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phylogenetic analyses and molecular epidemiology of european salmonid alphaviruses (sav) based on partial e2 and nsp3 gene nucleotide sequences.sequence data were generated for portions of the e2 and nsp3 genes of 48 salmonid alphaviruses from farmed atlantic salmon (as), salmo salar l., and rainbow trout (rt), oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in marine and freshwater environments, respectively, from the republic of ireland, northern ireland, england, scotland, norway, france, italy and spain between 1991 and 2007. based on these sequences, and those of six previously published reference strains, phylogenetic trees were constructed using ...200818681902
in vivo virus growth competition assays demonstrate equal fitness of fish rhabdovirus strains that co-circulate in aquaculture.a novel virus growth competition assay for determining relative fitness of rna virus variants in vivo has been developed using the fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), in juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). we have conducted assays with ihnv isolates designated b, c, and d, representing the three most common genetic subtypes that co-circulate in idaho trout farm aquaculture. in each assay, groups of 30 fish were immersed in a 1:1 mixture of two genotypes of ...200818703096
development of adaptive immunity in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) surviving an infection with yersinia ruckeri.development of adaptive immunity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) surviving a primary infection with 5x10(5)cfu yersinia ruckeri o1 (ld(50) dose) was investigated by transcriptome analysis of spleen tissue. these fish surviving a primary infection showed also a significantly increased survival following a secondary infection (same dose) when compared to naïve trout. the weight of the rainbow trout spleen doubled during the first 14 days of the primary infection but the affected organs subs ...200818706505
isolation of rifampicin resistant flavobacterium psychrophilum strains and their potential as live attenuated vaccine candidates.previous studies have demonstrated that passage of pathogenic bacteria on increasing concentrations of the antibiotic rifampicin leads to the attenuation of virulence and these resistant strains may serve as live attenuated vaccines. two rifampicin resistant strains of flavobacterium psychrophilum, 259-93a.16 and 259-93b.17, were generated by passage on tyes plates containing increasing concentrations of rifampicin. electrophoretic analysis of whole-cell lysates prepared from the parent and resi ...200818708112
recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis viruses induce protection for rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) are rhabdoviruses that infect salmonids, producing serious economic losses. two recombinant ihn viruses were generated by reverse genetics. for one (rihnv gfp) the ihnv nv gene was replaced with the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene. in the other (rihnv-gvhsv gfp) the g gene was also exchanged for that of vhsv. no mortalities, external signs or histological lesions were observed in experimental infec ...200818717065
development of a sensitive and controlled real-time rt-pcr assay for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in marine salmonid aquaculture.a survey was undertaken to determine the potential distribution of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in marine cage-based salmonid farms in scotland. a rapid, accurate and sensitive quantitative real-time rt-pcr (qrt-pcr) assay was developed, targeting a conserved region of the nucleoprotein (n) gene of the virus. the qrt-pcr assay was shown to be more sensitive than the conventional vhsv rt-pcr. a validation protocol included several different virus isolates as the target and confirme ...200818717066
effect of starvation on transcriptomes of brain and liver in adult female zebrafish (danio rerio).we used microarray and quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr) analyses in adult female zebrafish (danio rerio) to identify metabolic pathways regulated by starvation in the liver and brain. the transcriptome of whole zebrafish brain showed little response to 21 days of starvation. only agouti-related protein 1 (agrp1) significantly responded, with increased expression in brains of starved fish. in contrast, a 21-day period of starvation significantly downregulated 466 and upregulated 108 transcrip ...200818728227
inactivated infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) vaccines.the inactivation dynamics of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) by b-propiolactone (bpl), binary ethylenimine (bei), formaldehyde or heat and the antigenic and immunogenic properties of the inactivated vaccines were evaluated. chemical treatment of ihnv with 2.7 mm bpl, 1.5 mm bei or 50 mm formaldehyde abolished virus infectivity within 48 h whereas heat treatment at 50 or 100 degrees c rendered the virus innocuous within 30 min. the inactivated ihnv vaccines were recognized by rain ...200818752542
immunization of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), with a low molecular mass fraction isolated from flavobacterium psychrophilum.flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome has become a widespread fish pathogen in freshwater aquaculture worldwide. in this study, a low molecular mass fraction (p25-33), with an approximate weight of 25-33 kda, was identified among f. psychrophilum strains in an immunoblotting analysis with anti-f. psychrophilum sera. the immunogenic efficacy of the isolated and extracted p25-33 was investigated in two intraperitoneal immunization trials with rainbow trout ...200818752545
differences in virulence of marine and freshwater isolates of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in vivo correlate with in vitro ability to infect gill epithelial cells and macrophages of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).two strains of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) with known different virulence characteristics in vivo were studied (by a time course approach) for their abilities to infect and translocate across a primary culture of gill epithelial cells (gec) of rainbow trout (rbt; oncorhynchus mykiss). the strains included one low-virulence marine vhsv (ma-vhsv) strain, ma-1p8, and a highly pathogenic freshwater vhsv (fw-vhsv) strain, fw-dk-3592b. infectivities toward trout head kidney macrophages w ...200818753199
innate immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against primary and secondary infections with yersinia ruckeri o1.response mechanisms in teleosts against bacterial pathogens have been widely studied following injection procedures applying preparations of killed bacteria. in contrast, investigations on immune reactions in fish which have survived a primary infection and subsequently have been challenged are few or lacking. however, knowledge on these factors during infection and re-infection could provide the basis for development of improved vaccines. the innate immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchu ...200918760303
phenotypic and genotypic analysis of flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates from ontario salmonids with bacterial coldwater disease.flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (bcwd) and rainbow trout fry syndrome. bcwd has a considerable economic impact on aquaculture operations in ontario, canada, and our limited understanding of the population structure and epidemiology of f. psychrophilum isolates is an impediment to the development of improved management strategies. seventy-five 16s rrna gene and gyr polymerase chain reaction positive isolates of f. psychrophilum that had been coll ...200818772924
