Publications

global transcriptional control by nsrr in bacillus subtilis.	the no-sensitive nsrr repressor of bacillus subtilis, which carries a [4fe-4s] cluster, controls transcription of nasd and hmp (class i regulation) under anaerobic conditions. here, we describe another class of nsrr regulation (class ii regulation) that controls a more diverse collection of genes. base substitution analysis showed that [4fe-4s]-nsrr recognizes a partial dyad symmetry within the class i cis-acting sites, whereas no-insensitive interaction of nsrr with an a+t-rich class ii regulat ...	2012	22287527
a bacterial siren song: intimate interactions between neisseria and neutrophils.	neisseria gonorrhoeae and neisseria meningitidis are gram-negative bacterial pathogens that are exquisitely adapted for growth at human mucosal surfaces and for efficient transmission between hosts. one factor that is essential to neisserial pathogenesis is the interaction between the bacteria and neutrophils, which are recruited in high numbers during infection. although this vigorous host response could simply reflect effective immune recognition of the bacteria, there is mounting evidence tha ...	2012	22290508
cethromycin versus clarithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia: comparative efficacy and safety outcomes from two double-blinded, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter, multinational noninferiority studies.	community-acquired pneumonia (cap) continues to be a major health challenge in the united states and globally. factors such as overprescribing of antibiotics and noncompliance with dosing regimens have added to the growing antibacterial resistance problem. in addition, several agents available for the treatment of cap have been associated with serious side effects. cethromycin is a new ketolide antibiotic that may provide prescribing physicians with an additional agent to supplement a continuall ...	2012	22290969
ceftaroline in complicated skin and skin-structure infections.	ceftaroline is an advanced-generation cephalosporin antibiotic recently approved by the us food and drug administration for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections (csssis). this intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic exerts potent bactericidal activity by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. a high affinity for the penicillin-binding protein 2a (pbp2a) of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) makes the drug especially beneficial to patients with mrsa css ...	2012	22294860
conjunctival sac bacterial flora isolated prior to cataract surgery.	to determine the trends of conjunctival sac bacterial flora isolated from patients prior to cataract surgery.	2012	22294861
quantitative real-time pcr for detection of acinetobacter baumannii colonization in the hospital environment.	a real-time pcr assay was developed for detecting the presence of acinetobacter baumannii on hospital equipment and compared to conventional bacterial culture using 100 hospital environmental samples. the real-time pcr detected contaminated surfaces in 4 h with high sensitivity (100%) compared to conventional culture. thirty-eight percent of samples were positive by real-time pcr and negative by bacterial culture (false positives), possibly indicating the widespread presence of bacterial dna tha ...	2012	22301021
when co-colonizing the nasopharynx haemophilus influenzae predominates over streptococcus pneumoniae except serotype 19a strains to cause acute otitis media.	of 368 acute otitis media (aom) cases among 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate-vaccinated children, 43.5% were colonized by multiple otopathogens in the nasopharynx but only 7.1% experienced polymicrobial aom. when co-colonization occurred, haemophilus influenzae predominated over all streptococcus pneumoniae strains except 19a strains to cause aom. haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae both predominated over moraxella catarrhalis to cause aom.	2012	22301480
infectious etiologies of acute febrile illness among patients seeking health care in south-central cambodia.	the agents of human febrile illness can vary by region and country suggesting that diagnosis, treatment, and control programs need to be based on a methodical evaluation of area-specific etiologies. from december 2006 to december 2009, 9,997 individuals presenting with acute febrile illness at nine health care clinics in south-central cambodia were enrolled in a study to elucidate the etiologies. upon enrollment, respiratory specimens, whole blood, and serum were collected. testing was performed ...	2012	22302857
activity of jnj-q2, a new fluoroquinolone, tested against contemporary pathogens isolated from patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.	jnj-q2 is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with bactericidal activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp) and acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections. this study determined the activity of jnj-q2 against a worldwide year 2010 collection (89 centres in 27 countries) of three common respiratory pathogens (3757 isolates) from patients with cabp. streptococcus pneumoni ...	2012	22306239
transcriptome signature in young children with acute otitis media due to streptococcus pneumoniae.	streptococcus pneumoniae (spn) is the predominant causative organism of acute otitis media in children. to better understand the genes that are regulated at the onset of aom caused by spn infection in the middle ear, the transcriptome profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from children prior to and during an aom event was evaluated by microarray. we found that 1903 (6.2%) of 29,187 genes were differentially regulated greater than 2-fold at the onset of aom compared to the pre-in ...	2012	22306269
synergistic and feedback signaling mechanisms in the regulation of inflammation in respiratory infections.	pneumonia, the most typical and frequent lower respiratory tract infection (lrti), is a leading cause of health problems in the united states. bacteria represent the most prevailing cause of pneumonia in both children and adults. although pneumonia with a single bacterial infection is common, a significant portion of patients with pneumonia is polymicrobial. this infection is often complexed with other physiological factors such as cytokines and growth factors. nontypeable haemophilus influenzae ...	2012	22307042
