	1624107
typing of australian isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae by serology and by dna restriction endonuclease analysis.	a total of 91 isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae which were obtained from 62 piggeries located around australia were typed by serology and by dna restriction endonuclease analysis (rea). the isolates fell into eight serogroups, of which groups b and d were the most common. isolates with different rea patterns were recognised within serogroups, whilst a few isolates with the same rea pattern were placed into different serogroups. some of the latter isolates were either from the same piggery or ...	1992	1626376
a 16-kilodalton lipoprotein of the outer membrane of serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae.	serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae p18a and vs1 were extracted by using the detergent triton x-114 and separated into detergent and aqueous phases. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western immunoblot analysis confirmed that a membrane-associated 16-kda antigen was hydrophobic, since it was found in the detergent phase. a 45-kda antigen partitioned into the aqueous phase, suggesting that it was hydrophilic and may be of periplasmic origin. when spirochetes were grow ...	1992	1639479
an enhanced murine model for studies of serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae pathogenesis.	a defined diet was used to increase the susceptibility of mice to serpulina hyodysenteriae. balb/cbyj, c3h/hen, and c3h/hej mice, when fed the defined diet 7 to 14 days prior to and throughout the challenge period, consistently showed higher incidences of disease than mice maintained on normal rodent chow. the use of this defined diet will increase the consistency of in vivo studies following infection with s. hyodysenteriae in the mouse model.	1992	1639511
molecular cloning and characterization of dna from human intestinal spirochetes.	hindiii cleaved human intestinal spirochete genomic dna was cloned into the plasmid vector pbluescript. the inserts from three of these clones (prb.c33, prb.c47 and prb.f11) successfully hybridized with dna from the nine human intestinal spirochetes used in this study. the fourth insert (from clone prb.a8) failed to hybridize with dna from two of these isolates (hrm4 and hrm9), and, all four of the inserts hybridized with the m1 strain of swine intestinal spirochete treponema innocens. hybridiza ...	1992	1644136
detection and identification of treponema hyodysenteriae by using oligodeoxynucleotide probes complementary to 16s rrna.	oligodeoxynucleotide probes (17 and 28 bases long) complementary to a unique region of treponema hyodysenteriae 16s rrna were developed. these probes bound specifically to partially purified rrna and whole-cell rrna of t. hyodysenteriae. no binding to partially purified rrna or whole-cell rrna of treponema innocens, treponema succinifaciens, treponema bryantii, or escherichia coli occurred under stringent conditions. the 28-base probe was 5 to 10 times more sensitive than the 17-base probe when ...	1990	1704013
reclassification of treponema hyodysenteriae and treponema innocens in a new genus, serpula gen. nov., as serpula hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and serpula innocens comb. nov.	the intestinal anaerobic spirochetes treponema hyodysenteriae b78t (t = type strain), b204, b169, and a-1, treponema innocens b256t and 4/71, treponema succinifaciens 6091t, and treponema bryantii rus-1t were compared by performing dna-dna reassociation experiments, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell proteins, restriction endonuclease analysis of dna, and 16s rrna sequence analysis. dna-dna relative reassociation experiments in which the s1 nuclease method was used ...	1991	1704792
cloning and expression of a serpula (treponema) hyodysenteriae hemolysin gene.	serpula (treponema) hyodysenteriae, the etiologic agent of swine dysentery, produces a hemolysin which is thought to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. we report the cloning, sequencing, and expression of a hemolysin gene (tly) from s. hyodysenteriae b204. a puc19 gene bank of strain b204 was constructed in the escherichia coli k-12 strain dh5 alpha, and hemolytic recombinants were identified by plating the library on blood agar plates. from the hemolytic recombinants, a ...	1992	1730486
