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flavobacterium chilense sp. nov., and flavobacterium araucananum sp. nov., two novel species isolated from farmed salmonid in chile.three gram-negative non endospore-forming filamentous, lm-09-fpt and lm-19-fpt, lm-20-fp, were isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and atlantic salmon (salmo salar), respectively, and were studied in detail for their taxonomic position. 16s rrna gene sequence analysis showed that the three isolates clearly belong to the genus flavobacterium. isolate lm-09-fpt was most closely related to flavobacterium chungangense, showing 98.5% gene sequence similarity to the type strain of this s ...201121828008
quantitative pcr demonstrates a positive correlation between a rickettsia-like organism and severity of strawberry disease lesions in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).strawberry disease (sd) is an inflammatory skin disorder in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). the aetiology of sd is unknown although the 16s rdna sequence of a rickettsia-like organism (rlo) has been associated with sd lesions using a nested pcr assay. in this study, we developed a taqman quantitative pcr assay (qpcr) that targeted the rlo 16s rdna sequence to examine the distribution of rlo relative to lesion status. we compared 18 lesion samples from 13 fish representing high or l ...201121838713
flow regime, temperature, and biotic interactions drive differential declines of trout species under climate change.broad-scale studies of climate change effects on freshwater species have focused mainly on temperature, ignoring critical drivers such as flow regime and biotic interactions. we use downscaled outputs from general circulation models coupled with a hydrologic model to forecast the effects of altered flows and increased temperatures on four interacting species of trout across the interior western united states (1.01 million km(2)), based on empirical statistical models built from fish surveys at 9 ...201121844354
functional expression of frog and rainbow trout melanocortin 2 receptors using heterologous mrap1s.analysis of the functional expression of the melanocortin 2 receptor (mc2r) from a rather broad spectrum of vertebrates indicates that mc2r is exclusively selective for the ligand, acth, and the melanocortin receptor accessory protein 1 (mrap1) is required for high affinity acth binding and activation of mc2r. a phylogenetic analysis of mrap1 suggested that tetrapod sequences and bony fish sequences may represent two distinct trends in the evolution of the mrap1 gene. to test this hypothesis, a ...201121846469
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Yersinia ruckeri isolates from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) in Turkey.The aim of the study was the phenotypic and molecular characterization of Yersinia (Y) ruckeri strains, the causative agent of Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM), by antibiotyping, random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) and sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns of whole cell proteins. For this aim, a total of 97 Y ruckeri isolates were analyzed. The isolates were distinguished into ten antibiotypes and six phenotypes according to ...201121848040
experimentally induced marine flexibacteriosis in atlantic salmon smolts salmo salar. ii. pathology.the fish disease marine flexibacteriosis is characterised by necrotic lesions on the body, head, fins, and occasionally gills, with erosive lesions on the external surface as the prominent clinical sign. in australia, the main species affected are atlantic salmon salmo salar and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in sea-cage culture in tasmania. using a dose-dependent trial to determine pathology, 2 forms of the disease were noted in atlantic salmon. the acute form occurs within 2 to 3 d after in ...201121848120
rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss ladderlectin, but not intelectin, binds viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus ivb.the innate immune system of fish is critical for rapid detection and immediate response to infection, as well as to orchestrate the adaptive branch of the immune system. rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss ladderlectin and intelectin are plasma pattern recognition receptors (prr) for bacterial and fungal pathogens of rainbow trout, but their role as prrs for virus is unknown. viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) ivb is a recently described fish pathogen in the great lakes, and rainbow trout c ...201121848121
studies and evaluation of the potential toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane to five aquatic and sediment organisms.the potential toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane (dbdp-ethane) was explored in 5 types of organisms residing in the water column and/or sediment, e.g. oncorhynchus mykiss, pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, daphnia magna, chironmus riparius, and lumbriculus variegates. fish, algae or daphnia were unaffected by acute exposures to water accommodated fractions of 110mg dbdp-ethane/l. chronic exposure to dbdp-ethane at the highest dose tested, 5000mg/kg dry sediment, did not affect midge mean develo ...201221862128
temperature dependence of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum ca²⁺-atpase from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.in this work, the temperature dependence of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum ca(2+) -atpase (serca2) activity from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss cardiac ventricles was measured and compared with the mammalian serca2 isoform. the rate of atp-dependent ca(2+) transport catalysed by o. mykiss vesicles was totally abolished by thapsigargin and the ca(2+) ionophore a(23187) . at warm temperatures (25 and 30° c), the serca2 from o. mykiss ventricles displayed the same rate of ca(2+) uptake. at 35° ...201121884113
circulating salmon 28- and 22-kda insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (igfbps) are co-orthologs of igfbp-1.circulating insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (igfbps) play pivotal roles in stabilizing igfs and regulating their availability to target tissues. in the teleost circulation, three major igfbps are typically detected by ligand blotting with molecular masses around 20-25, 28-32 and 40-45kda. however, their identity is poorly established and often confused. we previously identified salmon 22- and 41-kda forms as igfbp-1 and -2b, respectively. in the present study, we cloned the cdna of 2 ...201121888908
immune responses elicited in rainbow trout through the administration of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus-like particles.virus like particles (vlps) against viral pathogens not only constitute a novel approach for the development of antiviral vaccines for an specific virus, but also for the creation of multivalent vaccines in which antigens from other pathogens may be expressed on the surface of these vlps. despite positive results on protection for many of these vlps in both fish and mammals, not many studies have focused on the immune response triggered by these particles; studies that may provide hints for the ...201221893091
experimental evidence for direct in situ binding of igm and igt to early trophonts of ichthyophthirius multifiliis (fouquet) in the gills of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).freshwater fish are able to mount a protective immune response against the parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) following a non-lethal exposure. factors involved in immunity comprise cellular and humoral factors, but antibodies have been suggested to play a prominent role in protection. however, host antibodies have not yet been demonstrated to bind to the parasite in situ. by the use of immunohistochemical techniques, this study demonstrated that igt and igm bind to surface structures, i ...201121916900