characterization of esterase a, a pseudomonas stutzeri a15 autotransporter.	autotransporters are a widespread family of proteins, generally known as virulence factors produced by gram-negative bacteria. in this study, the esterase a (esta) autotransporter of the rice root-colonizing beneficial bacterium pseudomonas stutzeri a15 was characterized. a multiple sequence alignment identified esta as belonging to clade ii of the gdsl esterase family. autologous overexpression allowed the investigation of several features of both autotransporter proteins and gdsl esterases. fi ...	2012	22307303
[development and use of test-systems for molecular-genetic detection of out-of-hospital pneumonia agents].	search of new targets and improvements of molecular-genetic detection methods of species specific dna fragments of out-of-hospital pneumonia (op) infection agents in sputum.	2012	22308733
determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in taraxacum formosanum kitam by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with a post-column derivatization technique.	a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (lc-ms/ms) was developed for the determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in a medicinal chinese herb taraxacum formosanum kitam. initially, both phenolic acids and flavonoids were extracted with 50% ethanol in a water-bath at 60 °c for 3 h and eventually separated into acidic fraction and neutral fraction by using a c(18) cartridge. a total of 29 compounds were separated within 68 min by employing a gemini c(18) column and a gradient ...	2011	22312251
determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in taraxacum formosanum kitam by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with a post-column derivatization technique.	a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (lc-ms/ms) was developed for the determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in a medicinal chinese herb taraxacum formosanum kitam. initially, both phenolic acids and flavonoids were extracted with 50% ethanol in a water-bath at 60 °c for 3 h and eventually separated into acidic fraction and neutral fraction by using a c(18) cartridge. a total of 29 compounds were separated within 68 min by employing a gemini c(18) column and a gradient ...	2011	22312251
defining the "core microbiome" of the microbial communities in the tonsils of healthy pigs.	porcine tonsils are the colonization site for many pathogenic as well as commensal microorganisms and are the primary lymphoid tissue encountered by organisms entering through the mouth or nares. the goal of this study was to provide an in-depth characterization of the composition and structure of the tonsillar microbial communities and to define the core microbiome in the tonsils of healthy pigs, using high throughput bar-coded 454-flx pyrosequencing.	2012	22313693
microbiological aetiology, epidemiology, and clinical profile of prosthetic joint infections: are current antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines effective?	prosthetic joint infections remain a major complication of arthroplasty. at present, local and international guidelines recommend cefazolin as a surgical antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of arthroplasty. this retrospective cohort study conducted across 10 hospitals over a 3-year period (january 2006 to december 2008) investigated the epidemiology and microbiological etiology of prosthetic joint infections. there were 163 cases of prosthetic joint infection identified. from a review of the micr ...	2012	22314530
significance of the microbiome in obstructive lung disease.	the composition of the lung microbiome contributes to both health and disease, including obstructive lung disease. because it has been estimated that over 70% of the bacterial species on body surfaces cannot be cultured by currently available techniques, traditional culture techniques are no longer the gold standard for microbial investigation. advanced techniques that identify bacterial sequences, including the 16s ribosomal rna gene, have provided new insights into the depth and breadth of mic ...	2012	22318161
comparison of the microflex lt and vitek ms systems for routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.	this study compared the performance of three matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry systems: microflex lt (bruker daltonics, bremen, germany), vitek ms ruo (axima assurance-saramis database; biomérieux, marcy l'etoile, france), and vitek ms ivd (biomérieux). a total of 1,129 isolates, including 1,003 routine isolates, 73 anaerobes, and 53 bacterial enteropathogens, were tested on the microflex lt and axima assurance devices. the spectra were analyzed using t ...	2012	22322345
non-capsulated and capsulated haemophilus influenzae in children with acute otitis media in venezuela: a prospective epidemiological study.	non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and streptococcus pneumoniae are major causes of bacterial acute otitis media (aom). data regarding aom are limited in latin america. this is the first active surveillance in a private setting in venezuela to characterize the bacterial etiology of aom in children < 5 years of age.	2012	22335965
the microbial flora in the nasal septum area prone to perforation.	to explore the colonizing bacterial flora of the nasal septum area, that is mostly afflicted by perforations, 101 healthy police students had swab samples taken from that location. the described culture strategy recovered positive cultures from 95% of the test subjects and from 60% with more than one organism. in total, 191 bacterial isolates were classified according to colony morphology, gram-stain and a panel of standard laboratory techniques. a part of the bacteria was identified to species- ...	2011	22339678
observations from a multicentre study on the use of the sputum specimen in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.	to describe the use of sputum gram stain and culture in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and to determine the factors that are associated with obtaining sputum for culture.	1999	22346371
a cross-canada surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract pathogens.	to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis from medical centres across canada.	1999	22346378
the new fluoroquinolones: a critical review.	this paper reviews the literature available on the new fluoroquinolones - clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin and trovafloxacin - to compare these agents with each other and contrast them with ciprofloxacin, an older fluoroquinolone.	1999	22346384