surveillance of health status on eight marine rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), farms in denmark in 2006.the health status of eight marine rainbow trout farms was followed from mid-june to mid-september 2006 by sampling both dead and healthy fish approximately every 2 weeks for bacteriological and virological investigation. no fish pathogenic viruses were detected, but all farms experienced disease and mortality as a result of various bacterial infections. yersinia ruckeri was found on four and renibacterium salmoninarum on five of the farms, but only during the first part of the surveillance perio ...200818786028
emergence of novel streptococcus iniae exopolysaccharide-producing strains following vaccination with nonproducing strains.streptococcus iniae is a major pathogen of fish, producing fatal disease among fish species living in very diverse environments. recently, reoccurrences of disease outbreaks were recorded in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) farms where the entire fish population was routinely vaccinated. new strains are distinguished from previous strains by their ability to produce large amounts of extracellular polysaccharide that is released into the medium. present findings indicate that the extr ...200818806000
immune-relevant genes expressed in rainbow trout following immunisation with a live vaccine against ichthyophthirius multifiliis.rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were immunised by intra-peritoneal injection using a live vaccine based on ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) theronts, which previously has shown protection against white spot disease. samples were taken pre-vaccination and on day 1, 7, 21 and 28 post-immunisation (p.i.). expression of immune relevant genes in the liver, spleen and head kidney was monitored by qpcr. to describe the immune reaction following this immunisation, a series of genes encoding cytokine ...200818814544
the inflammatory response of fish to helminth parasites.fish serve as a good model for studying vertebrate immune systems because they have a relatively simple system. descriptions of histopathological effects of helminth parasites on fish are few and far between with limited observations made on the identification of the inflammatory cells involved in the host reaction. recently, two cell types found within teleosts received a great deal of attention, namely mast cells and rodlet cells. fish most cells also known as eosinophilic granule cells, are m ...200818814717
immunohistochemical localization of constitutive and inducible heat shock protein 70 in carp (cyprinus carpio) and trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to transport stress.in the present work we investigated by immunohistochemistry the cellular localization of constitutive as well as inducible heat shock protein 70 in several tissues of common carp (cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to transport stress.in carp, the constitutive form (hsc70) was detected only in red skeletal muscle of both control and stressed animals. in the same species, the inducible form (hsp70) was evident in the epithelia of renal tubules,gills and skin of stres ...200818840560
semipermeable membrane devices link site-specific contaminants to effects: part 1 - induction of cyp1a in rainbow trout from contaminants in prince william sound, alaska.extracts from semi-permeable membrane devices (spmds) deployed on beaches in prince william sound (pws), alaska, were used to evaluate if complex contaminant mixtures from different sources can be distinguished by the resulting cytochrome p450 1a (cyp1a) activity in exposed test animals. deployment sites included canneries, salmon hatcheries, and beaches where lingering oil remains from discharges during the 1964 earthquake or the 1989 exxon valdez oil spill. other sites were selected at random ...200818845333
biomechanics of a convergently derived prey-processing mechanism in fishes: evidence from comparative tongue bite apparatus morphology and raking kinematics.a tongue-bite apparatus (tba) governs raking behaviors in two major and unrelated teleost lineages, the osteoglossomorph and salmoniform fishes. we present data on comparative morphology and kinematics from two representative species, the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and the australian arowana (scleropages jardinii), which suggest that both the tba and raking are convergently derived in these lineages. similar tba morphologies were present, except for differences in tba dentition and shap ...200818931311
liver microsomes and s9 from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): comparison of basal-level enzyme activities with rat and determination of xenobiotic intrinsic clearance in support of bioaccumulation assessment.metabolism plays an important role in bioaccumulation of xenobiotics in fish. the applicability of trout liver microsomes and s9 fraction in bioaccumulation assessment of xenobiotics in fish was investigated in the present study. basal-level activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-dealkylase, testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase, glutathione-s-transferase, and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase in trout liver microsomes and s9 were significantly lower than those in rat liver microsomes and s9. the ...200918937539
a new real time pcr-based assay for diagnosing renibacterium salmoninarum in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and comparison with other techniques.bacterial kidney disease of salmonid is caused by a slow-growing gram-positive bacterium, renibacterium salmoninarum. this bacterium lives both extra-cellular and intra-cellular in the host. serological and molecular diagnostic methods to detect the bacterium major surface protein antigen p57 have been developed. in the present work, a newly developed quantitative reverse transcriptase-pcr (rt-qpcr), using self-quenched fluorescent primer (lux), a nested pcr (npcr), a commercial elisa and recent ...200918938198
potential for dissemination of the nonnative salmonid parasite myxobolus cerebralis in alaska.myxobolus cerebralis, the myxozoan parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, was first introduced into the united states in 1958 and has since spread across the country, causing severe declines in wild trout populations in the intermountain western united states. the recent detection of the parasite in alaska is further evidence of the species' capability to invade and colonize new habitat. this study qualitatively assesses the risk of further spread and establishment of m. cerebra ...200818942590
in silico identification and molecular characterization of genes predominantly expressed in the fish oocyte.in fish, molecular mechanisms that control follicle-enclosed oocyte progression throughout oogenesis and oocyte developmental competence acquisition remain poorly understood. existing data in mammals have indicated that the so called "oocyte-specific" genes play an important role in oogenesis, fertilization, and early embryo development. in teleost species, very little is known about "oocyte-specific" genes. the present study therefore aimed at identifying and characterizing oocyte-specific gene ...200818947432
membrane transformations in degenerating rodlet cells in fishes of two teleostean families (salmonidae, cyprinidae).rodlet cells (rcs) of teleosts are identified by their fibrillar capsule and peculiar inclusions, the rodlets, consisting of a club-like sac and a central dense core. former ultrastructural studies showing signs of hypertrophy of endoplasmic reticulum (er) were followed up in salmonids (oncorhynchus mykiss, salmo trutta l.) and compared with cyprinids (cyprinus carpio l., carassius auratus l., alburnus alburnus). focusing on membrane transformations, unusual undulations of the membranes of rodle ...200818951513