The use of a real-time PCR primer/probe set to observe infectivity of Yersinia ruckeri in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), and steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum).Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM), a common pathogen affecting aquaculture facilities and implicated in large losses of cultured fish. Fisheries scientists continue to gain a greater understanding of the disease and the pathogen by investigating methods of identification and pre- and post-infection treatment. In this study, a real-time PCR probe set for Y. ruckeri was developed to detect daily changes in the bacterial load during pathogen challenges. Two s ...201121916903
efficacy of quinine against ichthyophthiriasis in common carp cyprinus carpio.ichthyophthiriasis, caused by ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is an economically important worldwide parasitic disease that infects all freshwater fish. since the banning of malachite green for use in food fish, there has been a great need for alternative therapeutants. the goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of quinine against i. multifiliis. parasite developmental stages from our laboratory-established life cycle in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to quinine in vitr ...201121932533
ecosystem ecology meets adaptive management: food web response to a controlled flood on the colorado river, glen canyon.large dams have been constructed on rivers to meet human demands for water, electricity, navigation, and recreation. as a consequence, flow and temperature regimes have been altered, strongly affecting river food webs and ecosystem processes. experimental high-flow dam releases, i.e., controlled floods, have been implemented on the colorado river, u.s.a., in an effort to reestablish pulsed flood events, redistribute sediments, improve conditions for native fishes, and increase understanding of h ...201121939041
differential immune response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) at early developmental stages (larvae and fry) against the bacterial pathogen yersinia ruckeri.innate immune factors play a crucial role in survival of young fish especially during early stages of life when adaptive immunity is not fully developed. in the present study, we investigated the immune response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae and fry at an early stage of development. we exposed 17 and 87° days post hatch larvae and fry (152 and 1118 degree days post hatch; avg. wt. 70 and 770 mg, respectively) to the bacterial pathogen, yersinia ruckeri for 4h by bath challenge. s ...201221945730
the impact of heavy metals on the activity of carbonic anhydrase from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) kidney.many environmental and health problems have become a consequence of contamination of soil and water by toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants in the present age of technology. heavy metals play vital roles in enzyme activities and other metabolic events with their bioaccumulative and nonbiodegradable properties among aquatic pollutants. metal toxicity causes irregular metallothioneins protein synthesis, renal damage, and disruption of bone structure in humans and wildlife. in this study, we i ...201121949088
ontogeny and disease responses of langerhans-like cells in lymphoid tissues of salmonid fish.the ontogeny and disease responses of langerhans-like cells within lymphoid tissues of atlantic salmon, salmo salar, and rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, were investigated. these cells were studied in situ with the use of two markers: the ultrastructural presence of birbeck-like granules and immunohistochemistry with an antibody against human langerin/cd207 that cross-reacts with salmonid tissues. the appearance of birbeck-like granules was observed in rainbow trout at 2 weeks post-hatch (ph) ...201121965123
Isolation and molecular characterization of Rem2 isoforms in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Tissue and central nervous system expression.REM2 is a member of the REM, RAD, and GEM/KIR (RGK) subfamily of RAS superfamily proteins and plays an important role in brain development and function. In this study, two Rem2 isoforms were isolated from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The two genes, designated O. mykiss rem2a and rem2b, both encode 304 amino acid proteins with 61% and 62% identities to zebrafish (Danio rerio) Rem2, respectively, and each with 43% identity to mammalian (human) REM2. To our knowledge, this is the first ...201221983188
Immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).In order to study the immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea extract on rainbow trout, a study with a 30-day feeding trial was conducted. Commercial diets with graded levels of decaffeinated green tea extract, 20 mg (T1), 100 mg (T2), 500 mg (T3) per kg feed were prepared. 120 rainbow trout (35 ± 3 g) were randomly assigned to 4 groups in triplicates and fed one of the 3 experimental diets formulated or control diet. After feeding trial, 12 fish from each group were sampled for anal ...201121985858
quantification of flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), tissues by qpcr.a qpcr assay was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of flavobacterium psychrophilum, the aetiological agent of bacterial cold-water disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome in salmonid fish worldwide. a set of f. psychrophilum-specific primers based on 16s rrna gene sequences was designed and validated for specific detection and quantification of dna isolated from representative strains of f. psychrophilum. the qpcr assay exhibited a high specificity for the 16s rrna gene of f. psychrophi ...201121988353
identification of immunogenic proteins within distinct molecular mass fractions of flavobacterium psychrophilum.flavobacterium psychrophilum is the aetiological agent of bacterial coldwater disease (cwd), and this pathogen has large economic impacts on salmonid aquaculture worldwide. previously, it was demonstrated that high levels of protection against f. psychrophilum challenge were conferred to rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), by immunization with distinct molecular mass fractions of the bacterium, and specific antibodies were correlated with protection. in this study, an immunoproteomic a ...201121988354
Bacterial skin flora variation and in vitro inhibitory activity against Saprolegnia parasitica in brown and rainbow trout.Variations in the number and diversity of bacteria from the skin of brown trout Salmo trutta L. and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum were surveyed from different rivers and fish farms in northern Spain. In addition to determining bacterial populations in skin samples of healthy fish, bacterial populations were determined from skin lesions (of brown trout only) infected with Saprolegnia parasitica, the causal agent of saprolegniosis. Mean bacterial counts from skin lesions of brown trout ...201122013752
local patchiness of gyrodactylus colemanensis and g. salmonis parasitizing salmonids in the south river watershed, nova scotia, canada.prevalence and intensity of gyrodactylus colemanensis and g. salmonis (monogenea) parasitizing juvenile/adult brook trout salvelinus fontinalis, rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout salmo trutta, and atlantic salmon salmo salar at 3 localities over an 8 km stretch in the south river, nova scotia, canada, were calculated 4 times over a 9 mo period (october 2009, december 2009, march 2010, june 2010). g. colemanensis was on all 4 salmonids (endemic and non-endemic), while g. salmonis par ...201122013753
detection of viruses in farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in korea by rt-lamp assay.the viral diseases have been the serious problem in salmonid farming, and rainbow trout is not an exception. in this study, routine surveys were conducted for detecting of viruses in farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in korea during 2009-2010. head kidneys from individual fish were employed for virus detection by using a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay. infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv ...201122068489
