Publications

genetic and anthropological studies in the human adaptability section of the international biological programme.	in the u.k. contribution to the h.a. (human adaptibility) section of i.b.p., genetic and anthropological studies have focused on three concerns. first, attempts have been made in a number of investigation to gain additional descriptive information about the genetic compostition of the world's populations. concentrating on blood groups, blood enzymes, serum proteins and other polmorphic markers important gaps have been filled in our knowledge of the geographical paterns of human variation and of ...	1976	8800
geochemistry and health in the united kingdom.	before the 1960s, comparisons between the distribution of trace elements in the environment and health in the united kingdom were primarily confined to ad hoc studies in areas associated with particular agricultural disorders or with unusual human mortality or morbidity records. more recently, increasing interest in the importance of trace elements in crop and animal production and in the hazards of environmental pollution have created a need for more systematic geochemical data. geochemical rec ...	1979	43529
human gene mapping 5. edinburgh conference (1979). fifth international workshop on human gene mapping.		1979	44241
comparison of the specificity of human and bovine tuberculin ppf for testing cattle. 3. national trial in great britain.	a field trial on a country-wide basis was undertaken to compare the specificity for bovine tuberculosis of single and comparative tuberculin tests in cattle using either weybridge human or weybridge bovine ppd. the tests were made on 10,305 cattle in 179 herds distributed throughout all regions of england, scotland and wales. results showed that a comparative tuberculin test using avian ppd with either human or bovine ppd had a much higher efficiency than a single injection of mammalian tubercul ...	1975	47752
towards a new understanding of john hunter.		1978	75348
human toxocara infection in west of scotland.		1978	78086
lower-solute milks and reduction of hypernatraemia in young glasgow infants.		1979	90929
gonorrhea in the homosexual man: frequency of infection by culture site.	the aims of this study were determine the frequencies of infection with neisseria gonorrhoeae at various sites in homosexual men who were attending clinics for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in central scotland and to appraise the diagnostic tests used. specimens for culture were taken from the urethra, pharynx, and anorectum of every homosexual man in the study. when the first cultures of pharyngeal and rectal specimens were negative, these cultures were repeated twice at weekly int ...	1978	105412
virus-induced papillomas of the alimentary tract of cattle.	an abattoir survey was carried out to determine the incidence and aetiology of squamous papillomas of the alimentary tract of cattle in scotland and north england as they were suspected of being involved in the genesis of alimentary carcinoma in certain localized geographical areas. a total of 7,746 cattle of a wide age range was examined. various subsets of this number were subjected to analyses of certain specific factors. the calculated overall incidence was 19% and the detailed site incidenc ...	1978	212374
nurses and the law - 5. the mental health act.		1978	248731
antibodies and the aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964. ii. coombs', complement fixation and fimbrial agglutination tests.	in a previous paper (brodie, 1977) the value of the widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever was shown to be limited. evaluation of possible alternative tests showed that: (1) the sensitivity of the anti-human globulin (coombs') test appeared greater than that of the agglutination test but the length of time (48 h) before results were available rendered it of little value in rapid diagnosis: (2) the complement fixation test offered no particular help towards diagnosis; (3) immunized and non- ...	1977	269194
the man behing the name: sir charles bell 1774-1842.		1977	323822
lung transplantation update.	this review has indicated that there is decreased activity in research of experimental lung transplantation and a virtual cessation of lung transplants in man. several groups are continuing active research in various aspects of the lung transplantation problems, but it is suspected that a greater effort will be required before transplantation of the lung will become commonplace for human patients. in the appendix attached to the bibliography, we have attempted to identify groups of investigators ...	1977	331604
the donation and transplantation of kidneys: should the law be changed?	it is now eighteen years on since the human tissue act 1961, but this legislation is still unchanged in england, scotland and wales. ian kennedy, in this paper, lays before us the law as it is, the problems of its interpretation and his opinion of what government should be doing to help clarify the situation and remove some of the problems which exist daily for the doctors who face the dilemma of seeking consent for transplants at the moment of extreme grief for the surviving spouses or relative ...	1979	372528
persistence of a specific pseudomonas infection in a large general hospital.	of at least 37 strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa distinguishable by their pyocine production, type 10 is noteworthy for its relative rarity and its virulence to man. opportunistic infections by this organism occurring in a single hospital over 8 years are described, and its ecology discussed with reference to its possible control.	1977	402023