antimicrobial treatment of community acquired pneumonia in adults: a conference report.		1993	22346416
pharmacokinetic properties of clarithromycin: a comparison with erythromycin and azithromycin.	to compare the pharmacokinetic properties of two new macrolide antibiotics, clarithromycin and azithromycin, with those of the prototype macrolide, erythromycin.	1993	22346438
beyond erythromycin ...		1994	22346474
imipenem and meropenem: comparison of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials and adverse effects.	to compare and contrast imipenem and meropenem in terms of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and adverse effects.	1998	22346545
infection, eosinophilia and childhood asthma.	there is a growing list of viruses and bacteria associated with wheezing illness and asthma. it is well known that a few of these pathogens are strongly associated with wheezing illness and asthma exacerbations. what is not known is if early childhood infections with these pathogens cause asthma, and, if so, exactly what are the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind its development. the current consensus is respiratory infection works together with allergy to produce the immune and physiologic cond ...	2012	22348202
bacterial conjunctivitis.	most cases of conjunctivitis in adults are probably due to viral infection, but children are more likely to develop bacterial conjunctivitis than they are viral forms. the main bacterial pathogens are haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae in adults and children, and moraxella catarrhalis in children. contact lens wearers may be more likely to develop gram-negative infections. bacterial keratitis occurs in up to 30 per 100,000 contact lens wearers.	2012	22348418
interleukin 6, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and interleukin 10 in the prediction of risk and etiologic patterns in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the german competence network capnetz.	the aim of our study was to investigate the predictive value of the biomarkers interleukin 6 (il-6), interleukin 10 (il-10) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (lbp) compared with clinical crb and crb-65 severity scores in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap).	2012	22348735
antioxidant pharmacological therapies for copd.	increased oxidative stress occurs in the lungs and systemically in copd, which plays a role in many of the pathogenic mechanisms in copd. hence, targeting local lung and systemic oxidative stress with agents that modulate the antioxidants/redox system or boost endogenous antioxidants would be a useful therapeutic approach in copd. thiol antioxidants (n-acetyl-l-cysteine [nac] and n-acystelyn, carbocysteine, erdosteine, and fudosteine) have been used to increase lung thiol content. modulation of ...	2012	22349417
nutrient agar with sodium chloride supplementation for presumptive detection of moraxella catarrhalis in clinical specimens.	we previously reported that nissui nutrient agar (n medium) promoted the growth of moraxella catarrhalis but not commensal neisseria spp. in the present study, we examined which constituent of n medium was responsible for the selective growth of m. catarrhalis using 209 m. catarrhalis and 100 commensal neisseria spp. clinical strains. we found that peptone, but not meat extract or agar of n medium, had growth-promoting or growth-inhibiting ability with respect to m. catarrhalis and commensal nei ...	2012	22350402
microbiological analysis of a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial comparing moxifloxacin and clindamycin in the treatment of odontogenic infiltrates and abscesses.	the objective of this study was to identify the oral pathogens found in odontogenic infections, to determine their susceptibilities to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (amc), clindamycin (cli), doxycycline (dox), levofloxacin (lvx), moxifloxacin (mxf), and penicillin (pen), and to search for associations between specific pathogens and types of infection. swabs from patients enrolled in a randomized, double-blind phase ii trial comparing mxf with cli for the treatment of odontogenic abscesses or infla ...	2012	22354306
clinical evaluation of the role of ceftaroline in the management of community acquired bacterial pneumonia.	ceftaroline fosamil (ceftaroline) was recently approved for the treatment of community- acquired pneumonia (cap) and complicated skin infections. this newly developed cephalosporin possesses a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. most importantly, ceftaroline demonstrates potent in vitro antimicrobial activity against multi-drug resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus. in two phase iii, double-blinded, ...	2012	22355258
antibacterial and antifungal activities of new acylated derivatives of epigallocatechin gallate.	(-)-epigallocatechin-3-o-gallate (egcg) has useful antiviral, antimicrobial, antitoxin, and antitumor properties. previously, mori et al. (2008) found that addition of long acyl chains (c16-18) to egcg enhanced its anti-influenza virus activity up to 44-fold. the chemical stability of egcg against oxidative degradation was also enhanced by acylation. we further evaluated the in vitro activity spectrum of the egcg derivatives against a wide range of bacteria and fungi. a series of egcg o-acyl der ...	2012	22355295
characterization of the viral microbiome in patients with severe lower respiratory tract infections, using metagenomic sequencing.	the human respiratory tract is heavily exposed to microorganisms. viral respiratory tract pathogens, like rsv, influenza and rhinoviruses cause major morbidity and mortality from respiratory tract disease. furthermore, as viruses have limited means of transmission, viruses that cause pathogenicity in other tissues may be transmitted through the respiratory tract. it is therefore important to chart the human virome in this compartment. we have studied nasopharyngeal aspirate samples submitted to ...	2012	22355331
divergent pro-inflammatory profile of human dendritic cells in response to commensal and pathogenic bacteria associated with the airway microbiota.	recent studies using culture-independent methods have characterized the human airway microbiota and report microbial communities distinct from other body sites. changes in these airway bacterial communities appear to be associated with inflammatory lung disease, yet the pro-inflammatory properties of individual bacterial species are unknown. in this study, we compared the immune stimulatory capacity on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dcs) of selected airway commensal and pathogenic bacte ...	2012	22363778