chryseobacterium oncorhynchi sp. nov., isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).genotypic and phenotypic analyses were performed on five gram-negative, catalase and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the gill and liver of four rainbow trout. studies based on comparative 16s rrna gene sequence analysis showed that the five new isolates shared 99.8-100% sequence similarity and that they belong to the genus chryseobacterium. the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of the strain 701b-08(t) were chryseobacterium ureilyticum f-fue-04iiiaaaa(t) (99.1% 16s rrna gene se ...201222115847
the relationship between nmda receptor function and the high ammonia tolerance of anoxia-tolerant goldfish.acute ammonia toxicity in vertebrates is thought to be characterized by a cascade of deleterious events resembling those associated with anoxic/ischemic injury in the central nervous system. a key event is the over-stimulation of neuronal n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors, which leads to excitotoxic cell death. the similarity between the responses to acute ammonia toxicity and anoxia suggests that anoxia-tolerant animals such as the goldfish (carassius auratus linnaeus) may also be ammonia t ...201122116753
salmondb: a bioinformatics resource for salmo salar and oncorhynchus mykiss.salmondb is a new multiorganism database containing est sequences from salmo salar, oncorhynchus mykiss and the whole genome sequence of danio rerio, gasterosteus aculeatus, tetraodon nigroviridis, oryzias latipes and takifugu rubripes, built with core components from gmod project, goparc system and the biomart project. the information provided by this resource includes gene ontology terms, metabolic pathways, snp prediction, cds prediction, orthologs prediction, several precalculated blast sear ...201122120661
weissella sp. outbreaks in commercial rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in brazil.the genus weissella contains 14 bacterial species that usually occur in nutrient-rich environments and in fermented foods and beverages. outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia were reported in three commercial rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in brazil in 2008 and 2009. seventy-seven gram-positive isolates were obtained from 41 diseased fish from these farms. the bacterial strains were identified as weissella at the genus level using biochemical tests, weissella genus-specific pcr, and 16s ...201122137197
Effects of long duration, low dose bronopol exposure on the control of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), parasitising rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum).Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 infections on intensively reared fish stocks can increase rapidly, which if left unmanaged, can result in the heavy loss of stock. The present study explores the efficacy of long duration, low dose (1, 2 and 5mgL(-1)) treatments of bronopol (marketed as Pyceze™, Novartis Ltd.) in reducing the number of trophonts establishing on juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss held under small scale culture conditions. The effect of bronopol on the colonisation success of i ...201122154252
Application of artificial photoperiod in fish: a factor that increases susceptibility to infectious diseases?This paper describes and evaluates the mortality associated with the potential stressor effect induced by application of artificial photoperiods in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). After application of artificial photoperiods, high mortalities of trout subjected to this management were recorded (36% in LD 14:10 and 25% in LD 24:0) as compared to controls (7%). The recorded signology related to diseased trout included darkening, lethargy and erratic swimming. Among the morphological changes, ...201122160663
Effects of dietary Ergosan on cutaneous mucosal immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).The effects of dietary Ergosan on the growth performance and mucosal immunity in rainbow trout skin were investigated. 60 rainbow trout (100-110 g) were randomly assigned to 2 groups in triplicates and fed one of the experimental diet formulated with 5 g kg(-1) Ergosan or control diet for 50 days. Results showed that on the 45th day of feeding trial, Ergosan supplementation significantly enhanced the growth performance compared to control group. Various enzyme activities, namely lysozyme, protea ...201122166733
morphological and molecular characterisation of gyrodactylus salmonis (platyhelminthes, monogenea) isolates collected in mexico from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum).gyrodactylus salmonis (yin et sproston, 1948) isolates collected from feral rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) in veracruz, southeastern mexico are described. morphological and molecular variation of these isolates to g. salmonis collected in canada and the u.s.a. is characterised. morphologically, the marginal hook sickles of mexican isolates of g. salmonis closely resemble those of canadian specimens - their shaft and hook regions align closely with one another; only features of the ...201122169222
Comparative effects of four feed types on white spot disease susceptibility and skin immune parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum).The effects on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), immune parameters by differently formulated fish feed types containing immunostimulants have been tested in a double-blind, duplicated and controlled study performed over 50 days. A total of 800 rainbow trout (10-12 g) were kept in eight duplicate fish tanks (each containing 100 fish) and fed at a daily feeding rate of 1.5% of the biomass. The feed types were (1) control feed (C) without additives, (2) feed containing beta-glucan, nucl ...201122175907
early biochemical effects of microcystis aeruginosa extracts on juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).microcystins (mc) are usually the predominant cyanotoxins associated with cyanobacterial blooms in natural surface waters. these toxins are well-known hepatotoxic agents that proceed by inhibiting protein phosphatase in aquatic biota; recent studies have also reported oxidative stress and disruption of ion regulation in aquatic organisms. in the present study, young trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to crude extracts of microsystis aeruginosa for four days at 15°c. the level of microcysti ...201122178707
effects of dietary administration of echinacea purpurea on growth indices and biochemical and hematological indices in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings.this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of echinacea purpurea (ep) on growth and some hematological and blood biochemical indices of rainbow trout fingerlings. a basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g ep kg⁻¹ to formulate five experimental diets. each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with an initial average weight of approximately 8 g. after 8 weeks of feeding trial, fish fed diets with 0.25 and 0.5 g ep kg⁻¹ showed highest final weig ...201222198162
epidemiological description of the sea lice (caligus rogercresseyi) situation in southern chile in august 2007.salmon sea lice represent one of the most important threats to salmon farming throughout the world. results of private monitoring efforts have shown an increase in the number of positive cages and cage-level abundance of sea lice in southern chile since 2004. as a consequence, the chilean fisheries service implemented an official surveillance program in the main salmon production area of southern chile to assess the situation of sea lice in fish farms. results showed that the prevalence of sea l ...201222209492