comparison of six different culture media for isolation of treponema hyodysenteriae.	fecal material from pigs experimentally infected with treponema hyodysenteriae was collected and inoculated on six different selective media to compare their abilities for recovery of t. hyodysenteriae. additionally, various types of samples were compared to find the most appropriate for submitting material to laboratories. isolation rates for t. hyodysenteriae were 89.7% on bj medium, 88.3% on tsa-bj medium, 76.6% on svc medium, 76.6% on ba2-bj medium, 75.2% on ba2-svc medium, and 52.4% on tsa- ...	1992	1734063
proposal to change the genus designation serpula to serpulina gen. nov. containing the species serpulina hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and serpulina innocens comb. nov.	the bacterial genus serpula stanton et al. 1991 is illegitimate due to the existence of a fungal genus serpula pers. ex s. f. gray. consequently, a new genus designation, serpulina, is proposed for this spirochete genus. serpula hyodysenteriae, the type species, and serpula innocens stanton et al. 1991, therefore, become serpulina hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and serpulina innocens comb. nov.	1992	1736966
microscopic agglutination: a rapid test for identification of treponema hyodysenteriae.		1991	1746104
serotyping of canadian isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae and description of two new serotypes.	a total of 30 isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae collected in the saint-hyacinthe (quebec, canada) area were serotyped by agar gel double immunodiffusion by using extracted lipopolysaccharide and hyperimmune rabbit antisera. only 17% (5 of 30) of the isolates were typed with antisera specific for each of the seven known serotypes of t. hyodysenteriae. antisera raised against 11 untypeable local isolates were then produced and tested against each lipopolysaccharide extract. results showed two s ...	1991	1757550
novel method for measuring growth of treponema hyodysenteriae and its application for monitoring susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents.	a microdilution assay method was developed to determine mics of antibiotics for treponema hyodysenteriae and to estimate the bacterial burden of mice colonized by this swine pathogen. hemolysis of bovine erythrocytes in broth was correlated with growth of the spirochete, and growth inhibition by drugs could be determined by measuring hemolysis. mics of 10 antibiotics for eight clinical isolates of t. hyodysenteriae measured by this method were similar to values obtained by an agar dilution metho ...	1991	1759821
evaluation of the an-ident system and an indole spot test for the rapid differentiation of porcine treponemes.	the an-ident strip system (analytab products inc., st-laurent, quebec, canada) was evaluated for its ability to differentiate treponema hyodysenteriae from treponema innocens. of the 20 tests included on this strip, 15 yielded identical results for the two species. among the other five assays, none could be considered as a positive discriminator for the two species. however, when an indole spot test with 1% p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde was used in parallel, all reference strains and 97% of the ...	1991	1761697
increased proportion of antigen-specific antibody-producing hybridomas following an in vitro immunization with in vivo immunized mouse spleen cells.	development of murine monoclonal antibodies to weakly immunogenic antigens was accomplished by combining both in vivo and in vitro immunizations. following immunization of mice with treponema hyodysenteriae outer membrane antigens, manduca sexta apolipoproteins, and drosophila melanogaster dna polymerase, respectively, a significant increase in percentage of antibody-producing hybrids were identified when immune spleens were subjected to an in vitro immunization prior to fusion with sp2/0 myelom ...	1991	1816073
in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of australian isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae.		1991	1839652
characterization of borrelia coriaceae antigens with monoclonal antibodies.	three monoclonal antibodies (f6f3, f6b11, and f6b3) were developed against borrelia coriaceae antigens. all three antibodies appeared to be specific for this species and did not cross-react with borrelia burgdorferi (strains b31 and irs), borrelia hermsii, borrelia anserina, leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, or treponema hyodysenteriae, as determined by indirect fluorescent antibody staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western immunoblot analysis. only one of these antibodies, f ...	1991	1855995
susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to infection with serpula (treponema) hyodysenteriae.	several inbred strains of mice were inoculated with serpula (treponema) hyodysenteriae b204 to determine susceptibility to infection. challenge doses of 10(7) or 10(8) spirochetes induced cecal lesions in c3h/hej mice and other c3h strains of mice. however, more than a 100-fold difference existed between the dose required to induce lesions in 50% of the infected c3h/hej mice (8.3 x 10(7)) and that required to induce them in 50% of the infected c3h/hen mice (5 x 10(5)). c3h/hej mice lack a spleno ...	1991	1879934
use of a whole chromosomal probe for identification of treponema hyodysenteriae.	a whole chromosomal dna probe labelled with photobiotin was used in a dot blot hybridisation to identify dna from isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae, the aetiological agent of swine dysentery. the probe was evaluated using dna from 13 isolates of t hyodysenteriae and 13 isolates of non-t hyodysenteriae spirochaetes recovered from pigs. the initial test had both a sensitivity and specificity of 92.3 per cent, although when it was repeated the specificity fell to 84.6 per cent. the test was help ...	1991	1882134
analysis of outer membrane ultrastructure of pathogenic treponema and borrelia species by freeze-fracture electron microscopy.	we analyzed the outer membrane (om) ultrastructure of four pathogenic members of the family spirochaetaceae by freeze fracture. the om of treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue contained a low intramembranous particle concentration, indicating that it contains few om transmembrane proteins. the concave om fracture faces of treponema hyodysenteriae and borrelia burgdorferi contained dense populations of particles, typical of gram-negative organisms. a relatively low concentration of particles which w ...	1991	1885536
slide-agglutination for rapid serological typing of treponema hyodysenteriae.	a slide agglutination (sa) test was developed to determine the serogroup of isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae of serogroups a to f. rabbit antisera which are normally used for serogrouping t. hyodysenteriae in an agarose gel double-diffusion precipitation test (agdp) were not suitable for sa because they agglutinated isolates from more than one serogroup. the agglutination reaction was made serogroup-specific by cross-absorbing the typing sera for serogroups a to f with whole treponemes from ...	1991	1904826
identification of treponema hyodysenteriae and treponema innocens using two four-hour identification systems.	two 4-hour identification systems, the rapid-anaii (innovative diagnostic systems) and the ani card (vitek systems), were used to identify isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae and t. innocens. twenty-one isolates of t. innocens and 53 isolates of t. hyodysenteriae were tested with both systems. with the ani system, alpha-galactosidase was the only test that differentiated the two species. with the rapid-anaii system, alpha-galactosidase and indole tests allowed differentiation of the two species ...	1991	1911990
phylogenetic analysis of the spirochetes.	the 16s rrna sequences were determined for species of spirochaeta, treponema, borrelia, leptospira, leptonema, and serpula, using a modified sanger method of direct rna sequencing. analysis of aligned 16s rrna sequences indicated that the spirochetes form a coherent taxon composed of six major clusters or groups. the first group, termed the treponemes, was divided into two subgroups. the first treponeme subgroup consisted of treponema pallidum, treponema phagedenis, treponema denticola, a thermo ...	1991	1917844
role of intestinal excretion in the effect of subcutaneously administered sedecamycin on cecal infection caused by treponema hyodysenteriae in mice.	the therapeutic effects of subcutaneously administered sedecamycin on experimental treponema hyodysenteriae infection in mice were evaluated. sedecamycin was more active than tiamulin and lincomycin. the efficacy of sedecamycin upon subcutaneous administration was similar to that upon oral administration. sedecamycin given subcutaneously provided similar degrees of protection in bile duct-ligated and intact mice. pharmacokinetic studies utilizing a liquid chromatographic technique were carried o ...	1991	1929332
application and evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting for detection of antibodies to treponema hyodysenteriae in swine.	an enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) has been developed to detect serum immunoglobulin antibodies g and m to treponema hyodysenteriae in vaccinated, experimentally infected and naturally infected swine. naturally infected swine gave elisa titres that were similar to experimentally infected swine, but were significantly less than the titres of vaccinated swine. when serum from naturally infected swine was used to probe nitrocellulose blots of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophor ...	1991	1936151