stool viruses in babies in glasgow. i. hospital admissions with diarrhoea.	stools from 183 babies under 2 years of age admitted to ruchill hospital with diarrhoea were examined by electron microscopy, virus culture, bacterial culture and light microscopy. as far as possible, several stools were examined from each patient and the results showed rotaviruses, astroviruses and other viruses in association with symptoms, as well as the expected bacterial pathogens. examination of several stools from the same patient also showed that in this age group the viral flora of the ...	1977	403233
the evolution of a course in human sexuality university of edinburgh, 1972-1978.	a short undergraduate course in human sexuality has been developed over a period of 7 years. the objectives, initially concerned with cognitive learning, shifted to affective aspects of the topic, introduced through a format of sexually explicit films and small-group discussions. continuing evaluation of successive courses by students has been particularly valuable in identifying helpful and unhelpful behaviour in group leaders, and has been used in their training. the evaluations also demonstra ...	1979	537534
babesiosis in man: a case from scotland.		1979	573650
babesiosis in man.		1979	574790
single radial haemolysis: a survey of antibody titres in the highland region of scotland to recent strains of influenza a.	the single radial haemolysis test is conveniently practical and economical and promises to have wide applicability in the study of influenza antibodies in human populations. it can also be adapted for preliminary examination of new virus isolates during epidemics. using this test a rather higher proportion of the population in the highland region of scotland were found to possess antibody to a recent epidemic strain of influenza (a/scotland/74) than was the case in the south of england. antibody ...	1978	621377
bovine cysticercosis storm following the application of human slurry.		1978	644852
tourist hepatitis in the west of scotland.	during the 6-year period (1971-76) 971 patients were admitted with acute viral hepatitis to different infectious units in the west of scotland. of these, 30 (3%) patients had tourist hepatitis. the majority (80%) acquired the infection in the subcontinents of africa and india or other tropical countries. the clinical spectrum of the illness in these patients ranged from mild to fulminant hepatitis. fifteen patients were specifically asked about their immunisation history prior to their travel an ...	1978	675233
precipitating antibodies to cellular antigens in sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and other organ and nonorgan-specific autoimmune diseases.	the prevalence of three precipitating antibodies, anti-ss-a anti-ss-b, and rheumatoid arthritis precipitin (rap), reacting with an extract of the human lymphoid cell line wil2, was studied in the sicca syndrome, sjögren's syndrome with rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, various seronegative spondyloarthritides, and organ and nonorgan-specific autoimmune disease. anti-ss-a and snti-ss-b occurred most frequently in the sera of patients with the sicca syndrome whereas rap occurred most fre ...	1978	686858
natural challenge of subjects vaccinated with wrl 105 strain live influenza vaccine in a residential community.	in the spring of 1975 an outbreak of influenza associated with influenza virus a/scotland/840/74 virus occurred in a residential college where the previous autumn some students had been immunised with a single intranasal dose of recombinant wrl 105 (h3n2) (a/okuda/57xa/finland/4/74) strain live attenuated infleunza virus vaccine. during the outbreak none of seven students who had been vaccinated suffered from influenza but an influenzal illness did occur in four of eleven who had received placeb ...	1976	782969
society, self, and mind in moral philosophy: the scottish moralists as precursors of symbolic interactionism.	many of the concepts central to symbolic interactionism were anticipated by the eighteenth century scottish moralists. the symbolic-interactionist and scottish moralist orientations both hold that society alone engenders uniquely human qualities, self-arises through sympathetic interaction, and mind and self reconstruct their environments. george h. mead's conception of though as internal dialogue between the "i" and "me" aspects of the self and his notion of the "generalized other" were foresha ...	1976	801143
human mitochondrial malic enzyme variants: properties of the different polymorphic forms.	1. the human mitochondrial malic enzyme polymorphism was found to exist in the scottish population with similar allele frequencies to those reported previously for caucasian populations. 2. the mitochondrial malic enzyme variants mem1, mem2-1 and mem2 which form the polymorphism have been separated from the cytoplasmic malic enzyme and partially purified by deae sephadex chromatography. 3. the properties of the three mitochondrial malic enzyme variants were examined. no differences were found be ...	1977	921213
efficacy of live attenuated influenza a/scotland/74 (h3n2) virus vaccine against challenge with influenza a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2) virus.	for evaluation of heterologous protection by live attenuated influenza virus vaccine, 42 healthy volunteers with low titers of or no antibody to a/scotland/74 (h3n2) and a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2) influenza viruses were given live attenuated a/scotland/74 (h3n2) virus vaccine or placebo by the intranasal route with no resultant vaccine-related illness. seventeen of 21 vaccine recipients and none of 21 placebo recipients developed antibody conversion. thirty-seven days after administration of vaccin ...	1977	925382
epidemiology of human brucellosis.		1976	941010