expression profiles of cytokines released in intestinal epithelial cells of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, in response to bacterial infection.to determine whether fish intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) contribute to mucosal immunity, we established a method for isolating iecs from the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and examined cytokine production in these cells. components of the intestinal epithelium were released by incubation of intestinal pieces with 1mm dithiothreitol (dtt)/ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (edta). the iec-rich fraction (purity >90%; survival rate approximately 95%) was obtained by centrifugation on a 35%/40% ...200918952122
changes induced by dietary energy intake and divergent selection for muscle fat content in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), assessed by transcriptome and proteome analysis of the liver.growing interest is turned to fat storage levels and allocation within body compartments, due to their impact on human health and quality properties of farm animals. energy intake and genetic background are major determinants of fattening in most animals, including humans. previous studies have evidenced that fat deposition depends upon balance between various metabolic pathways. using divergent selection, we obtained rainbow trout with differences in fat allocation between visceral adipose tiss ...200818959775
arsenic speciation patterns in freshwater fish.muscle of 16 freshwater fish (9 different species belonging to 4 different families) was analysed for arsenic species using hplc separation (anion and cation exchange) followed by on-line uv-decomposition, hydride generation and afs detection. the main arsenic compounds found in the extracts were arsenobetaine (asb), which accounted for 92-100% of extractable arsenic in species of salmonids (salmo marmoratus, oncorhynchus mykiss, salmo trutta m. fario), and dimethylarsinic acid (dmaa), which acc ...200418969382
effects of atrazine on hepatic metabolism and endocrine homeostasis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the herbicide atrazine (atz) is one of the most widely used pesticides in the world and is now under scrutiny for its alleged capacity to disrupt the endocrine system. exhibiting negligible interaction with the estrogen receptor (er), atz's mode of action remains to be elucidated. atz may act as an inducer of the enzyme aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogens, although other mechanisms should also be taken into consideration such as impairment of hepatic metabolism. therefore we adminis ...200918973769
the gyrodactylidae fauna of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum 1792 in the rogg breeding pound in bavaria, germany.in july 2005, 107 rainbow trout in age 1+ from a salmonid farm in southern germany situated in the southern tributary area of the danube river were examined. the aim of this study was to determine the gyrodactylid species found on rainbow trout and to identify their location on the host's body. in total, 291 specimens from genus gyrodactylus were collected. the most abundantly occurring species was gyrodactylus truttae (181 specimens), whilst the others were less abundant. for the first time in ...200918975000
transcription of immune genes upon challenge with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) in dna vaccinated rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).even though dna vaccination has proven as one of the most effective methods in controlling fish rhabdoviruses, the immune mechanisms responsible for protection are still unknown. many studies have focused on studying which cytokines and immune genes are triggered in response to the vaccine at different times post-vaccination. however, to elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for protection, to our understanding it is also of great relevance to study the immune response to the virus in fish that ...200918977266
hydrogen sulfide stimulates catecholamine secretion in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).we tested the hypothesis that endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide (h(2)s) can potentially contribute to the adrenergic stress response in rainbow trout by initiating catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells. during acute hypoxia (water po(2) = 35 mmhg), plasma h(2)s levels were significantly elevated concurrently with a rise in circulating catecholamine concentrations. tissues enriched with chromaffin cells (posterior cardinal vein and anterior kidney) produced h(2)s in vitro when incuba ...200918987290
detection and genotyping of an infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from asymptomatic rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) facilities in mexico.infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) is a birnavirus that causes a lethal disease in both hatchery-reared juvenile salmonids and other non-salmonid fishes. ipnv has been classified into seven genogroups based on the analysis of the vp2/ns junction region of the viral a rna segment.200818987484
cr3 complement receptor: cloning and characterization in rainbow trout.the beta 2 integrin cr3 is a leukocyte adhesion heterodimeric glycoprotein which functions both as receptor for ic3b and in several cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion interactions. in order to elucidate the molecular evolution of the cr3 receptor, here we report the cloning and characterization of its beta2 (cd18) and am (cd11b) subunits in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the predicted polypeptide sequences of trout cd18 and cd11b-like exhibit 50, 49, or 61% and 25, 25, or 30% identity w ...200918992821
characterisation of the differentially regulated trout protein 1 (drtp1) gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).increased levels of differentially regulated trout protein 1 (drtp1) mrna transcripts have been reported in fish after activation of the acute phase response. while the function of the drtp1 protein still remains to be elucidated, this study focused on the genomic organisation of the gene, the quantification of the drtp1 transcript in various tissues, and the isolation and analysis of the 5' regulatory region of the drtp1 gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). analysis of the drtp1 genomic ...200918992823
characterization of rainbow trout cell lines using microsatellite dna profiling.ten microsatellite loci (omy27du,omy325(a3)uog, omyfgt5tuf,omyfgt14tuf, omyfgt15tuf,omyfgt23tuf, omy77du,ssa20.19nuig, ots1bml, andone18asc) were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction to create genetic profiles for nine cell lines (rtg-2, rth-149,rtl-w1,rtgill-w1, rts-11, rts-34st, rtp-2, rtp-91e and rtp-91f) from rainbow trout(oncorhynchus mykiss) and one cell line (chse-214) from chinook salmon (o. tschawytscha). a cell line (phl) from anon-salmonid, the pacific herring (clupea harengu ...200119002917
modulation of splenic immune responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fed lentinan, a beta-glucan from mushroom lentinula edodes.immunostimulants (is) are considered a promising approach for improving resistance to pathogens in fish aquaculture. at present, development of is are complicated due to limited knowledge on the mechanisms of their action. to assess the use of global gene expression analysis for screening of candidate is we applied lentinan, a beta-glucan from the mushroom lentinula edodes, as a model. after feeding rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) with lentinan-supplemented (l) and control (c) diets for 37 d ...200919010422