comparative protection of two different commercial vaccines against yersinia ruckeri serotype o1 and biotype 2 in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).differentially extended specific protection by two commercial vaccines against yersinia ruckeri serotype o1 biotype 2 was studied following 30s immersion exposure. rainbow trout were challenged intra-peritoneally (i.p.) with y. ruckeri serotype o1, biotype 2 (≈10(6) to 10(7)cfu/fish) at 4, 6 and 8 months after vaccination with vaccines containing either biotype 1 (aquavac(®) erm) or both biotypes 1 and 2 (aquavac(®) relera™). the specific pattern of vaccine-mediated protection was evaluated by r ...201122227075
flavobacterium oncorhynchi sp. nov., a new species isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).eighteen isolates of a gram-negative, catalase and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, recovered from diseased rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), were characterized, using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. studies based on comparative 16s rrna gene sequence analysis showed that that the eighteen new isolates shared 99.2-100% sequence similarities. phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolates from trout belonged to the genus flavobacterium, showing the highest sequence similarities to f. chu ...201222227311
diagnostic capacity for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) is greatly increased by combining viral isolation with specific antibody detection.detection of disease specific antibodies in farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) has been proposed as an alternative or supplement to the currently approved procedures for diagnosis and surveillance in this species. in samples from natural outbreaks of the disease viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) at two freshwater farms in southern denmark serologic testing was used to broaden the diagnostic window from outbreak to diagnosis in the laboratory as compared to traditional procedures of is ...201122233687
comparative acute freshwater hazard assessment and preliminary pnec development for eight fluorinated acids.short-term 48, 72 and 96-h aquatic toxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of eight fluorinated acids to the cladoceran, daphnia magna, the green alga, pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss or the fathead minnow, pimephales promelas. the eight fluorinated acids studied were tridecafluorohexyl ethanoic acid (6:2 ftca), heptadecafluorooctyl ethanoic acid (8:2 ftca), 2h-dodecafluoro-2-octenoic acid (6:2 ftuca), 2h-hexadecafluoro-2-decenoic ...201222280982
characterization of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from an estuarine environment for application in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) farming.bacterial attachment to fish surfaces and the capacity to compete with pathogens for adhesion sites are essential characteristics in order to select a candidate probiotic for aquaculture. twelve lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from fish and sediments from bahía blanca estuary, argentina, were examined for in vitro adhesion to rainbow trout mucus, cell surface properties and competitive exclusion against two salmonid pathogens, yersinia ruckeri and aeromonas salmonicida. in order to assess th ...201222287063
isolation and characterization of a lytic myoviridae bacteriophage pas-1 with broad infectivity in aeromonas salmonicida.to search for candidate control agents against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infections in aquaculture, one bacteriophage (phage), designated as pas-1, was isolated from the sediment samples of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) culture farm in korea. the pas-1 was morphologically classified as myoviridae and possessed approximately 48 kb of double-strand genomic dna. the phage showed broad host ranges to other subspecies of a. salmonicida as well as a. salmonicida subsp. salmoni ...201222314935
characteristics of fads2 gene expression and putative promoter in european sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax): comparison with salmonid species and analysis of cpg methylation.marine fish species exhibit low capacity to biosynthesise highly unsaturated fatty acid (hufa) in comparison to strict freshwater and anadromous species. it is admitted that the delta(6) desaturase (fads2) is a key enzyme in the hufa biosynthetic pathway. we investigated by quantitative pcr the relative amounts of fads2 mrna in european sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax) in comparison with a salmonid species, the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss l.). the analysis of the expression data was perfor ...201222325717
effectiveness of bivalent vaccines against aeromonas hydrophila and lactococcus garvieae infections in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).lactococcus garvieae and aeromonas hydrophila are bacterial pathogens affecting salmonids and other fish species and cause of heavy losses in aquaculture. diseases caused by these bacteria can be controlled satisfactory by immunization using monovalent vaccines. in this study, the protective efficacy of two bivalent vaccines against l. garvieae and a. hydrophila was evaluated in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). bivalent formulations, containing formalin-inactivated bacteria, were prepared as ...201222326941
modulation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal immune gene expression following bacterial challenge.the mucosal immune systems of fishes are still poorly understood, and defined models for studying natural host-pathogen interactions are lacking. the objective of this study was to evaluate different challenge models and pathogens to examine the magnitude of change in intestinal immune gene expression. rainbow trout were exposed by immersion to yersinia ruckeri or by intraperitoneal injection with flavobacterium psychrophilum. at 3, 9, or 10 days post-challenge, pathogen load was quantified by p ...201222341800
molecular epidemiology of zoonotic streptococcosis/lactococcosis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture in iran.streptococcosis/lactococcosis is a hyperacute systemic disease that can occur in marine and fresh waters of many species of fish. the aim of this work was to study the disease outbreak in the major rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) production of iran.201022347573
effect of chronic exposure to pendimethalin on the susceptibility of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss l., to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv).in this study, the in vivo effects of chronic pollution by the active substance (as) pendimethalin, a dinitroaniline herbicide, on the susceptibility of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss l., to an experimental challenge with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) were assessed. after four weeks of exposure to fresh water (c group) or 500 ng l(-1) of as (p500 group), the fish were challenged by immersion in water containing 10(4) tcid(50) ml(-1) of vhsv. while exposure to pendimethalin was ma ...201222361216
the effects of myxobolus cerebralis on the physiological performance of whirling disease resistant and susceptible strains of rainbow trout.the development of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss strains that are resistant to whirling disease has shown promise as a management tool for populations in areas where myxobolus cerebralis is present. however, the physiological effects of the disease on characteristics necessary for fish survival in natural river conditions have not been tested in many of these strains. five rainbow trout strains were evaluated for their swimming ability and growth characteristics in relation to m. cerebralis ...201122372244
genotyping of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus isolates from mexico state.the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv; genus aquabirnavirus) affects salmon and trout, causing high mortality in first-feeding fry. the classification of this virus includes nine serotypes and seven genogroups. in mexico, two different isolates were identified in 2000 and 2008, respectively. both isolates were classified into genogroup i according to the rna genome of this virus. as mexico is importing rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss eggs from different countries, the aim of this stud ...201122372248