c- and q-band polymorphisms in the chromosomes of three human populations.	the incidence of the various classes of c-band and q-band polymorphisms on ten pairs of chromosomes in the human complement have been investigated in three scottish populations, two from the mainland (newborn and 14 year olds) and one, of individuals over 65 years, from an island in the outer hebrides. although there is an overall similarity between the populations, there are some differences, especially with the island group. for all populations, over 90% of the c-band size variants fall within ...	1976	962326
the mineral dust load of human lungs.	studies of the dust content of lungs from non-industrially exposed city dwellers have shown that many people build up during life a total dust load of 2 grammes or more. this dust load may include up to 17 x 10(6) mineral fibres large enough to be visible with the light microscope and 360 x 10(8) fibres visible only by electron-microscopy. all lungs examined contained a small percentage of fibres that appeared structurally similar to chrysotile asbestos. it was found that the total dust content ...	1976	1016872
the effects of selection and human preference on coat colour gene frequencies in urban cats.	in an attempt to examine the possibility of selection on domestic cats populations in the urban environment, a number of surveys were conducted in four contrasting areas of glasgow--two near either extreme of western, industrial socioeconomic status. the first survey was in the form of a questionnaire to inhabitants enquiring of preference for a particular phenotype. this survey revealed a consistent preference for lighter phenotypes in all areas. the incidence of cat ownership was greatest in t ...	1975	1060609
a survey of the benefits and risks in the practice of radiology.	the findings from both animal and human studies on the radiation risk at low doses and low dose rates are far from conclusive, primarily due to statistical limitations. however, to arrive at some estimate of radiation risk, a conservative approach has been taken, and a linear extrapolation of radiation effects from high doses to low doses has been made. thus, it is assumed that any exposure to radiation carries some risk of somatic or genetic damage and that there is no threshold or safe dose. i ...	1975	1097189
the natural history of man in shetland.		1975	1184625
echovirus type 4 infections in scotland, 1971-72.	an outbreak of infection due to echovirus 4 in scotland involving 194 cases during 1971-72 is described. clinical and epidemiological information was obtained and analysed for 181 patients, of whom 149 (82%) developed aseptic meningitis. the majority of cases were older children (39%) and young adults (40%), although the highest attack rate was in infants (10.5 per 100,000 population). an unusual feature of the outbreak was its biphasic nature with cases occurring largely in the same geographic ...	1975	1209168
clostridia isolated from faeces.	clostridia were isolated from human faecal samples from england, scotland, wales, usa, hong kong, uganda and japan. strains were identified on the basis of various biochemical reactions and on the type of fatty acid produced from glucose. analysis of these acids was by gas-liquid chromatography. clostridium paraputrificum was common in stool samples from england, scotland, wales, and usa, but rare in samples from hong kong, uganda and japan.	1976	1263249
health beliefs and promotion of hiv-preventive intentions among teenagers: a scottish perspective.	beliefs concerning the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and preventive behaviors were examined in a sample of 351 sexually active scottish teenagers. a postal questionnaire, including measures of variables specified by the health belief model (hbm) and preventive intentions, was employed. the relation between hbm measures and reported endorsement of hiv-preventive intentions was investigated. results indicated that, in general, respondents intended to use condoms with new sexual ...	1992	1286655
selenium content of wheat for bread making in scotland and the relationship between glutathione peroxidase (ec 1.11.1.9) levels in whole blood and bread consumption.	the selenium content of the 1989 harvest of wheat used for bread making in scotland ranged from 0.028 microgram/g dry weight for home-grown wheat to 0.518 microgram/g for canadian wheat. the tonnage values indicate that 13.8% of the wheat used in bread making came from canada. this reflects in a calculated dietary intake of 31 micrograms/d which is well below the recommended levels of 70 and 55 micrograms for adult males and females respectively (national research council, 1989). the average glu ...	1992	1390609
prenatal exposure to influenza does not cause schizophrenia.	claims have been made that maternal infection with influenza during pregnancy is a cause of schizophrenia in the child. these assertions are based upon some apparently significant associations between the timing of influenza epidemics in the general population and birth rates of people who later suffered from schizophrenia. such associations have not been present in studies of the 1919 and 1957 epidemics, with sample sizes larger than those on which the claims were made. more decisively, in an i ...	1992	1393309
problems of drug abuse, hiv and aids: the burden of care in one general practice.	responsibility for many of the problems of intravenous drug abuse and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection lies with community care agencies, such as general practitioners, community psychiatric and district nurses and drug agencies. it is in general practice that this burden is most clearly observed, given that general practitioners are in charge of the day-to-day care of patients. in an attempt to quantify this workload in an inner city practice with 11,200 patients, data were gathered ...	1992	1419244