hiv infections in otolaryngology.	hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) infection may produce no clinical symptoms for 10 years on average. however, after many years of infection most people develop symptoms that indicate progression of the disease. there are no regular characteristic symptoms or early stage, and no logical sequence of aids indicator disorders has been observed. people who are not aware of the infection are referred to physicians of various specializations, including otolaryngologists. it is on their knowledge abou ...	2012	22367140
strategies of exploitation of mammalian reservoirs by bartonella species.	numerous mammal species, including domestic and wild animals such as ruminants, dogs, cats and rodents, as well as humans, serve as reservoir hosts for various bartonella species. some of those species that exploit non-human mammals as reservoir hosts have zoonotic potential. our understanding of interactions between bartonellae and reservoir hosts has been greatly improved by the development of animal models for infection and the use of molecular tools allowing large scale mutagenesis of barton ...	2012	22369683
a new pharmacological agent (akb-4924) stabilizes hypoxia inducible factor-1 (hif-1) and increases skin innate defenses against bacterial infection.	hypoxia inducible factor-1 (hif-1) is a transcription factor that is a major regulator of energy homeostasis and cellular adaptation to low oxygen stress. hif-1 is also activated in response to bacterial pathogens and supports the innate immune response of both phagocytes and keratinocytes. in this work, we show that a new pharmacological compound akb-4924 increases hif-1 levels and enhances the antibacterial activity of phagocytes and keratinocytes against both methicillin-sensitive and methici ...	2012	22371073
development of 4h-pyridopyrimidines: a class of selective bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors.	we have identified a series of compounds that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria. initial ic50's in aminoacylation/translation (a/t) assays ranged from 3 to14 μm. this series of compounds are variations on a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ol scaffold (e.g., 4h-pyridopyrimidine).	2012	22373064
current concepts in laboratory testing to guide antimicrobial therapy.	antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) is indicated for pathogens contributing to an infectious process that warrants antimicrobial therapy if susceptibility to antimicrobials cannot be predicted reliably based on knowledge of their identity. such tests are most frequently used when the etiologic agents are members of species capable of demonstrating resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics. some organisms have predictable susceptibility to antimicrobial agents (ie, streptococcus pyogen ...	2012	22386185
structure of an essential type iv pilus biogenesis protein provides insights into pilus and type ii secretion systems.	type iv pili (t4ps) are long cell surface filaments, essential for microcolony formation, tissue adherence, motility, transformation, and virulence by human pathogens. the enteropathogenic escherichia coli bundle-forming pilus is a prototypic t4p assembled and powered by bfpd, a conserved gspe secretion superfamily atpase held by inner-membrane proteins bfpc and bfpe, a gspf-family membrane protein. although the t4p assembly machinery shares similarity with type ii secretion (t2s) systems, the s ...	2012	22387466
exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	epidemiologic data indicate that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. patients with poorly managed copd are likely to experience exacerbations that require emergency department visits or hospitalization-two important drivers contributing to escalating healthcare resource use and costs associated with the disease. exacerbations also contribute to worsening lung function and negative outcomes in copd. the aim of this review is to present the p ...	2012	22393337
high prevalence and molecular analysis of macrolide-nonsusceptible moraxella catarrhalis isolated from nasopharynx of healthy children in china.	three hundred eighty-three isolates of moraxella catarrhalis were collected from healthy children aged less than 2 years in china and assessed for antimicrobial resistance. we found that 92.2% (n=353) produced a β-lactamase. nonsusceptibility rates to erythromycin and azithromycin, determined using clinical laboratory standards institute (clsi) breakpoints, were 40.3% and 22.5%, respectively; nonsusceptibility rates determined using pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics breakpoints, however, were 59 ...	2012	22394083
nasopharyngeal flora in children with acute otitis media before and after implementation of 7 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in france.	several studies have investigated the impact of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) on pneumococcal (sp) and staphylococcal (sa) nasopharyngeal (np) carriage. few have investigated the impact on haemophilus influenzae (hi) and moraxella catarrhalis (mc) carriage. we aimed to compare the np carriage rates in young children with acute otitis media (aom) before and after pcv7 implementation in france.	2012	22397629
utility of serum procalcitonin values in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cautionary note.	serum procalcitonin levels have been used as a biomarker of invasive bacterial infection and recently have been advocated to guide antibiotic therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). however, rigorous studies correlating procalcitonin levels with microbiologic data are lacking. acute exacerbations of copd (aecopd) have been linked to viral and bacterial infection as well as noninfectious causes. therefore, we evaluated procalcitonin as a predictor of viral versus ba ...	2012	22399852
a preliminary study of pneumonia etiology among hospitalized children in kenya.	pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood death in the developing world. higher-quality etiological data are required to reduce this mortality burden.	2012	22403235
clarithromycin for children.		1995	22416204