characterisation and expression analysis of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) homologue of the human dendritic cell marker cd208/lysosomal associated membrane protein 3.lamp3/cd208 is a member of the lysosomal-associated membrane protein family and is used as a putative marker for mature dendritic cells (dcs) in humans since it is upregulated upon dc activation and maturation. this paper reports the cloning and sequencing of lamp3 in rainbow trout. the predicted trout lamp3 shares the characteristic features of lamp family members such as a c-terminal lysosomal sorting motif (g-y-d-r-i) in the short c-terminal cytoplasmic tail, typical for lysosomal targeting, ...201222402276
hilyses®, fermented saccharomyces cerevisiae, enhances the growth performance and skin non-specific immune parameters in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).effects of hilyses(®), fermented saccharomyces cerevisiae (s. cerevisiae), on growth, body composition and skin mucus immune components in rainbow trout were quantified. ninety rainbow trout (105 ± 5 g) were randomly assigned to 2 groups in triplicates and fed dietary hilyses(®) (5 g kg(-1)) or control diet without hilyses(®) for 50 days. results of this study demonstrated that growth performance increased significantly by the dietary yeast supplement; however body composition was not affected i ...201222440584
tissue specificity of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) mediated responses and relative sensitivity of white sturgeon (acipenser transmontanus) to an ahr agonist.sturgeons are endangered in some parts of the world. due to their benthic nature and longevity sturgeon are at greater risk of exposure to bioaccumulative contaminants such as dioxin-like compounds that are associated with sediments. despite their endangered status, little research has been conducted to characterize the relative responsiveness of sturgeon to dioxin-like compounds. in an attempt to study the biological effects and possible associated risks of exposure to dioxin-like compounds in ...201222446824
comparative proteomics of copper exposure and toxicity in rainbow trout, common carp and gibel carp.species specific differences in transporters, chaperones, metal binding proteins and other targets are important in metal toxicity. therefore, we have studied the effects of copper exposure on the proteome of gill tissue from oncorhynchus mykiss, cyprinus carpio and carassius auratus gibelio, which have different sensitivities toward copper. fish were exposed to the flemish water quality standard for surface waters, being 50μg/l, for 3 days. sampled gill tissue was subjected to a 2d-dige and an ...201222480594
use of reverse transcription-real time polymerase chain reaction (real time rt-pcr) assays with universal probe library (upl) probes for the detection and genotyping of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strains isolated in chile.reverse transcription-real time polymerase chain reaction (real time rt-pcr) assay with universal probe library (upl) probes has been developed for the detection and genotyping of chilean infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) isolates from infected cell culture. partial nucleotide sequences (1175 bp) of the vp2 coding region from a selection of 7 chilean ipnv isolates showed that they clustered into two main groups strongly correlated with genogroups 1 and 5 proposed by blake et al. (2001) ...201222484616
acute toxicity of cadmium, lead, zinc, and their mixtures to stream-resident fish and invertebrates.the authors conducted 150 tests of the acute toxicity of resident fish and invertebrates to cd, pb, and zn, separately and in mixtures, in waters from the south fork coeur d'alene river watershed, idaho, usa. field-collected shorthead sculpin (cottus confusus), westslope cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), two mayflies (baetis tricaudatus and rhithrogena sp.), a stonefly (sweltsa sp.), a caddisfly (arctopsyche sp.), a snail (gyraulus sp.), and hatchery rainbow trout (oncorhynchus myki ...201222488500
oral immunization of rainbow trout to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) induces different immune gene expression profiles in head kidney and pyloric ceca.induction of neutralizing antibodies and protection by oral vaccination with dna-alginates of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) was recently reported. because orally induced immune response transcript gene profiles had not been described yet neither in fish, nor after ipnv vaccination, we studied them in head kidney (an immune response internal organ) and a vaccine entry tissue (pyloric ceca). by using an oligo microarray enriched in immune-rel ...201222521628
oral transmission as a route of infection for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).surveys among wild marine fish have revealed occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) infections in a high number of diverse fish species. in marine aquaculture of rainbow trout, preying on invading wild fish might thus be a risk factor for introduction and adaptation of vhsv and subsequent disease outbreaks. our objective was to determine whether an oral transmission route for vhsv in rainbow trout exists. juvenile trout were infected through oral, waterborne and cohabitation t ...201222524457
development and validation of a range of endogenous controls to support the implementation of practical taqman real-time pcr-based surveillance for fish diseases within aquaculture.the use of taqman real-time pcr-based technology has recently become more frequent in the detection of pathogens in the aquaculture industry. this interest has necessitated the development of robust and reliable pathogen-detection assays. the development of a range of endogenous control assays to be run alongside these diagnostic assays works to further increase confidence in the latter. this study describes the design of a range of endogenous control assays based on the elongation factor 1-α (e ...201222524565
subcellular differences in handling cu excess in three freshwater fish species contributes greatly to their differences in sensitivity to cu.since changes in metal distribution among tissues and subcellular fractions can provide insights in metal toxicity and tolerance, we investigated this partitioning of cu in gill and liver tissue of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (cyprinus carpio) and gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio). these fish species are known to differ in their sensitivity to cu exposure with gibel carp being the most tolerant and rainbow trout the most sensitive. after an exposure to 50 μg/l (0.79 μm) ...201222542735
pseudomonas m162 confers protection against rainbow trout fry syndrome by stimulating immunity.to evaluate the antagonistic effect of pseudomonas m162 against flavobacterium psychrophilum.201222548608
immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan from euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against yersinia ruckeri.potential immunostimulatory effects of orally administered β-glucan were investigated in combination with immersion vaccination against enteric redmouth disease caused by yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). a linear, unbranched and pure (purity ≥98%) β-1,3-glucan (syn. paramylon) from the alga euglena gracilis was applied at an inclusion level of 1% β-glucan in feed administered at a rate of 1% biomass day(-1) for 84 consecutive days. fish were vaccinated after two weeks of ...201222548789
characteristics of disease spectrum in relation to species, serogroups, and adhesion ability of motile aeromonads in fish.an attempt was made to delineate the relationship between of aeromonas species and/or serogroups and specific disease symptoms in common carp cyprinus carpio l. and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum. the adhesion of aeromonas strains to various tissues in relation to disease spectrum was also tested. all strains of a. hydrophila caused skin ulcers as well as septicaemia in both carp and trout while the other strains were able to cause only skin ulcers or some specific internal lesions wi ...201222550470