low sex ratios of births in areas at risk from air pollution from incinerators, as shown by geographical analysis and 3-dimensional mapping.	previous research in environmental and occupational health has suggested that fluctuations in the sex ratios of births might provide a useful early warning to the possible health effects of toxins or other stresses in the environment. to examine further this hypothesis, we investigated the sex ratios of births in an area in central scotland which contained two incineration plants. analyses of the sex ratios, at various levels of geographical detail and using 3-dimensional mapping techniques, in ...	1992	1428486
students' and lecturers' preferred teaching strategies.	a survey of lecturers (n = 47) and students (n = 110) was undertaken to explore their preferred teaching strategies, using a questionnaire based on heron's (1977) dimensions of facilitator styles (human potential research project, university of surrey, guildford). overall it was found that the students tended to prefer a teacher-centred approach to teaching, whilst the lecturers preferred a student-centred approach. these findings are discussed in the light of current educational trends in the n ...	1992	1428600
laboratory examination for cryptosporidium spp in scotland.	to ascertain the present practices of scottish microbiological laboratories for examining faecal samples for cryptosporidium spp and to compare these with practices elsewhere.	1992	1430263
coal workers' pneumoconiosis: a historical perspective on its pathogenesis.	the earliest observations on coal workers' pneumoconiosis identified fundamental factors and posed particular problems in its genesis. among the former, intensity of exposure and particle size were recognized, while argument commenced on the roles of stone dust, thus anticipating the quartz question, and of complicating pulmonary states, which introduced the idea of infection. major studies of the disease were precipitated by its greatly increased prevalence, which became evident among south wal ...	1992	1463034
the ergonomic analysis of a trauma resuscitation room.	ergonomics is the practical and scientific study of people in relation to their working environment. we describe its application to the operation of a trauma resuscitation room. we used specifically designed computer software. this methodology enables a unique and objective assessment of the design and operation of a clinical system. it may be particularly applicable to other hospital areas where the efficient interaction of staff, patients and equipment is crucial to the optimal clinical outcom ...	1992	1506195
hiv testing and assessment of risk of other sexually transmitted diseases.	the risk factors for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were assessed in individuals attending two different hiv antibody testing clinics: genitourinary medicine (gum) and an hiv counselling and screening clinic (csc) the risk of acquiring other sexually transmissible infections (std) was also assessed, and all patients were offered std screening. fewer stds were found in csc patients than in gum patients, but the results highlight the need to be aware of the possibility of ot ...	1992	1548417
use of serum from patients with polycythaemia or haemochromatosis for laboratory external quality assurance exercises.	some external quality assessment schemes (eqas) require large volumes of human serum. during a one year period, 595 units of blood were obtained from 87 patients with haemochromatosis and polycythaemia, who underwent therapeutic venesection at the edinburgh and south east scotland blood transfusion service. serum from 59% of these donations was used in the eqas for peptide hormones and related substances. the cost of the serum collection was 109 pounds/litre, but was only 33 pounds/litre of seru ...	1992	1556241
the descriptive epizootiology of phocine distemper in the uk during 1988/89.	the 'time, place, individual' approach, widely used in characterising human epidemics, was applied to the 1988 phocine distemper virus (pdv) epizootic affecting north sea seals. estimates of time of death from 157 (69%) of the 228 dead seals necropsied in 1988 indicated that the number of carcasses which were found more than 14 days post mortem increased as the epizootic progressed. although information provided by epizootic curves based on when and where carcasses were reported are affected by ...	1992	1594933
unusual pattern of influenza mortality in 1989/90.		1991	1683986
the incidence of different cystic fibrosis mutations in the scottish population: effects on prenatal diagnosis and genetic counselling.	we present an analysis of the frequency of 16 different cystic fibrosis (cf) mutant alleles in the scottish population. each allele was detected in dna amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) either directly on polyacrylamide gels, on agarose gels after restriction enzyme digestion, or by using allele specific oligonucleotides. among 506 cf chromosomes, of predominantly scottish origin, the frequencies of the different mutations were delta f508 0.71, g551d 0.05, g542x 0.04, r117h 0.01, ...	1991	1713973
"a poisoned tooth".		1992	1736787
glasgow patients' attitude to doctors' dress and appearance.	three hundred out patients were surveyed by questionnaire to determine their views of doctors' dress and appearance. the majority felt that this was important. most patients did not mind a male doctor with an earring, a women in trousers or a man without a tie. a majority preferred their doctors to wear a white coat, be free of political badges and for men to have conventional length hair. older patients are stricter than young patients. most strict patients would accept more relaxed standards a ...	1991	1765477