molecular cloning and characterization analysis of immunoglobulin m heavy chain gene in european eel (anguilla anguilla).in this study, the immunoglobulin m heavy chain gene of european eel (anguilla anguilla) was cloned and analyzed. the full-length cdna of the igm heavy chain gene (genbank accession no. ef062515) has 2089 nucleotides encoding a putative protein of 581 amino acids. the igm heavy chain was composed of leader peptide (l), variable domain (vh), ch1, ch2, hinge, ch3, ch4, and c-terminus and two novel continuous putative n-glycosylation sites were found close to the second cysteine of ch3 in a. anguil ...200919013650
seasonality of gyrodactylus brachymystacis ergens on farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in central china, with a report of an infection on wild manchurian trout, brachymystax lenok (pallas). 200819017070
serum disposition of bovine lactoferrin after oral and anal administration and its proteolytic cleavage by gastric transit in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss w.).several studies have shown an immunomodulatory effect of orally administered bovine lactoferrin (lf) in fish, but the process of digestion was not characterized. in the present study, we investigated the fate of bovine lf after oral and anal administration, and studied the appearance of intact lf in the bloodstream and its proteolytic attack during the gastric transit in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) held at 9 degrees c and 18 degrees c. data obtained showed the presence of intact bovine l ...200919028427
rainbow trout resistance to bacterial cold-water disease is moderately heritable and is not adversely correlated with growth.the objectives of this study were to estimate the heritabilities for and genetic correlations among resistance to bacterial cold-water disease and growth traits in a population of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). bacterial cold-water disease, a chronic disease of rainbow trout, is caused by flavobacterium psychrophilum. this bacterium also causes acute losses in young fish, known as rainbow trout fry syndrome. selective breeding for increased disease resistance is a promising strategy that h ...200919028851
immunohistochemical localization of rainbow trout ladderlectin and intelectin in healthy and infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).in the present study, the pattern of immuno-reactive ladderlectin and intelectin in healthy rainbow trout is compared to rainbow trout infected with a variety of infectious agents. in healthy rainbow trout, both proteins were localized to individual epithelial cells of the gill and intestine and both proteins were clearly demonstrated within cytoplasmic granules of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and macrophages/monocytes found in blood vessels, hepatic sinusoids, renal interstitium, mucosal epithe ...200919046637
aneuploid sperm formation in rainbow trout exposed to the environmental estrogen 17{alpha}-ethynylestradiol.environmental contaminants that mimic native estrogens (i.e., environmental estrogens) are known to significantly impact a wide range of vertebrate species and have been implicated as a source for increasing human male reproductive deficiencies and diseases. despite the widespread occurrence of environmental estrogens and recognized detrimental effects on male vertebrate reproduction, no specific mechanism has been determined indicating how reduced fertility and/or fecundity is achieved. previou ...200819066213
growth of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, w. 1792) in net cages in almus dam lake (tokat).the growth performance of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, (initial weight 100 g) were tried in net cages in almus dam lake in tokat. rainbow trout were tried in net cages with 4 kg m(-3) stocking rearing density with four replicates. rainbow trout were fed adlibitum with pellet feed numbered 4. investigation was continued 106 days between august and november, 2003. at the end of the trial live weight increment was computed as 165,91 g and also specific growth rate 0,915, condition factor 1,5 ...200719069899
assessment of mercuric chloride toxicity on rainbow trouts (oncorhynchus mykiss) and chubs (alburnoides bipunctatus).acute toxicity of mercury-ii chloride (hgcl2), one of most toxic pollutants for aquatic ecosystems, in chub (alburnoides bipunctatus) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated in the present study. actual concentration of hgcl2 was ranged from 0.10 to 8.00 mg l(-1). concentrations of hgcl2 that killed 50% of the chub and rainbow trout within 96 h (96 h lc50) were estimated as 0.205 and 0.814 mg l(-1), respectively. acute toxicity tests were evaluated by the finney's probit analysi ...200719070058
microbiological changes occurring in trout fillets (oncorhynchus mykiss w. 1792) salted and treated with potassium sorbate during production and storage.in this study, microbiological changes during processing and storage of salted-cured trout fillets treated with potassium sorbate were investigated. for this purpose, 10 and 15% (w/w) nacl and 1, 5 and 10% (w/v) potassium sorbate were applied to the fillets. the processed fillets were vacuum-packed and storage at 4 degrees c. the samples were analyzed in some periods of production and in the storage days of 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 for numbers of total mesophilic aerob, psycrophylic, yeast a ...200719070084
vibriosis as an epizootic disease of rainbow trout (onchorynchus mykiss) in turkey.vibrio anguillarum o1 was isolated from diseased cultured rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, in the southern aegean of turkey with lesions and signs of vibriosis. gram (-), motile and curved rods from diseased rainbow trout were identified after physiological, biochemical and slide agglutination tests as v. anguillarum o1. koch postulates were fulfilled with the isolated bacteria. the antibiotic susceptible test results showed that v. anguillarum strains were susceptibility to amoxycillin, ampyc ...200719086527
genetic characterisation of farmed rainbow trout in norway: intra- and inter-strain variation reveals potential for identification of escapees.the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most important aquaculture species in the world, and norway is one of the largest producers. the present study was initiated in response to a request from the norwegian police authority to identify the farm of origin for 35 escaped rainbow trout captured in a fjord. eleven samples, each consisting of approximately 47 fish, were collected from the three farms operating in the fjord where the escapees were captured. in order to gain a better ge ...200819087266
evaluation of oxidative dna damage promoted by storage in sperm from sex-reversed rainbow trout.short-term storage and cryopreservation of sperm are two common procedures in aquaculture, used for routine practices in artificial insemination reproduction and gene banking, respectively. nevertheless, both procedures cause injuries affecting sperm motility, viability, cell structure and dna stability, which diminish reproductive success. dna modification is considered extremely important, especially when sperm storage is carried out with gene banking purposes. dna damage caused by sperm stora ...200919117601
dual dna vaccination of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against two different rhabdoviruses, vhsv and ihnv, induces specific divalent protection.dna vaccines encoding the glycoprotein genes of the salmonid rhabdoviruses vhsv and ihnv are very efficient in eliciting protective immune responses against their respective diseases in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the early anti-viral response (eavr) provides protection by 4 days post vaccination and is non-specific and transient while the specific anti-viral response (savr) is long lasting and highly specific. since both vhsv and ihnv are endemic in rainbow trout in several geographica ...200919118593