elemental composition of four farmed fish produced in portugal.farmed gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata), european sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and turbot (psetta maxima) produced in portugal were analysed in order to characterize their elemental composition. atomic absorption (flame and cold vapour) and molecular absorption spectrometry techniques were used to determine all the studied elements. similar patterns of macro, trace and ultra trace elements were observed for all fish species. the main elements were potass ...201222574998
duplicated nell2 genes show different expression patterns in two rainbow trout strains after temperature and pathogen challenge.mammalian neural epidermal growth factor-like-like 1 and 2 genes (nell1 and nell2) encode multifunctional glycoproteins involved in cell growth regulation and differentiation. we isolated two closely related nell2 transcript sequences from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). these conceptually translated nell2a and -b sequences share 83% identical residues and the nell-typical structure. phylogenetic analyses suggest that bony fish possess two nell genes, though these are either present as nell ...201222580270
comparative proteomic analysis of virulent and rifampicin-attenuated flavobacterium psychrophilum.flavobacterium psychrophilum is the aetiologic agent of bacterial coldwater disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome. in this study, we compared a wild-type strain (csf 259-93) with a rifampicin-resistant strain and virulence-attenuated strain of f. psychrophilum (csf 259-93b.17). the attenuated strain harboured a mutation in the rpob gene consistent with resistance to rifampicin. two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2d-page) and mass spectrometry demonstrated an altered proteome wi ...201222607560
cloning and expression analysis of two ror-γ homologues (ror-γa1 and ror-γa2) in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.this paper describes the cloning and characterisation of two retinoid-related orphan receptor (ror)-γ homologues (ror-γa1 and -γa2) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the coding region predicted for both homologues consists of 1410 base pairs (bp), which translate into two 469 amino acid (aa) proteins. the trout ror-γs revealed a high conservation of both dna- and ligand-binding domains (functional regions of the nuclear receptor family), and shared a high homology to mammalian ror-γt. a ph ...201222634748
erk, akt, and stat5 are differentially activated by the two growth hormone receptor subtypes of a teleost fish (oncorhynchus mykiss).previously, we found that the teleost fish, rainbow trout, possesses two growth hormone receptor (ghr) subtypes that display distinct ligand-binding and agonist-induced regulation features. in this study, we used chinese hamster ovary-k1 cells stably transfected individually with the two trout ghr subtypes, ghr1 and ghr2, to elucidate receptor-effector pathway linkages. growth hormone (gh) stimulated rapid (5-10 min) phosphorylation of erk, akt, jak2, and stat5 in both ghr1- and ghr2-expressing ...201122649371
lipopolysaccharide o-antigen prevents phagocytosis of vibrio anguillarum by rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) skin epithelial cells.colonization of host tissues is a first step taken by many pathogens during the initial stages of infection. despite the impact of bacterial disease on wild and farmed fish, only a few direct studies have characterized bacterial factors required for colonization of fish tissues. in this study, using live-cell and confocal microscopy, rainbow trout skin epithelial cells, the main structural component of the skin epidermis, were demonstrated to phagocytize bacteria. mutant analyses showed that the ...201222662189
recovery of aeromonas hydrophila associated with bacteraemia in captive snakes.captive snakes, that is, a jamaican boa (epicrates subflavus) a yellow anaconda (eunectes notaeus) and a corn snake (pantherophis guttatus guttatus), died with signs of bacteraemia including the presence of petechial haemorrhages in the mouth and gums and haemorrhages in the lung, spleen and intestines. the abdomen and anus were swollen with bloody-tinged mucus in the colon. aeromonas hydrophila was recovered in dense virtually pure culture growth from the internal organs. characterization of th ...201222680932
evaluation of the antifungal activity of zataria multiflora, geranium herbarium, and eucalyptus camaldolensis essential oils on saprolegnia parasitica-infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs.the purpose of the present study was to evaluate and assess the capability of zataria multiflora, geranium herbarium, and eucalyptus camaldolensis essential oils in treating saprolegnia parasitica-infected rainbow (oncorhynchus mykiss) trout eggs. a total of 150 infected eggs were collected and plated on glucose-pepton agar at 24°c for 2 weeks. the antifungal assay of essential oils against s. parasitica was determined by a macrodilution broth technique. the eggs were treated with essential oils ...201222690761
the spinal cord supports of vertebrae in the crown-group salamanders (caudata, urodela).the development of spinal cord supports (bony thickenings which extend into the vertebral canal of vertebrae) in primitive (salamandrella keyserlingii) and derived (lissotriton vulgaris) salamanders were described. the spinal cord supports develop as the protuberances of periostal bone of the neural arches in the anteroproximal part of the septal collagenous fibers which connect a transverse myoseptum with the notochord and spinal cord, in the septal bundle inside the vertebral canal. spinal cor ...201222707352
first molecular identification of diphyllobothrium dendriticum plerocercoids from feral rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in chile.between april and june 2009, 1,075 feral rainbow trout from 10 different lakes involved with aquaculture activities in los lagos region, chile, were inspected for diphyllobothrium species. all viscera and muscles of the fish were examined using stereomicroscopy; pyloric cecae and stomachs infected with plerocercoids were checked by histology and scanning electron microscopy. plerocercoids of diphyllobothrium dendriticum were confirmed by pcr and sequencing of coi and 18s rrna + its1 + 5.8s rrna ...201222715967
distribution of acetylcholine and catecholamines in fish gills and their potential roles in the hypoxic ventilatory response.carotid body glomus cells in mammals contain a plethora of different neurochemicals. several hypotheses exist to explain their roles in oxygen-chemosensing. in the present study we assessed the distribution of serotonin, acetylcholine and catecholamines in the gills of trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and goldfish (carassius auratus) using immunohistochemistry, and an activity-dependent dye, texas red hydrazide (txr). in fish the putative oxygen sensing cells are neuroepithelial cells (necs) and the ...201322765871
chryseobacterium tructae sp. nov., isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).three pale-orange bacteria (strains 1083-08, 1084-08(t) and 1095b-08) were isolated from diseased rainbow trout. the isolates were gram-staining-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped cells. analyses of their 16s rrna gene sequences confirmed their adscription to the genus chryseobacterium. the three isolates shared 100% 16s rrna gene sequence similarity and 98.5% similarity with chryseobacterium indologenes ccug 14556(t), being the closest phylogenetically related species. genomic ...201222795568
detection of neoparamoeba perurans by duplex quantitative taqman real-time pcr in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded atlantic salmonid gill tissues.the development and the application of a quantitative duplex real-time pcr for the detection of neoparamoeba perurans and the elongation factor α 1 gene (elf) of atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), are described. a set of primers and probe was designed to amplify a 139-bp fragment specific to the n. perurans 18s rrna gene. the test was shown to be very sensitive, being able to detect as little as 13.4 dna copies per μl corresponding to 0.15 fg of te ...201222804799