distribution of oriental and german cockroaches, blatta orientalis and blattella germanica (dictyoptera), in the united kingdom.	results are presented of a survey carried out by rentokil ltd on the distribution of the oriental cockroach blatta orientalis l. and the german cockroach blattella germanica l. in the united kingdom. the known ranges of both species are increased considerably by the findings of the survey, with several new vice-county records for scotland (including the western isles), england and wales. the frequency at which blatta orientalis was observed in outdoor habitats may indicate that this species some ...	1991	1773117
aids: knowledge, skills and attitudes among vocational trainees and their trainers.	in order to assess the adequacy of learning about the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in vocational training for general practice, a postal questionnaire survey was carried out among trainers and their trainees in seven health regions of england and scotland. a total of 616 trainers (62%) and 538 trainees (58%) responded to the questionnaire asking about their knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding hiv and aids. trainees' principal difficu ...	1991	1777293
prevalence and natural history of periodontal disease in scotland--the medieval period (900-1600 a.d.).	the periodontal status of a scottish medieval population was studied. no individual over the age of 11 years had an entirely healthy periodontium. while gingivitis was widespread in the younger age groups, it was essentially a "contained" gingivitis which appeared to progress towards a periodontitis at a fairly constant but slow rate. the pattern of prevalence and distribution of gingivitis and periodontitis was similar to many modern epidemiological studies on natural dentitions but did not sup ...	1991	1831502
unexplained fluctuations in the risk for schizophrenia by month and year of birth.	variation in their year and month of birth was studied in the 13,661 schizophrenics born between 1914 and 1960 known to the scottish psychiatric case register. year-to-year fluctuations in the number of schizophrenics per 10,000 live births were outside chance limits. so were month-to-month fluctuations between january 1932 and december 1960, and this was largely due to fluctuations in the numbers of schizophrenics born in february, march, april and may. time-lagged correlations with mean monthl ...	1991	1873628
deaths in scotland during the 1989-90 influenza epidemic.		1991	1938380
distribution of hiv and acute hepatitis b infection among drug injectors in glasgow.	this study compared the distributions of known human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and acute hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection among drug injectors in glasgow over a 3.5 year period. data were obtained from all relevant laboratory request forms submitted to glasgow's 3 virology laboratories during the period 1 january 1986 to 30 june 1989. the overall prevalence of hiv among those tested was 3.7% (66/1786). there were 125 cases of acute hbv infection. the male:female ratios for hiv and acute hbv ...	1991	1958720
association within a family of a balanced autosomal translocation with major mental illness.	282 pedigrees in the mrc cytogenetics registry, edinburgh, with familial autosomal anomalies were examined for the presence of associated mental illness. in one large pedigree there were 23 cases of mental and/or behavioural disorders meeting research diagnostic criteria. 34 of the 77 family members available for cytogenetic analysis carried a balanced translocation t(1:11) (q43,q21). psychiatric diagnoses had been recorded for 16 of the 34 members with the translocation compared with only 5 of ...	1990	1973210
[the man behind the syndrome. samuel a k wilson and hepatolenticular degeneration. the discovery of the connection with liver cirrhosis become a landmark for pathology and neurology].		1991	1994168
aarskog syndrome.		1991	1999832
antoine lavoisier and the study of respiration: 200 years old.	antoine lavoisier has been called the father of modern chemistry. from a medical point of view, he introduced the study of respiration and metabolism and so founded biochemistry. with his experiments, our knowledge of how the body works made immense strides forward. two hundred years ago, he wrote his last authentic and untouched account of his views on respiration, in a letter to joseph black in edinburgh. this opportunity has been taken to briefly review this work and the life of a man who did ...	1991	2003841
human immunodeficiency virus infection and pneumococcal bacteraemia in scotland.		1991	2071916
inviting infrequent attenders to attend for a health check: costs and benefits.	a total of 114 patients who had not attended their general practitioner in the previous three years were identified by searching a sample of 1488 records (12.8% of the practice list). an invitation for a health check was sent, in keeping with the requirements of the new general practitioner contract. seventeen out of 94 patients invited (18%) attended. surgery staff spent 28 hours and the practice doctors spent 15 hours on arranging and carrying out the investigation. the group responding to the ...	1990	2107833
human listeriosis in scotland 1967-1988.	in order to study the epidemiology of listeriosis from 1967-1988 in scotland, various sources of data were examined. these included reports by laboratories, reference laboratory records, hospital death and discharge records, death certificates and hospital laboratory records. cases were reported from 13 of scotland's 15 health boards. case ascertainment via laboratory reports to the communicable diseases (scotland) unit was validated in two health boards. a total of 198 cases was identified with ...	1990	2111351