simultaneous identification of 29 prevalent invasive pneumococcal serotypes or pairs of serotypes by hybridization-ligation pcr.	a hybridization-ligation pcr assay was developed for the simultaneous detection and identification of 21 pneumococcal serotypes and 8 pairs of serotypes in the same serogroup: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6a, 6b, 6c-6d, 7f-7a, 8, 9a-9v, 9n-9l, 11a, 14, 15b-15c, 16f, 17f, 18b-18c, 19a, 19f, 20, 21, 22a-22f, 23a, 23b, 23f, 28a-28f, 35b and 38. this novel assay was validated with 185 serotyped pneumococcal invasive clinical isolates and 57 culture-negative pleural fluids previously typed by real-time pcr.	2012	22422847
the adaptor molecule nck localizes the wave complex to promote actin polymerization during ceacam3-mediated phagocytosis of bacteria.	ceacam3 is a granulocyte receptor mediating the opsonin-independent recognition and phagocytosis of human-restricted ceacam-binding bacteria. ceacam3 function depends on an intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (itam)-like sequence that is tyrosine phosphorylated by src family kinases upon receptor engagement. the phosphorylated itam-like sequence triggers gtp-loading of rac by directly associating with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (gef) vav. rac stimulation in t ...	2012	22448228
evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic odk-0901 test for detection of pneumococcal antigen in middle ear fluids and nasopharyngeal secretions.	since the incidence of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae has been increasing at an astonishing rate throughout the world, the need for accurate and rapid identification of pneumococci has become increasingly important to determine the appropriate antimicrobial treatment. we have evaluated an immunochromatographic test (odk-0901) that detects pneumococcal antigens using 264 middle ear fluids (mefs) and 268 nasopharyngeal secretions (npss). a sample was defined to contain s. pneumoniae ...	2012	22448257
automated counting of bacterial colony forming units on agar plates.	manual counting of bacterial colony forming units (cfus) on agar plates is laborious and error-prone. we therefore implemented a colony counting system with a novel segmentation algorithm to discriminate bacterial colonies from blood and other agar plates.a colony counter hardware was designed and a novel segmentation algorithm was written in matlab. in brief, pre-processing with top-hat-filtering to obtain a uniform background was followed by the segmentation step, during which the colony image ...	2012	22448267
pulmonary bacterial communities in surgically resected noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis lungs are similar to those in cystic fibrosis.	background. recurrent bacterial infections play a key role in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis, but conventional microbiologic methods may fail to identify pathogens in many cases. we characterized and compared the pulmonary bacterial communities of cystic fibrosis (cf) and non-cf bronchiectasis patients using a culture-independent molecular approach. methods. bacterial 16s rrna gene libraries were constructed from lung tissue of 10 non-cf bronchiectasis and 21 cf patients, followed by dna seq ...	2012	22448327
antibacterial activity of wine phenolic compounds and oenological extracts against potential respiratory pathogens.	to investigate the effect of seven wine phenolic compounds and six oenological phenolic extracts on the growth of pathogenic bacteria associated with respiratory diseases (pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, moraxella catarrhalis, enterococcus faecalis, streptococcus sp group f, streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus pneumoniae).	2012	22449241
nitrous oxide production and consumption: regulation of gene expression by gas-sensitive transcription factors.	several biochemical mechanisms contribute to the biological generation of nitrous oxide (n(2)o). n(2)o generating enzymes include the respiratory nitric oxide (no) reductase, an enzyme from the flavo-diiron family, and flavohaemoglobin. on the other hand, there is only one enzyme that is known to use n(2)o as a substrate, which is the respiratory n(2)o reductase typically found in bacteria capable of denitrification (the respiratory reduction of nitrate and nitrite to dinitrogen). this article w ...	2012	22451107
clinical features fail to distinguish respiratory infections caused by branhamella catarrhalis from those caused by haemophilus influenzae.	branhamella catarrhalis is being isolated with increasing frequency from patients with symptoms and signs of respiratory tract infection. records of 77 patients were reviewed to define the spectrum of respiratory illness and to compare clinical and laboratory features with those of respiratory infection due to haemophilus influenzae. both b catarrhalis and h influenzae caused respiratory infection predominantly in elderly males with underlying heart or lung disease. there were no clinical or lab ...	1992	22451757
origin of the diversity in dna recognition domains in phasevarion associated moda genes of pathogenic neisseria and haemophilus influenzae.	phase variable restriction-modification (r-m) systems have been identified in a range of pathogenic bacteria. in some it has been demonstrated that the random switching of the mod (dna methyltransferase) gene mediates the coordinated expression of multiple genes and constitutes a phasevarion (phase variable regulon). moda of neisseria and haemophilus influenzae contain a highly variable, dna recognition domain (drd) that defines the target sequence that is modified by methylation and is used to ...	2012	22457715
rate of isolation and trends of antimicrobial resistance of multidrug resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa from otorrhea in chronic suppurative otitis media.	to assess the rate of isolation of pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa) and multidrug-resistant pa (mdr-pa) from patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (csom) otorrhea and the annual trend of antibiotic-resistance.	2012	22468197
summary of ceftaroline activity against pathogens in the united states, 2010: report from the assessing worldwide antimicrobial resistance evaluation (aware) surveillance program.	the assessing worldwide antimicrobial resistance evaluation (aware) surveillance program is a sentinel resistance monitoring system designed to track the activity of ceftaroline and comparator agents. in the united states, a total of 8,434 isolates were collected during the 2010 surveillance program from 65 medical centers distributed across the nine census regions (5 to 10 medical centers per region). all organisms were isolated from documented infections, including 3,055 (36.2%) bloodstream in ...	2012	22470115