molecular and morphological analysis of myxobolus spp. of salmonid fishes with the description of a new myxobolus species.while investigating the parasite fauna of wild coho salmon. oncorhynchus kisutch (walbaum, 1792), histological examination provided evidence of a new species of myxobolus (myxozoa: myxosporea) infecting nerves of skeletal muscle. spores were morphologically similar to those of the intramuscular myxobolus insidiosus wyatt and pratt, 1963, both having pyriform spores with clavate polar capsules. however, the former developed exclusively in the nerves of skeletal muscle rather than in myocytes. we ...200819127969
rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and ultra-low dose cancer studies.cancer risk assessment utilizing rodents requires extrapolation across five orders of magnitude to estimate the virtually safe dose (vsd). regulatory agencies rely upon the linear extrapolated dose (led) except when sufficient information on mechanism of action justifies alternative models. rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) has been utilized at oregon state university as a model for human cancer for forty years. low cost and high capacity, made possible by our unique facility, along with low s ...200919135172
real-time pcr detection of moritella viscosa, the likely causal agent of winter-ulcer in atlantic salmon salmo salar and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.we report the development of a real-time pcr protocol for specific detection of moritella viscosa. this bacterium is considered to be the main aetiological agent in development of winter-ulcer, a disease severely affecting salmonid aquaculture in norway. from a newly elaborated draft version of the genome of m. viscosa, the tonb gene sequence was selected as a suitable basis for the development of the real-time pcr assay. the real-time pcr demonstrated the presence of m. viscosa dna sequences in ...200819149373
strawberry disease lesions in rainbow trout from southern idaho are associated with dna from a rickettsia-like organism.strawberry disease (sd) in the usa is a skin disorder of unknown etiology that occurs in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and is characterized by bright red inflammatory lesions. to identify a candidate bacterial agent responsible for sd, we constructed 16s rdna libraries from 7 sd lesion samples and 2 apparently healthy skin samples from sd-affected fish. a 16s rdna sequence highly similar to members of the order rickettsiales was present in 3 lesion libraries at 1%, 32% and 54% prevalence, bu ...200819149374
long-term uvb irradiation affects the immune functions of carp (cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the effects of long-term, low-dose ultraviolet b (uvb) radiation on immune functions of two fish species representing different taxonomic groups, carp (cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), were assessed in this study. the fish were exposed to 7, 20 or 60 mj cm(-2) uvb three times per week, for 6 weeks. in carp, uvb exposure affected the respiratory burst activity of blood and head kidney phagocytes, differential blood leukocyte counts and blood chemistry. phytohemagglutinin ...200919161399
microhabitat selection of discocotyle sagittata (monogenea: polyopisthocotylea) in farmed rainbow trout.microhabitat preference of the monogenean discocotyle sagittata (leuckart, 1842) was determined in late spring and late autumn in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), reared in the isle of man, u.k. discocotyle sagittata exhibits a preference for attachment to anterior gill arches: 29% of all worms occurred on gill arch i, 28% on ii, 25% on iii and 18% on iv. this distribution pattern on the introduced salmonid species is the same as reported for its native european host, the brown trou ...200819175205
kinetics of hepatic phase i and ii biotransformation reactions in eight finfish species.hepatic microsomes and cytosols of channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), atlantic salmon (salmo salar), red tilapia (oreochromis sp.), largemouth bass (micropterussalmoides), striped bass (morone saxatilis), hybrid striped bass (m. saxatilis x m. crysops), and bluegill (lepomis macrochuris) (n=8) were used to study the kinetics of phase i (ecod, erod, prod, brod) and phase ii (udp-glucuronosyltransferase (udpgt)-, sulfotransferase (st)- and glutathione-s-tra ...200919201019
immunotoxicological effects of a sub-chronic exposure to selected current-use pesticides in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).many current-use pesticides (cups) are found at increasing concentrations in aquatic environments, yet relatively little is known about their effects on the immune system of fish. we examined the in vivo effects of three pesticides (chlorothalonil, cypermethrin and pentachlorophenol) on the immune system of juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) by assessing a suite of innate immune function tests, as well as a host resistance test using listonella anguillarum. increased activity of phagoc ...200919237205
water recirculation and good management: potential methods to avoid disease outbreaks with flavobacterium psychrophilum.flavobacterium psychrophilum infections cause high mortality among rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, fry in danish fish farms and hatcheries. hatcheries based entirely on bore-hole water recirculation systems have been suggested as a possibility for eliminating f. psychrophilum or at least keeping the amount of this bacterium low. the occurrence of the bacterium in a bore-hole water recirculation system was compared with a combined bore-hole water and stream water flow-through system in a hatc ...200819238756
cultural characteristics of salmonid alphaviruses--influence of cell line and temperature.laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the cultural characteristics of salmonid alphaviruses (sav) from atlantic salmon (as, salmo salar) and rainbow trout (rt, oncorhynchus mykiss), particularly in relation to cell line and temperature. in an initial study, sav was isolated from 12 viraemic sera and passaged in chinook salmon embryo (chse-214) cells at 15 degrees c. geometric mean titres (gmt) after initial isolation were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) relative to those ...200819238759
experimental infection and detection of aphanomyces invadans in european catfish, rainbow trout and european eel.european catfish silurus glanis, european eel anguilla anguilla and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were challenged by intramuscular injection of zoospores of aphanomyces invadans, the oomycete associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (eus). the tropical three-spot gourami trichogaster trichopterus is known to be highly susceptible and was used as a positive control. european catfish were highly susceptible and rainbow trout had moderate to low susceptibility, whereas eels appeared largel ...200819244971
experiences from a biomarker study on farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) used for environmental monitoring in a swedish river.biomarkers in fish may serve as a useful tool for evaluating the pollution load in the environment and for early warning signals about new environmental threats. by employing a strategy with fish that are caged or reared in tanks, problems linked to migration and feeding status can be reduced or eliminated. such a strategy, however, also may introduce other confounding factors linked to, for example, hierarchical behavior or disease outbreaks. in the present study, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus my ...200919249877