hiv infection and community nursing staff in scotland--1. experience, practice and education.	to assess the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) for the work of community nursing staff, and to find out how community staff regard their contribution to the prevention of hiv infection, the care of people with aids and their preparation for this role was ascertained in a postal survey of one in five field staff carried out in scotland. the 1,205 respondents represent an 85% response rate. while only 3% of respondents had experience of patients with aids, 11% had been involved with k ...	1990	2235598
evaluation of a fife 'novopen' clinic held within a diabetes patient education centre.	in common with other hospitals throughout the united kingdom, a diabetic patient education centre has been established at the victoria hospital, kirkcaldy. many activities now take place within the centre including a 'novopen' clinic at which insulin requiring diabetic patients are converted to a multiple injection method of delivering soluble human insulin. an evaluation of the novopen clinic, including the first 60 patients attending, has demonstrated a statistically significant fall in random ...	1990	2243019
influenza surveillance.		1990	2272109
edinburgh's community drug problem service--a pilot evaluation of methadone substitution.	the intravenous drug abusers of edinburgh are known to have a high prevalence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). a new service for the treatment of drug abusers in edinburgh was commenced in april 1988. in this service, oral methadone substitution is frequently used to try to reduce the level of behaviour known to increase the risk of transmission of hiv. a questionnaire-based pilot study of the outcomes of oral methadone substitution therapy in 24 clients is described. th ...	1990	2332336
exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation and adult schizophrenia. a 40-year study.	we attempted to replicate earlier findings of an association between exposure to influenza in the second trimester of gestation and adult schizophrenia. the number of live births, of births of future schizophrenics, and of cases of influenza reported to the ministry of health in denmark was ascertained by month from 1911 to 1950. the relationship between fetal exposure to influenza and adult schizophrenia was examined. it is possible that unknown factors produce excesses of both influenza and sc ...	1990	2393346
influenza and schizophrenia: helsinki vs edinburgh.		1990	2393347
importance of a quality assurance scheme for factor viii assays in quality monitoring of human plasma destined for fractionation into factor viii concentrate.	a national quality assurance scheme has been established to monitor the validity of factor viii assays performed by the various laboratories of the scottish national blood transfusion service engaged in collection and processing of donor plasma destined for fractionation. the results over the first 3-year period show that comparable assay values can be obtained by participating centres using a common standard, despite differences in equipment, methods or substrate chosen for the one-stage assay. ...	1989	2501933
ontogeny of pulsatile gonadotrophin secretion and pituitary responsiveness in male puberty in man: a mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional study.	the onset of puberty is characterized by a sleep-associated increase in pulsatile lh secretion which is not observed in adults. the ontogeny of gonadotrophin secretion during pubertal maturation may reflect changes in endogenous lhrh secretion, pituitary sensitivity to lhrh and/or alterations in gonadal steroid feedback. to understand the interplay between these mechanisms, we have examined the pulsatile pattern of plasma lh, fsh, testosterone, oestradiol and prolactin between 20.00 and 09.00 h ...	1989	2514245
genetic linkage between huntington's disease and d4s10 (g8) in scottish families.	genetic linkage between huntington's disease (hd) and polymorphic dna markers at the d4s10 locus has been investigated in 16 scottish families. a maximum lod score of 3.499 at a recombination fraction of 0.07 was found, with 95% confidence limits of 0.02 and 0.22. only one obvious recombinant was detected, and the wide confidence limits probably reflect the large number of unaffected individuals whose risk could only be estimated empirically.	1989	2524298
hiv infection and scottish general practice: workload and current practice.	to estimate the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection on general practice, a postal survey was undertaken of one in three of all principals in scotland. of the 834 general practitioners who responded (78% response rate), 31% were working in practices with patients known to be infected with hiv. the estimated prevalence of known hiv infection in general practice was 19 per 100,000 population, and the estimated annual consultation rate for hiv related problems (including consultat ...	1989	2556516
human immunodeficiency virus in drug misusers and increased consultation in general practice.	the use of general practitioner services by a group of intravenous drug users was recorded over two two-year time periods 1984-85 and 1986-87. this was felt to represent the period of maximum change in awareness of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection by patients and medical staff. fifty patients were randomly selected: 25 who were hiv positive and 25 who were hiv negative. between the two time periods a dramatic increase in consultation rate for both high risk and infected patients atte ...	1989	2558188
haplotype distribution of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase locus in scotland and switzerland.	rflp haplotypes at the phenylalanine hydroxylase (pah) locus were determined in 45 nuclear caucasian families from switzerland and scotland. the rflps at the pah locus are highly informative, and prenatal diagnosis is possible in 85% of the families studied. the data were combined with the profiles previously observed in the danish population, in order to study the variation in rflp haplotype distribution among european populations. a total of 22 different haplotypes were observed in denmark, sw ...	1989	2565077