improved detection of bifidobacteria with optimised 16s rrna-gene based pyrosequencing.	the 16s rrna gene is conserved across all bacteria and as such is routinely targeted in pcr surveys of bacterial diversity. pcr primer design aims to amplify as many different 16s rrna gene sequences from as wide a range of organisms as possible, though there are no suitable 100% conserved regions of the gene, leading to bias. in the gastrointestinal tract, bifidobacteria are a key genus, but are often under-represented in 16s rrna surveys of diversity. we have designed modified, 'bifidobacteria ...	2012	22470420
molecular surveillance of true nontypeable haemophilus influenzae: an evaluation of pcr screening assays.	unambiguous identification of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is not possible by conventional microbiology. molecular characterisation of phenotypically defined nthi isolates suggests that up to 40% are haemophilus haemolyticus (hh); however, the genetic similarity of nthi and hh limits the power of simple molecular techniques such as pcr for species discrimination.	2012	22470516
chronic lung disease in adolescents with delayed diagnosis of vertically acquired hiv infection.	long-term survivors of vertically acquired human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection are reaching adolescence in large numbers in africa and are at high risk of delayed diagnosis and chronic complications of untreated hiv infection. chronic respiratory symptoms are more common than would be anticipated based on the hiv literature.	2012	22474177
regulation of frontline antibody responses by innate immune signals.	mature b cells generate protective immunity by undergoing immunoglobulin (ig) class switching and somatic hypermutation, two ig gene-diversifying processes that usually require cognate interactions with t cells that express cd40 ligand. this t-cell-dependent pathway provides immunological memory but is relatively slow to occur. thus, it must be integrated with a faster, t-cell-independent pathway for b-cell activation through cd40 ligand-like molecules that are released by innate immune cells in ...	2012	22477522
prevalence of and risk factors for human rhinovirus infection in healthy aboriginal and non-aboriginal western australian children.	human rhinovirus (hrv) species c (hrv-c) have been associated with frequent and severe acute lower respiratory infections and asthma in hospitalized children. the prevalence of hrv-c among healthy children and whether this varies with ethnicity is unknown.	2012	22481423
human l-ficolin (ficolin-2) and its clinical significance.	human l-ficolin (p35, ficolin-2) is synthesised in the liver and secreted into the bloodstream where it is one of the major pattern recognition molecules of plasma/serum. like other ficolins, it consists of a collagen-like tail region linked to a fibrinogen-related globular head; a basic triplet subunit arises via a collagen-like triple helix, and this then forms higher multimers (typically a 12-mer, mr 400k). unlike other ficolins, it has a complex set of binding sites arranged within an intern ...	2012	22500076
tigecycline: an evidence-based review of its antibacterial activity and effectiveness in complicated skin and soft tissue and intraabdominal infections.	there is an urgent need for novel agents to manage serious bacterial infections, particularly those contracted in healthcare facilities. tigecycline is a novel broad-spectrum glycylcycline with good activity against gram-positive, many gram-negative, anaerobic, and some atypical pathogens that has been developed to address this need.	2006	22500153
bactquant: an enhanced broad-coverage bacterial quantitative real-time pcr assay.	bacterial load quantification is a critical component of bacterial community analysis, but a culture-independent method capable of detecting and quantifying diverse bacteria is needed. based on our analysis of a diverse collection of 16 s rrna gene sequences, we designed a broad-coverage quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay--bactquant--for quantifying 16 s rrna gene copy number and estimating bacterial load. we further utilized in silico evaluation to complement laboratory-based qpcr characte ...	2012	22510143
the prevalence and identity of chlamydia-specific ige in children with asthma and other chronic respiratory symptoms.	recent studies have confirmed the presence of viable chlamydia in the bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid of pediatric patients with airway hyperresponsiveness. while specific igg and igm responses to c. pneumoniae are well described, the response and potential contribution of ag-specific ige are not known. the current study sought to determine if infection with chlamydia triggers the production of pathogen-specific ige in children with chronic respiratory diseases which might contribute to infla ...	2012	22512977
bacteriology of the paranasal sinuses in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients.	to review the characteristic microbiology of the paranasal sinuses in patients with cystic fibrosis who undergo endoscopic sinus surgery. to examine the subtypes of organisms cultured from the maxillary sinuses and determine their sensitivity to antibiotic therapy.	2012	22513080
bacteria in sputum of stable severe asthma and increased airway wall thickness.	patients with chronic asthma have thicker intrapulmonary airways measured on high resolution computed tomography (hrct). we determined whether the presence of lower airway bacteria was associated with increased airway wall thickness.	2012	22513083
molecular epidemiological characterization of respiratory isolates of moraxella catarrhalis in a pediatric intensive care unit.	a perceived increase in the number of isolates of moraxella catarrhalis from the respiratory secretions of patients intubated in the pediatric intensive care unit prompted a review of the clinical profiles of such patients and restriction enzyme analysis of the strains involved. over two months, of 192 patients admitted to the unit, 154 were intubated. of the 46 for whom endotracheal tube specimens were submitted to the laboratory, m catarrhalis was isolated in 12. m catarrhalis was not felt to ...	1992	22514369