continuous exposure to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus during early life stages of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), were exposed continuously to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) at 0, 10(1), 10(3) or 10(5) plaque forming units (pfu) l(-1) of water to estimate the effects of chronic ipnv exposure on early life stages. fish density averaged 35 fish l(-1) (low density) or 140 fish l(-1) (high density), and the tank flow rate was 250 ml(-1) min. virus exposure began at 6 days before hatch and continued until fish were 44 days old. cumulative per cent mortal ...200919261044
antibody response of rainbow trout with single or double infections involving viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus.juvenile rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were experimentally infected by immersion with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv), infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) or with both viruses. the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the sera of infected fish were analysed by 50% plaque neutralization tests (50%pnt). in group 1 (infected with vhsv) and group 2 (infected with ihnv) neutralizing antibodies were found in 41% and 21% of the serum samples, respectively. no cross-reactin ...200919301633
transmission of the parasite ichthyophonus hoferi in cultured rainbow trout and comparison of epidemic models.the epidemic process of the parasite ichthyophonus hoferi in cultured rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss was quantitatively estimated by both the cohabitation experiment and two standard models (the kermarck-mckendrick model and the reed-frost model). for analysis of the parasite transmission by cohabitation, fish in two replicate tanks were exposed to 1, 5, or 10 infected fish, and daily mortality was counted for 102 d. despite simple experiments for artificial exposure to the pathogen, the dail ...200819306610
comparison of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility in flavobacterium psychrophilum isolated from rainbow trout fry.the aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of flavobacterium psychrophilum in the west aegean region of turkey and to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of f. psychrophilum (isolated from the fry of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss) to seven antimicrobial agents, as determined by the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. a total of 250 rainbow trout fry (weight = 2-5 g; total length = 3-6 cm) were examined, and 20 bacterial isolates were phenotypically identified. antimicrobial ...200819306614
first description of a novel weissella species as an opportunistic pathogen for rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) in china.six strains of gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-motile, irregular short rod-shaped weissella bacteria, with width and length of 0.5-0.6 and 1.2-2.7microm were isolated from diseased rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) in winter of 2007 at a commercial fishery in jingmen, hubei province, china. the diseased rainbow trout exhibited hemorrhage in eyes, anal region, intestine and abdomen wall, petechia of liver, some fish with hydrocele in stomach. six isolates had identical biochemical ...200919321272
hybridization rapidly reduces fitness of a native trout in the wild.human-mediated hybridization is a leading cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. how hybridization affects fitness and what level of hybridization is permissible pose difficult conservation questions with little empirical information to guide policy and management decisions. this is particularly true for salmonids, where widespread introgression among non-native and native taxa has often created hybrid swarms over extensive geographical areas resulting in genomic extinction. here, we used parenta ...200919324629
protection of rainbow trout from infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) by injection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) or poly(i:c).it was recently reported that prophylaxis against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in fish was induced by pre-exposure to the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv). here the establishment of ihnv immunity in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss was investigated by ihnv challenge following non-lethal pre-infection with ipnv. also, synthetic double-stranded rna polyinosinic polycytidylic acid, poly(i:c), an inducer for interferon (ifn), was evaluated as a substitute for ipnv induc ...200919326791
the efficacy of two immunostimulants against flavobacterium columnare infection in juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).bacterium flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease in many wild and farmed fish species. immunostimulants are used with success in aquaculture against many pathogens, but the ability to improve innate resistance to columnaris disease has not been studied. fingerling rainbow trout were treated with two immunostimulants, yeast beta-glucan and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (hmb). selected innate immune function parameters, the production of reactive oxygen species (r ...200919344871
ghrelin receptor (ghs-r)-like receptor and its genomic organisation in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.ghrelin, a gh-releasing and appetite-regulating peptide that is released from the stomach is an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (ghs-r). two types of ghs-r are accepted to be present, a functional ghs-r1a and ghs-r1b with unknown function. in this study, we identified cdna that encodes protein with close sequence similarity to ghs-r and exon-intron organization of the ghs-r genes in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. two variants of ghs-r1a proteins with 387-amino aci ...200919361568
bioavailability of co-supplemented organic and inorganic zinc and selenium sources in a white fishmeal-based rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) diet.the bioavailability of trace elements in fishmeal diets is influenced by their chemical forms and dietary anti-nutritional factors. in formulated fish feed, supplemented organically bound minerals may be more bioavailable than inorganic minerals. a 10-week feeding trial was undertaken with rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to determine whether the inclusion of organically bound selenium (se) and zinc (zn) improved uptake and assimilation of these elements compared to commonly used inorganic fo ...201019364381
photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, an emerging pathogen in danish rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), mariculture.a selection of 16 field isolates of photobacterium damselae from marine rainbow trout farms in denmark was subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization and pathogenicity to fish. all isolates belonged to the subspecies damselae, being positive for haemolysis, motility and urease. there were considerable differences in haemolytic properties, some isolates presenting a broad zone of haemolysis and others only a narrow zone. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed a high diversity indic ...200919364386