ethics of screening for hepatitis c virus.		1989	2572933
frequency of delta f508 mutation on cystic fibrosis chromosomes in uk.		1989	2574356
antenatal testing for human immunodeficiency virus. results from the royal college of obstetricians and gynaecologists' national study of hiv infection in pregnancy.	current policies on antenatal testing for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in the main obstetric units of the united kingdom and the republic of ireland were surveyed by postal questionnaire; 294 of 299 units responded. hiv testing was available at 192 (65%) of the 294 units that responded. 414 hiv-positive pregnancies in 386 women were reported from 74 (25%) units. most were from scotland, the four thames regions, and ireland. in 46% of the hiv-positive women the infection was identified by a ...	1989	2574370
serving the civil servants.		1989	2594518
the epidemiology of echinococcus granulosus in great britain. v. the status of subspecies of echinococcus granulosus in great britain.	twenty-five years ago williams and sweatman suggested that in great britain there are two subspecies of echinococcus granulosus--e. granulosus granulosus and e. granulosus equinus. echinococcus granulosus granulosus does not mature either in foxes or in horses: e. granulosus equinus will mature in either. the prepatent period of e. granulosus granulosus in the definitive host is about 42 days while that of e. granulosus equinus is about 70 days. each subspecies has a characteristic morphology. m ...	1989	2596902
the relevance of elevated borrelia burgdorferi titres in localized scleroderma.	a 46-year-old man with a 2-year history of localized scleroderma of his right upper arm and elevated borrelia burgdorferi titres is described. the association of borrelia burgdorferi infection and localized scleroderma is discussed.	1989	2605808
injuries to a child in utero.	a man was charged with reckless driving in that it caused a collision in which a child of thirty-five weeks gestation, then in utero, was delivered alive but died shortly thereafter. objections by defence lawyers that no death had been caused within the meaning of the statute were rejected and an appeal on the same ground was refused. thereafter the man pleaded guilty.	1989	2614367
persistent and transient clones of salmonella typhimurium of phage type 141 recognized by biotyping.	among the 81 cultures of salmonella typhimurium of phage type 141 examined, 72 had been isolated from sheffield incidents in 1984-5 and 9 were scottish isolates from 1986-7. all of these cultures from diverse sources belonged to primary biotype 31; 79 were of full biotype 31beg and 2 anaerogenic cultures were of full biotype 31begj. this is the first known occasion on which an epidemic strain of s. typhimurium of phage type/biotype 141/31beg has been implicated in outbreaks of human or animal in ...	1989	2645152
pneumocystis carinii antibody testing.	sera from blood donors and patients from all over scotland were examined by indirect immunofluorescence using pneumocystis carinii antigen from infected rat lung. antibody was found in 76 of 488 (15.6%) of patients tested on clinical grounds but in only 13 of 148 (8.8%) blood donors. the antibody rates were higher in disease groups likely to have or develop p carinii pneumonia: in those with histologically confirmed or strongly suspected p carinii pneumonia the rate was 14 of 24 (58.3%); in thos ...	1989	2671053
john macwilliam, evolutionary biology and sudden cardiac death.	sudden death is frequently of cardiac origin, and its most common electrophysiologic mechanism is ventricular fibrillation. the concept that sudden death in human beings is due to ventricular fibrillation was first proposed by macwilliam exactly 100 years ago, well before the electrocardiogram was invented. to conduct his experimental work, macwilliam devised methods that laid the foundations for modern cardiac research and that provided the first comprehensive approach to successful cardiopulmo ...	1989	2685082
staphylococcal food poisoning from sheep milk cheese.	cheese made from sheep milk was implicated in food-poisoning incidents in december 1984 and january 1985. bacteriological examination of batches of cheese failed to reveal a viable pathogen but enterotoxin a produced by staphylococcus aureus was present. this was the first time that enterotoxin was detected in a food produced in the uk which was associated with poisoning and from which viable staph. aureus could not be isolated. subsequent detailed examination of milk, yoghurt and cheese from th ...	1989	2691265
francis hay thomson--a man of art and science.		1989	2700927
the management of children born to human immunodeficiency virus seropositive women.	increasing numbers of children born to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody-positive women are being identified, but guidelines as to their management are lacking. we have therefore established a paediatric counselling and screening clinic for managing such children in edinburgh. during a period of 3 years, 49 infants and children of 43 hiv seropositive women have been seen. after a median follow-up period of 23 months, four children were found to have clinical evidence of hiv disease whi ...	1989	2708829
no linkage of chromosome 5q11-q13 markers to schizophrenia in scottish families.	recent work suggests that an autosomal dominant gene for schizophrenia may be located on the 5q11-q13 region of chromosome 5 (refs 1 and 2): a report of schizophrenia associated with trisomy 5q11-q13 in two members of a family of chinese origin prompted the discovery of linkage with markers p105-599ha and p105-153ra in five icelandic and two english schizophrenic families. the strongest linkage was observed when the phenotype was broadly defined to include minor psychiatric diagnoses not traditi ...	1989	2725644