epidemiological typing of moraxella catarrhalis by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.	pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) was used to compare 59 strains of moraxella catarrhalis to evaluate pfge for the epidemiological typing of this organism. pfge-generated patterns were compared with those obtained by small fragment restriction enzyme analysis (rea) and species-specific probe hybridization. the strains used in the study were isolated from various geographic locations and included proven epidemiologically related strains. pfge yielded more unique patterns than dna-dna hybrid ...	1995	22514386
cefixime use in children: when and why.		1995	22514398
antimicrobial resistance: implications for therapy of infections with common childhood pathogens.		1996	22514433
comparison of community-acquired pneumonia requiring admission to hospital in hiv-and non-hiv-infected patients.	to compare community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in hospitalized human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with that in hospitalized non-hiv-infected patients by assessing presenting characteristics, etiology and outcomes.	1996	22514448
prospective, randomized comparison of intravenous and oral ciprofloxacin with intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia.	to compare the efficacy of intravenous and oral ciprofloxacin and intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia.	1997	22514482
study of the comparative activity of piperacillin/tazobactam with currently available antibiotics against 8206 aerobic isolates.	to compare the activity of piperacillin-tazobactam with piperacillin and other parenterally administered antibiotics against aerobic gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci isolated from across canada, and to determine the prevalence of resistance mediated by extended-spectrum cephalosporinases.	1997	22514487
comparison of dna extraction methods for microbial community profiling with an application to pediatric bronchoalveolar lavage samples.	barcoded amplicon sequencing is rapidly becoming a standard method for profiling microbial communities, including the human respiratory microbiome. while this approach has less bias than standard cultivation, several steps can introduce variation including the type of dna extraction method used. here we assessed five different extraction methods on pediatric bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) samples and a mock community comprised of nine bacterial genera to determine method reproducibility and detect ...	2012	22514642
acquisition of complement inhibitor serine protease factor i and its cofactors c4b-binding protein and factor h by prevotella intermedia.	infection with the gram-negative pathogen prevotella intermedia gives rise to periodontitis and a growing number of studies implies an association of p. intermedia with rheumatoid arthritis. the serine protease factor i (fi) is the central inhibitor of complement degrading complement components c3b and c4b in the presence of cofactors such as c4b-binding protein (c4bp) and factor h (fh). yet, the significance of complement inhibitor acquisition in p. intermedia infection and fi binding by gram-n ...	2012	22514678
biofilm formation by bacteria isolated from upper respiratory tract before and after adenotonsillectomy.	failure of antibiotics to eradicate the microbial pathogens primarily responsible for otorhinolaryngological diseases has led to the hypothesis that these microorganisms may be structured in a biolfilm. aim of the study was to evaluate the ability to produce biofilm among bacteria isolated from tonsils and/or adenoids and nasopharynx. biopsies and swabs were collected during surgery and after 3 and 6 months in 32 children undergoing adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. production of biofilm by st ...	2011	22515296
the role of allergy in severe asthma.	the classification of asthma to identify forms which have different contributing causes is useful for all cases in which the disease requires regular treatment, but it is essential for the management of severe asthma. many forms of the disease can occur, and complex mixtures are not uncommon; here we artificially separated the cases into four groups: (i) inhalant allergy, (ii) fungal sensitization with or without colonization (including abpa); (iii) severe sinusitis with or without aspirin-exace ...	2012	22515388
in vitro activity of cefditoren and other comparators against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections in china.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of cefditoren and comparators against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections (cartis). a total of 391 streptococcus pneumoniae, 266 h. influenzae, and 76 m. catarrhalis were isolated from 10 centers located at 6 cities in china from january 2009 to may 2010. the microdilution method was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics). ...	2012	22521692
comparative analysis of the humoral immune response to moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pneumoniae surface antigens in children suffering from recurrent acute otitis media and chronic otitis media with effusion.	a prospective clinical cohort study was established to investigate the humoral immune response in middle ear fluids (mef) and serum against bacterial surface proteins in children suffering from recurrent acute otitis media (raom) and chronic otitis media with effusion (come), using luminex xmap technology. the association between the humoral immune response and the presence of moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasopharynx and middle ear was also studied. the levels of ant ...	2012	22539468
otitis media in a new mouse model for charge syndrome with a deletion in the chd7 gene.	otitis media is a middle ear disease common in children under three years old. otitis media can occur in normal individuals with no other symptoms or syndromes, but it is often seen in individuals clinically diagnosed with genetic diseases such as charge syndrome, a complex genetic disease caused by mutation in the chd7 gene and characterized by multiple birth defects. although otitis media is common in human charge syndrome patients, it has not been reported in mouse models of charge syndrome. ...	2012	22539951
etiologic agents of otitis media in benin city, nigeria.	otitis media continues to be a major presentation in the ear, nose and throat clinic.	2011	22540074
the use of c-reactive protein in predicting bacterial co-infection in children with bronchiolitis.	bronchiolitis is a potentially life-threatening respiratory illness commonly affecting children who are less than two years of age. patients with viral lower respiratory tract infection are at risk for co-bacterial infection.	2011	22540082