multiple passage of infectious salmon anaemia virus in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), did not induce increased virus load.the infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) has not been observed to cause natural disease in farmed rainbow trout, onchorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), but may cause high mortality in farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. in this study, isav was passaged 10 times in succession by intraperitoneal injections of serum from previous passage into naïve rainbow trout. the serum viraemia was monitored by real-time qpcr. the rainbow trout in this study became infected but did not develop isa. no clinical si ...201222804963
characterization of genes encoding prolactin and prolactin receptors in starry flounder platichthys stellatus and their expression upon acclimation to freshwater.this study aims to investigate the genes encoding prolactin (prl) and prolactin receptors (prlr) and their tissue-specific expression in starry flounder platichthys stellatus. starry flounder prl gene consisting of five exons encodes an orf of 212 amino acid residue comprised of a putative signal peptide of 24 amino acids and a mature protein of 188 amino acids. it showed amino acid identities of 73 % with tuna thunnus thynnus, 71 % with black porgy acanthopagrus schlegelii, 69 % with nile tilap ...201322843312
identification of a novel ccr7 gene in rainbow trout with differential expression in the context of mucosal or systemic infection.in mammals, ccr7 is the chemokine receptor for the ccl19 and ccl21 chemokines, molecules with a major role in the recruitment of lymphocytes to lymph nodes and peyer's patches in the intestinal mucosa, especially naïve t lymphocytes. in the current work, we have identified a ccr7 orthologue in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) that shares many of the conserved features of mammalian ccr7. the receptor is constitutively transcribed in the gills, hindgut, spleen, thymus and gonad. when leukocyte ...201222858409
microhabitat preference of anisakis simplex in three salmonid species: immunological implications.three salmonid fish species, oncorhynchus mykiss, salmo salar and salmo trutta, were infected experimentally with the parasitic nematode anisakis simplex (a. simplex) and the difference between in vivo behaviour of the nematode in the three fish species was investigated. infection success rate differed between species. s. salar (baltic salmon) showed the highest number of successfully established nematodes, whereas s. trutta (brown trout) and o. mykiss (rainbow trout) had a higher natural resist ...201222858638
toxicity of copper to early-life stage kootenai river white sturgeon, columbia river white sturgeon, and rainbow trout.white sturgeon (acipenser transmontanus) populations throughout western north america are in decline, likely as a result of overharvest, operation of dams, and agricultural and mineral extraction activities in their watersheds. recruitment failure may reflect the loss of early-life stage fish in spawning areas of the upper columbia river, which are contaminated with metals from effluents associated with mineral-extraction activities. early-life stage white sturgeon (a. transmontanus) from the co ...201222890615
assessment of metabolic stability using the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) liver s9 fraction.standard protocols are given for assessing metabolic stability in rainbow trout using the liver s9 fraction. these protocols describe the isolation of s9 fractions from trout livers, evaluation of metabolic stability using a substrate depletion approach, and expression of the result as in vivo intrinsic clearance. additional guidance is provided on the care and handling of test animals, design and interpretation of preliminary studies, and development of analytical methods. although initially de ...201222896006
isolation of bacterial probiotic candidates from the gastrointestinal tract of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), and screening for inhibitory activity against flavobacterium psychrophilum.in this study, 318 bacterial strains were isolated from the gastrointestinal (gi) tracts of 29 rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). these bacteria were screened in vitro for their ability to inhibit growth of flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of coldwater disease. bacteria observed to inhibit f. psychrophilum growth were further screened against rainbow trout bile, as an indicator of their ability to survive in the gi tract. this screening resulted in narrowing the pool ...201222913277
genomic arrangement of salinity tolerance qtls in salmonids: a comparative analysis of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) with arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).quantitative trait locus (qtl) studies show that variation in salinity tolerance in arctic charr and rainbow trout has a genetic basis, even though both these species have low to moderate salinity tolerance capacities. qtl were observed to localize to homologous linkage group segments within putative chromosomal regions possessing multiple candidate genes. we compared salinity tolerance qtl in rainbow trout and arctic charr to those detected in a higher salinity tolerant species, atlantic salmon ...201222916800
toxicity of atrazine and nonylphenol in juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on general health, disease susceptibility and gene expression.atrazine (atz) and nonylphenol (np) are commonly identified contaminants in aquatic habitats; however, few studies have considered the impact of these endocrine disrupters on immune function and resistance to disease. this study examined the immunotoxicological effects of atz and np at multiple levels of biological organization. juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to a solvent control (0.00625%, v/v anhydrous ethanol), or sub-lethal concentrations of atz (59 μg/l and 555 μg ...201222982499
in vitro opsonin-independent interactions between cells of smooth and rough phenotypes of flavobacterium psychrophilum and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) head kidney macrophages.the cytotoxic activity of smooth and rough phenotypic cells of the fish pathogenic gram-negative bacterium flavobacterium psychrophilum to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) head kidney macrophages was investigated in vitro. the cytotoxicity to macrophages was significantly higher for rough cells compared with the smooth cells. the cytotoxic activity increased for both cell types with increasing temperature and the cells retained their cytotoxic nature after metabolical inactivation by heat, su ...201223010225
mapping rainbow trout immune genes involved in inflammation reveals conserved blocks of immune genes in teleosts.we report the genetic map location of 14 genes involved in the inflammatory response to salmonid bacterial and viral pathogens, which brings the total number of immune genes mapped in rainbow trout (rt, oncorhynchus mykiss) to 61. these genes were mapped as candidate genes that may be involved in resistance to bacterial kidney disease, as well as candidates for known qtl for resistance to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and ceratomyxa shasta. these q ...201323013476
trade practices are main factors involved in the transmission of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia.viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs), caused by the novirhabdovirus viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv), causes significant economic problems to european rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), production. the virus isolates can be divided into four distinct genotypes with additional subgroups. the main source of outbreaks in european rainbow trout farming is sublineage ia isolates. recently, this group of isolates has been further subdivided in to two subclades of which the ia-2 c ...201323020691