an assessment of the risks to the health of grazing animals from the radioactive contamination of pastures.	as a result of the chernobyl accident sheep and cattle in wales, cumbria and scotland became contaminated with radionuclides of caesium and iodine. in the worst case, the maximum levels of contamination were of the order of 4000 bq/kg of caesium-137 and 2000 bq/kg of caesium-134 in muscle and 2,000,000 bq/kg of iodine-131 in the thyroid gland. calculations show that the radiation dose rates to the animals from these burdens of the radionuclides of caesium would have been approximately one thousa ...	1989	2736377
human immunodeficiency virus detection: correlation with clinical progression in the edinburgh haemophiliac cohort.	hiv p24 antigenaemia and virus detection in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined in 16 of 18 haemophiliacs infected with hiv by a single batch of scottish national blood transfusion service factor viii concentrate. six (38%) had p24 antigenaemia and 11 (69%) had positive lymphocyte cultures. all seven patients with serious hiv disease (cdc group iv) had positive lymphocyte cultures whereas four (57%) had p24 antigenaemia. four of nine (44%) patients with asymptomatic hiv diseas ...	1989	2765406
variations in needle sharing practices among intravenous drug users in possil (glasgow).	glasgow has an intravenous drug using (ivdu) population which is probably larger but hitherto less infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) than ivdus elsewhere in scotland. this 1988 study of 50 glasgow ivdus reports disturbingly high rates of sharing injecting equipment, and points to imprisonment as a possible factor in increasing such risk taking behaviour.	1989	2789083
maternal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia.	there are epidemiological reasons for suspecting that infections may contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia, and it is claimed that the birth cohort that was in utero during the 1957 influenza epidemic in helsinki, finland, now has an increased incidence of schizophrenia. three studies, all based on the admission statistics of scottish psychiatric hospitals, were therefore undertaken to determine whether those who were in utero during the influenza a epidemics of 1918 to 1919 and 1957 were ...	1989	2802927
genitourinary medicine in edinburgh: 1980-1987.	the variation in attendance at the department of genitourinary medicine in edinburgh was studied for the period 1980 to 1987. a general decrease in the diagnosis of most specific sexually acquired infections is noted, with the exception of genital warts, the incidence of which continues to escalate. these changes initially occurred within the homosexual male attenders, but the general trends have since been reflected by the heterosexual population. the possible effect of the human immunodeficien ...	1989	2807897
an outbreak of 'slapped cheek' parvovirus infection (erythema infectiosum) in a scottish street.	one adult and six children living in a small scottish street developed erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) during the summer of 1985. the rash was attributed to infection with the human parvovirus. leg pain and arthralgia occurred in five of the children.	1987	2820054
respiratory viruses in children admitted to hospital in edinburgh 1972-1985.	the temporal incidence of respiratory viruses identified in children admitted to an edinburgh hospital over a period of 14 years, 1972-1985, is described, respiratory syncytial (rs) virus was identified most often, usually (but not in 1979 and 1985) with single peaks of activity in the winter months. influenza virus infections were seen in the winter and spring but we failed to find evidence of interference between rs and influenza virus. of the viruses studied, the parainfluenza viruses were th ...	1987	2822808
detection of a human papilloma virus type 5 dna in a renal allograft patient from scotland.	a renal allograft recipient with small raised red scaly lesions on a forearm is described. the clinical and histological picture was that of similar lesions reported in some epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients. virological investigations revealed the presence of human papilloma virus type 5; this is the second report of the occurrence of this type in allograft patients. as human papilloma virus type 5 is known to have malignant potential, clinicians should be on the lookout for these banal- ...	1988	2854081
occurrence and properties of fy(att25)+ escherichia coli associated with diarrhoea in calves.	escherichia coli producing the adhesive antigen fy(att25) were isolated from 46 of 1341 (3.4 per cent) e coli isolated from calves on 20 of 164 (12.1 per cent) farms in scotland and england. twenty of the 46 calves had diarrhoea and in nine of these animals there were mixed infections with rotavirus, coronavirus, cryptosporidium and salmonella typhimurium. the f41 fimbrial adhesin was found on one of the fy(att25)+ e coli. this strain also produced heat stable enterotoxin. the remaining fy(att25 ...	1987	2889286
human immunodeficiency virus infection in the united kingdom: quarterly report 3.	up to 31 march 1988, 1429 cases meeting the world health organization/centers for disease control (u.s.a.) definition of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) were reported in the u.k. of which 59 were in visitors and 1370 in u.k. residents. in the same period there were 8459 laboratory reports of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody-positive tests. since 1985 the median interval of 2 months between diagnosis and report of aids has not changed. most patients with kaposi's sarcoma ...	1989	2915132