bacterial interactions in the nasopharynx - effects of host factors in children attending day-care centers.	the nasopharynges of preschool children are often colonized by potentially pathogenic bacteria. the interactions between these common pathogens and certain host factors were investigated in healthy preschool children 1-6 years of age. nasopharynx samples were collected from all 63 children attending a day-care center that experienced an outbreak of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. the samples were analyzed for s. pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and group ...	2012	22541259
critical appraisal of ceftaroline in the management of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and skin infections.	ceftaroline is a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin β-lactam antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) as well as multidrug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae among other routine gram positive and gram negative organisms. it has been approved by the us food and drug administration for treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (absssis). ceftaroline is approved for treatment of absssi due to ...	2012	22547933
altered regulation of toll-like receptor responses impairs antibacterial immunity in the allergic lung.	the lung is colonized by commensal bacteria, some of which are associated with asthma exacerbations. using the intranasal house-dust mite-sensitized mouse model of allergic airway disease, we show an imbalance in novel antibacterial pathways that culminates in a reduction in neutrophil recruitment to the airspaces and leads to bacterial invasion and dissemination. the expression of trem (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells)-1 that amplifies toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling and trem- ...	2012	22549744
experimental therapeutics of nrf2 as a target for prevention of bacterial exacerbations in copd.	a growing body of evidence indicates that oxidative stress plays a central role in the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). chronic oxidative stress caused by cigarette smoke generates damage-associated molecular patterns (damps), such as oxidatively or nitrosatively modified proteins and extracellular matrix fragments, which induce abnormal airway inflammation by activating innate and adaptive immune responses. furthermore, oxidative stress-induced histone deacetylase 2 ...	2012	22550241
fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary disease in the immunocompromised host in northern alberta.	to determine the diagnostic utility of bronchoscopy in a population of immunocompromised hosts in northern alberta.	1995	22550406
community acquired, nursing home acquired and hospital acquired pneumonia: a five-year review of the clinical, bacteriological and radiological characteristics.	to assess the contemporary clinical, bacteriological and radiographic features of hospitalized patients with community acquired (ca), nursing home acquired (na) and hospital acquired pneumonia (ha) and to examine patient outcome.	1995	22550412
innate immune properties of selected human neuropeptides against moraxella catarrhalis and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.	considerable evidence supports the concept of active communication between the nervous and immune systems. one class of such communicators are the neuropeptides (nps). recent reports have highlighted the antimicrobial activity of neuropeptides, placing them among the integral components of innate immune defense. this study examined the action of four human neuropeptides: calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), neuropeptide y (npy), substance p (sp) and somatostatin (som), which are accessible in ...	2012	22551165
sequetyping: serotyping streptococcus pneumoniae by a single pcr sequencing strategy.	the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines necessitates continued monitoring of circulating strains to assess vaccine efficacy and replacement serotypes. conventional serological methods are costly, labor-intensive, and prone to misidentification, while current dna-based methods have limited serotype coverage requiring multiple pcr primers. in this study, a computer algorithm was developed to interrogate the capsulation locus (cps) of vaccine serotypes to locate primer pairs in conserve ...	2012	22553238
accumulation of trospectomycin by strains of salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli and haemophilus influenzae.	trospectomycin, unlike aminoglycosidic aminocyclitols, is accumulated by a nonsaturable, energy-independent, diffusional process in salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli and haemophilus influenzae. a deep rough mutant of s typhimurium was more susceptible and accumulated the drug faster, and f porin deficient mutants of e coli were more resistant than parental strains. trospectomycin likely uses both porin and nonporin pathways to cross the outer membrane. an e coli strain effectively accumul ...	1990	22553440
childhood microbial keratitis.	to evaluate risk factors for pediatric microbial keratitis and to describe the clinical picture, microbial spectrum, treatment modalities, posttreatment sequelae, and visual outcome in cases with pediatric microbial keratitis.	2012	22557873
mucosal immunization with the moraxella catarrhalis porin m35 induces enhanced bacterial clearance from the lung: a possible role for opsonophagocytosis.	moraxella catarrhalis is a significant cause of respiratory tract infection against which a vaccine is sought. several outer membrane proteins are currently under investigation as potential vaccine antigens, including the porin m35. we have previously shown that the third external loop of m35 was immunodominant over the remainder of the protein for antibody produced in mice against the refolded recombinant protein. however, as this loop is predicted to fold inside the porin channel we also predi ...	2011	22566804
the role of tlr2 in infection and immunity.	toll-like receptors (tlrs) are recognition molecules for multiple pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. tlr2 forms heterodimers with tlr1 and tlr6, which is the initial step in a cascade of events leading to significant innate immune responses, development of adaptive immunity to pathogens and protection from immune sequelae related to infection with these pathogens. this review will discuss the current status of tlr2 mediated immune responses by recognition of pathogen-a ...	2012	22566960