cloning and characterization of the trout perforin.the pore-forming protein, perforin is one of the effectors of cell-mediated killing. a perforin cdna clone was isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) after screening of a spleen cdna library. the full-length cdna is 2070 bp in size, encoding for a polypeptide of 589 amino acids. the predicted amino acid sequence of the trout perforin is 64, 58 and 40% identical to those of japanese flounder, zebrafish and human perforins, respectively. although its membrane attack complex/perforin (ma ...200919366634
molecular cloning, tissue expression and regulation of liver x receptor (lxr) transcription factors of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).fish are important sources of high quality protein, essential minerals such as iodine and selenium, vitamins including a, d and e, and omega-3 fatty acids in the human diet. with declining fisheries worldwide, farmed fish constitute an ever-increasing proportion of fish in the food basket. sustainable development of aquaculture dictates that diets will have to contain increasing levels of plant products that are devoid of cholesterol, but contain phytosterols that are known to have physiological ...200919416695
identification and expression analysis of two fish-specific il-6 cytokine family members, the ciliary neurotrophic factor (cntf)-like and m17 genes, in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.the mammalian interleukin (il)-6 family of cytokines consist of eight class-i helical cytokines and are major players in hematopoiesis, as well as in neuroendocrine and immune systems, and have pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. we have identified a novel fish cntf-like molecule, for the first time, as well as the trout m17 gene. the trout cntf-like gene encodes a putative 191 amino acid peptide without a signal peptide, and shares high amino acid sequence identities (39-99%) within the fish ...200919419770
risk factors for pancreas disease (pd) outbreaks in farmed atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in norway during 2003-2007.pancreas disease (pd) is an emerging infectious disease in farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) caused by salmonid alphavirus (sav). the present study is a large scale study aiming at quantifying the probability of contracting pd in farmed salmonid cohorts in norway due to exposure to risk factors that may be associated with specific transmission pathways for sav, or may increase a cohort's susceptibility to pd. monthly reports of numbers of fis ...200919419787
the protective mechanisms induced by a fish rhabdovirus dna vaccine depend on temperature.dna vaccines encoding the viral glycoproteins of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) have proved highly efficient in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) under experimental conditions. non-specific as well as specific immune mechanisms seem to be activated. temperature is an important external parameter affecting the immune response in fish. the present study aimed at determining the effectiveness of a dna vaccine against vhs at differen ...200919427083
in vitro biotransformation of surfactants in fish. part ii--alcohol ethoxylate (c16eo8) and alcohol ethoxylate sulfate (c14eo2s) to estimate bioconcentration potential.recent regulatory pressures (e.g., reach, cepa) requiring bioaccumulation assessments and the need for reduced animal use have increased the necessity for the development of in vitro-based methods to estimate bioaccumulation. our study explored the potential use of subcellular and cellular hepatic systems to determine the biotransformation potential of two surfactants: octaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether (c16eo8) and diethylene glycol monotetradecyl ether sulfate (c14eo2s). the subcellular s ...200919433333
agglomeration of tungsten carbide nanoparticles in exposure medium does not prevent uptake and toxicity toward a rainbow trout gill cell line.due to their increased production and use, engineered nanoparticles are expected to be released into the aquatic environment where particles may agglomerate. the aim of this study was to explore the role of agglomeration of nanoparticles in the uptake and expression of toxicity in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) gill cell line, rtgill-w1. this cell line was chosen as model because it is known to be amenable to culture in complete as well as greatly simplified exposure media. nano-sized t ...200919439373
host immunization shapes interspecific associations in trematode parasites.1. individuals of free-living organisms are commonly infected by multiple parasite species. under such circumstances, positive or negative associations between the species are possible because of direct or indirect interactions, details in parasite transmission ecology and host-mediated factors. one possible mechanism underlying these processes is host immunity, but its role in shaping these associations has rarely been tackled experimentally. 2. in this study, we tested the effect of host immun ...200919457020
detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), using the macrophage lysis method. 200919460083
vaccination of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), with recombinant and dna vaccines produced to flavobacterium psychrophilum heat shock proteins 60 and 70.flavobacterium psychrophilum heat shock proteins (hsp) 60 and 70 are highly immunogenic and were therefore investigated as potential vaccine candidates. recombinant hsps were purified from escherichia coli and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were intraperitoneally injected with phosphate buffered saline/freunds complete adjuvant (fca), 8 microg of rhsp60/fca, rhsp70/fca or a combination of 4 microg each of rhsp60 and rhsp70/fca. antibody responses against recombinant hsp60 and hsp70 8 weeks ...200919460087
effects of temperature on ventilatory behavior of fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos.the ventilation amplitude and frequency of silver perch bidyanus bidyanus, and the ventilation frequency of rainbow fish melanotaenia duboulayi and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, were determined at different temperatures upon exposure to endosulfan and chlorpyrifos, respectively. silver perch and rainbow fish were tested at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees c, while rainbow trout was tested at 10, 15, 20, and 25 degrees c. although some trend of increasing amplitudes with increasing temperature ...200919473050
differential virulence mechanisms of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) include host entry and virus replication kinetics.host specificity is a phenomenon exhibited by all viruses. for the fish rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), differential specificity of virus strains from the u and m genogroups has been established both in the field and in experimental challenges. in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), m ihnv strains are consistently more prevalent and more virulent than u ihnv. the basis of the differential ability of these two ihnv genogroups to cause disease in rainbow trout was inve ...200919474249
overexpression of follistatin in trout stimulates increased muscling.deletion or inhibition of myostatin in mammals has been demonstrated to markedly increase muscle mass by hyperplasia, hypertrophy, or a combination of both. despite a remarkably high degree of conservation with the mammalian protein, the function of myostatin remains unknown in fish, many species of which continue muscle growth throughout the lifecycle by hyperplasia. transgenic rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) overexpressing follistatin, one of the more efficacious antagonists of myostatin, ...200919474387