comparison between intestinal and non-mucosal immune functions of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.since mucosal surfaces represent major portals of entry for pathogens, its associated immune system is important to protect the organism. in this paper, we compared at the cellular and molecular levels intestinal leukocyte suspensions with their head kidney (hk) or peripheral blood (pbl) counterparts to highlight characteristics of intestinal immune functions in healthy rainbow trout. these studies show that intestinal phagocytes are less activated by yeast cells but when they are activated they ...201223026718
trout oral vp2 dna vaccination mimics transcriptional responses occurring after infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv).time-course and organ transcriptional response profiles in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were studied after oral dna-vaccination with the vp2 gene of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) encapsulated in alginates. the profiles were also compared with those obtained after infection with ipnv. a group of immune-related genes (stat1, ifn1, ifng, mx1, mx3, il8, il10, il11, il12b, tnf2, mhc1uda, igm and igt) previously selected from microarray analysis of successful oral vaccination of ...201223041507
potential role of specific antibodies as important vaccine induced protective mechanism against aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout.furunculosis caused by infection with aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida has been a known threat to aquaculture for more than a century. efficient prophylactic approaches against this disease are essential for continued growth of salmonid aquaculture. since the introduction of successful oil-adjuvanted vaccines in the early 1990's, a number of studies have been published on the protective as well as adverse effects of these vaccines. most studies focus on vaccination of salmon (salmo salar ...201223056427
derivation of freshwater quality criteria for zinc using interspecies correlation estimation models to protect aquatic life in china.species sensitivity distributions (ssds) are usually used in the development of water quality criteria and require a large number of toxicity values to define a hazard level to protect the majority of species. however, some toxicity data for certain chemicals are limited, especially for endangered and threatened species. thus, it is important to predict the unknown species toxicity data using available toxicity data. to address this need, interspecies correlation estimation (ice) models were dev ...201323058200
prevalence, intensity, and abundance of infection and pathogenesis caused by diphyllobothriosis in vulnerable, native fish and introduced trout in lake panguipulli, chile.diphyllobothriosis in fish from freshwater ecosystems in southern chile was first reported in 1949. infection by plerocercoids of diphyllobothrium latum and diphyllobothrium dendriticum occurs in introduced trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and native fish. we determined the prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance of seasonal infection and tissue damage produced by diphyllobothrium spp. in native fish (percichthys trucha, odontesthes mauleanum, and basilichthys australis) and introduced trout ( ...201223060495
identification of novel interleukin 1 beta family genes in japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus.gene in the interleukin 1 family plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. here, we describe two novel il-1-like gene in japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus (jfil1-l1 and jfil1-l2). jfil1β-l1 was homologous to nile tilapia il-1β-like gene and arctic char il-1, and jfil1β-l2 showed homology to hypothetical protein loc100699119 of nile tilapia and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss il-1 receptor agonist (ra). the deduced amino acids sequences of these il-1β-l ...201323069785
genotype-specific taqman® assays for the detection and rapid characterisation of european strains of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus.viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) is the agent of a disease that causes mortality events in marine and freshwater fish. it is one of the most important pathogens in european rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture. four major genotypes of the virus are recognised reflecting different geographic and host ranges. genotyping of vhs isolates is important for disease management enabling monitoring of disease spread into new geographical regions or susceptible species. this study sou ...201323089575
do imports of rainbow trout carcasses risk introducing viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus into england and wales?a qualitative import risk assessment was undertaken to assess the likelihood of introduction and establishment of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) genotype 1a in england and wales (e&w), via the processing of imported rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) carcasses from continental europe. the likelihood was estimated for one import from an infected farm. four main routes by which susceptible populations could be exposed to vhsv via processing waste were considered: (i) run-off from sol ...201423095349
sensitivity of early life stages of white sturgeon, rainbow trout, and fathead minnow to copper.populations of white sturgeon (ws; acipenser transmontanus) are in decline in several parts of the united states and canada, attributed primarily to poor recruitment caused by degradation of habitats, including pollution with contaminants such as metals. little is known about sensitivity of ws to contaminants or metals such as copper (cu). here, acute (96 h) mortalities of ws early life stages due to exposure to cu under laboratory conditions are reported. two standard test species, rainbow trou ...201323124699
reproducible challenge model to investigate the virulence of flavobacterium columnare genomovars in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.flavobacterium columnare is a gram-negative bacterium that causes columnaris disease and has significant economic impacts on aquaculture production worldwide. molecular analyses have demonstrated that there is genetic diversity among f. columnare isolates. a review of the published literature that used restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16s rrna gene revealed that all isolates typed from salmonids were genomovar i. our objective was to develop a laboratory challenge model f ...201223135138
iron-sulfur cluster scaffold (iscu) gene is duplicated in salmonid fish and tissue and temperature dependent expressed in rainbow trout.the iron-sulfur cluster protein iscu is a scaffold protein tasked with the building and mediation of iron-sulfur [fe-s]-clusters. these are crucial for [fe-s]-enzymes, which are involved in essential biological cell processes like metabolism or ion transport. analysis of iscu in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and maraena whitefish (coregonus maraena) revealed the existence of two gene variants in each of the two salmonids. this study presents the characterization of the duplicated iscu cdna ...201323137639
differential responses in ammonia excretion, sodium fluxes and gill permeability explain different sensitivities to acute high environmental ammonia in three freshwater teleosts.we examined the acute physiological responses to high environmental ammonia (hea), particularly the linkages between branchial ammonia fluxes and unidirectional na(+) fluxes, as well as urea excretion, cortisol, and indicators of gill permeability in three freshwater teleosts differing in their sensitivities to ammonia; the highly sensitive salmonid oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less sensitive cyprinid cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly resistant cyprinid carassius auratus ( ...201323143040
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