isolation of treponema hyodysenteriae from a wild rat living on a piggery.		1991	1953567
a cytotoxic haemolysin from treponema hyodysenteriae--a probable virulence determinant in swine dysentery.	the haemolysin from a virulent strain of treponema hyodysenteriae was extracted and injected into ligated loops of the ileum and colon of germ-free pigs. it caused severe epithelial damage, especially to the differentiated cells at the tips of the villi in the ileum and the cells in the intercrypt zones of the colon; goblet cells were less affected. the changes in the colon were similar to those seen in natural cases of swine dysentery. the ligated loop offers a means of investigating pathogenic ...	1991	1990146
minimal inhibitory concentrations of five antimicrobials against treponema hyodysenteriae and treponema innocens.	the minimal inhibitory concentrations of carbadox, dimetridazole, lincomycin, ronidazole, and tiamulin against isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae and treponema innocens were determined by an agar-dilution method. the results obtained indicated that tiamulin was the most effective antimicrobial in vitro against t. hyodysenteriae, followed by carbadox. dimetridazole, lincomycin, and ronidazole had poor efficacy in vitro against the t. hyodysenteriae isolates. isolates of t. innocens were more se ...	1990	2095283
serological grouping of treponema hyodysenteriae.	two australian isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae which did not fit within the current serological grouping system for these bacteria were examined by agarose gel double immunodiffusion tests (agdp). isolate vic1 was serologically unique, and we propose that it becomes the type organism for a new sixth serological group of t. hyodysenteriae (group f). isolate q1 was unusual in that lipopolysaccharide (lps) extracted from it reacted strongly in agdp with serum raised against the type organism f ...	1990	2116974
new serogroups of treponema hyodysenteriae (g, h and i).		1990	2126408
role of bacteroides uniformis in susceptibility of ta:cf# 1 mice to infection by treponema hyodysenteriae.	among the various strains and colonies of mice tested specific-pathogen-free (spf) ta:cf#1 mice exhibited the highest susceptibility to treponema hyodysenteriae infection. staphylococcus epidermidis 1047, streptococcus faecalis 2039, lactobacillus murinus 3010, escherichia coli 1049, and bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 3008 were administered to the ta:cf#1 mice. b. uniformis ik, which appeared to colonize in the breeding facility under spf conditions, was isolated from the cecal content of a ta:cf# ...	1990	2148089
diarrhea induced by treponema hyodysenteriae: a young chick cecal model for swine dysentery.	the experimental infection of 25 young chicks with treponema hyodysenteriae was carried out. treponemes were isolated from 21 of 25 chicks on day 21 after inoculation. the ceca of chicks infected with treponemes were atrophied. the lumen was filled with a white watery fluid instead of digested feed. in some infected chicks, a cecal core was observed with the fluid in the cecum. the cecal core was grayish, hard, and rod shaped. it consisted of eroded cells and debris of treponemes and resembled t ...	1990	2205578
biochemical and immunochemical characterisation of strains of treponema hyodysenteriae.	the protein composition of 18 clinical isolates of treponema hyodysenteriae from pigs with swine dysentery in australia were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and immunoblot analysis. coomassie blue stained sds-page-profiles of whole cell and outer membrane (om) proteins demonstrated the same gel pattern among the t. hyodysenteriae isolates, particularly the om proteins in the molecular mass (mr) range of 30 kda to 40 kda. the t. hyodysenteriae isol ...	1990	2219663
effect of treponema hyodysenteriae infection on mucosal mast cells and t cells in the murine cecum.	the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the development of lesions in swine and mice after infection with treponema hyodysenteriae have not been fully characterized. the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells has been postulated to play a role in lesion development during swine dysentery. therefore, c3h/hen mice were infected with t. hyodysenteriae, and mucosal mast cell (mmc) numbers were examined in cecal sections. an initial increase in mmc numbers from 13 to 22 per 50 crypt vill ...	1990	2294059