soybean meal alters autochthonous microbial populations, microvilli morphology and compromises intestinal enterocyte integrity of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).abstract rainbow trout were fed either a diet containing fishmeal (fm) as the crude protein source or a diet containing 50% replacement with soybean meal (sbm) for 16 weeks. an enteritis-like effect was observed in the sbm group; villi, enterocytes and microvilli were noticeably damaged compared with the fm group. the posterior intestine microvilli of sbm-fed fish were significantly shorter and the anterior intestine microvilli significantly less dense than the fm-fed fish. electron microscopy c ...200919490393
immunostimulants in prevention of columnaris disease of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). 200919508505
uptake of propranolol, a cardiovascular pharmaceutical, from water into fish plasma and its effects on growth and organ biometry.pharmaceuticals in the environment (pie) are of importance since these compounds are designed to affect biological receptors/enzymes that are often conserved across vertebrate families. across-species extrapolation of these therapeutic targets suggests potential for impacting amphibia and fish in the aquatic environment. due to the scarcity of relevant ecotoxicological data, the long-tem impact of pie remains a research question. efficient use of mammalian data has been proposed to better unders ...200919515433
epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus--an assessment of the likelihood of introduction and establishment in england and wales.epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (ehnv) is an iridovirus that affects perch (perca fluviatilis) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). it emerged in australia in the 1980s and has not been discovered elsewhere. it causes a high level of mortality in perch resulting in steep population declines. the main possible routes of introduction of the virus to england and wales are the importation of infected live fish or carcasses. however, no trade in live susceptible species is permitted under ...200919515438
idiopathic cardiac pathology in seawater-farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). 200919531094
conservation of structural and functional features in a primordial cd80/86 molecule from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), a primitive teleost fish.in mammals, interaction of cd28 with cd80 or cd86 molecules provides costimulatory signals for t cell activation that leads to increased il-2 gene and protein expression by activated t cells. thus far, cd80 and cd86 have been cloned and functionally characterized only in mammals and birds. to shed light into the evolution of cd80 and cd86, we have cloned and functionally characterized a rainbow trout (rt) molecule (rtcd80/86) that shows the highest degree of sequence conservation and phylogeneti ...200919535623
detection of nucleospora salmonis in steelhead trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr). 200919538644
rainbow trout interleukin-2: cloning, expression and bioactivity analysis.in this study the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) interleukin-2 (il-2) cdna has been cloned, and its expression and bioactivity analysed in head kidney leucocytes. the il-2 precursor encoded an open reading frame of 429 bp, that translates into a predicted protein of 142 aa, with a 20 aa signal peptide. the trout il-2 had moderate protein homology (30.9% identity/48.3% similarity) with fugu il-2, the only il-2 homologue identified in fish to date, with lower homology to avian (17.8% identity ...200919540920
characterization of probiotic carnobacteria isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) intestine.to characterize two probiotic carnobacterial isolates, carnobacterium maltaromaticum (b26) and c. divergens (b33), derived from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) intestine.200819552776
influence of probiotic feeding duration on disease resistance and immune parameters in rainbow trout.the effect of feeding the probiotic kocuria sm1 to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) on disease resistance was evaluated. thus, rainbow trout were fed kocuria sm1 supplemented diets at concentrations of approximately 10(8) cells g(-1) feed for up to four weeks, and then challenged intraperitoneally with vibrio anguillarum at weekly intervals. a two-week feeding regime led to the maximum reduction in mortalities, i.e. 16%, compared to mortalities of 62, 30 and 22% for one, three and fo ...200919555765
route of entry and tissue distribution of yersinia ruckeri in experimentally infected rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease, which leads to significant losses in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. despite the significance of the disease, little information is available on the pathogenesis. in this study, the portal of entry was investigated using a contact-exposure infection method in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss with 4 different y. ruckeri strains. bacteriological and histological examination revealed the presence of high numbers of bacteria in th ...200919565699
effects of temperature on disease progression and swimming stamina in ichthyophonus-infected rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, were infected with ichthyophonus sp. and held at 10 degrees c, 15 degrees c and 20 degrees c for 28 days to monitor mortality and disease progression. infected fish demonstrated more rapid onset of disease, higher parasite load, more severe host tissue reaction and reduced mean-day-to-death at higher temperature. in a second experiment, ichthyophonus-infected fish were reared at 15 degrees c for 16 weeks then subjected to forced swimming at 10 degrees c, 15 de ...200919570061
gross pathology, blood chemistry, lipid and peroxide contents in rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) affected by experimental arcobacter cryaerophilus infection at low water temperature.arcobacter cryaerophilus was isolated from naturally infected rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum), and its pathogenicity was tested by intramuscular injection using healthy 1-year-old rainbow trout under cold-water conditions (at 5 degrees c). the lethal dosage of 50% end point (ld 50 ) for a. cryaerophilus was calculated as 7.79 x 10 5 viable cells. experimental infection caused gross clinical abnormalities such as fallen scales, exophthalmia, oedema in injection region and at the base ...200919584043
identification and pathogenicity to rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), of some aeromonads.twelve strains of fish pathogenic aeromonads were identified by 16s rrna sequencing as aeromonas bestiarum, a. hydrophila, a. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis, a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, a. sobria biovar sobria and a. veronii biovar sobria. following intramuscular injection, a. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis caused dark liquefying, raised furuncle-like lesions in rainbow trout within 48 h. extracellular products of all cultures contained gelatinase and lecithinase, and most revealed lipase. cong ...200919602093
dietary mannan oligosaccharide supplementation modulates intestinal microbial ecology and improves gut morphology of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).a study was conducted to investigate the effect of mannan oligosaccharide (mos) on the gut microbiota and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout under commercial farming conditions. juvenile (mean initial bw 38.2 +/- 1.7 g) and subadult (111.7 +/- 11.6 g) trout were fed 2 dietary treatments for 111 and 58 d, respectively. the control treatment consisted of a standard commercial diet, and the mos treatment consisted of the control diet supplemented with 0.2% mos. morphology of the anterior and th ...200919617514
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